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通讯作者:

姚欣,E⁃mail:yaoxin@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R562.25

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)05-684-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210508

参考文献 1
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参考文献 4
FOURIE A M,COLES F,MORENO V,et al.Catalytic ac⁃ tivity of ADAM8,ADAM15,and MDC ⁃ L(ADAM28)on synthetic peptide substrates and in ectodomain cleavage of CD23[J].J Biol Chem,2003,278(33):30469-30477
参考文献 5
MATTERN J,ROGHI C S,HURTZ M,et al.ADAM15 mediates upregulation of Claudin ⁃ 1 expression in breast cancer cells[J].Sci Rep,2019,9(1):12540
参考文献 6
NISHIMI S,ISOZAKI T,WAKABAYASHI K,et al.A dis⁃ integrin and metalloprotease 15 is expressed on rheuma⁃ toid arthritis synovial tissue endothelial cells and may me⁃ diate angiogenesis[J].Cells,2019,8(1):32
参考文献 7
OKSALA N,LEVULA M,AIRLA N,et al.ADAM⁃9,AD⁃ AM ⁃15,and ADAM ⁃ 17 are upregulated in macrophages in advanced human atherosclerotic plaques in aorta and carotid and femoral arteries ⁃ tampere vascular study[J].Ann Med,2009,41(4):279-290
参考文献 8
WANG X,ZHANG D,HIGHAM A,et al.ADAM15 ex⁃ pression is increased in lung CD8(+)T cells,macro⁃ phages,and bronchial epithelial cells in patients with COPD and is inversely related to airflow obstruction[J].Respir Res,2020,21(1):188
参考文献 9
WANG X,ROJAS⁃QUINTERO J,ZHANG D,et al.A dis⁃ integrin and metalloproteinase domain ⁃ 15 deficiency leads to exaggerated cigarette smoke⁃induced chronic ob⁃ structive pulmonary disease(COPD)⁃like disease in mice [J].Mucosal Immunol,2021,14(2):342-356
参考文献 10
孟亚奇,贾嫚,姜洁,等.IL⁃36γ在哮喘患者血清及支气管上皮细胞中的表达及意义[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2018,38(9):1264-1268
参考文献 11
YANG C Y,CHANALARIS A,BONELLI S,et al.Inter⁃ leukin 13(IL⁃13)⁃regulated expression of the chondropro⁃ tective metalloproteinase ADAM15 is reduced in aging cartilage[J].Osteoarthr Cartil Open,2020,2(4):100128
参考文献 12
KHAMMAS H,BOWEN T,WILLIAMS JD,et al.Charac⁃ terisation of the human ADAM15 promoter[J].Nephron Exp Nephrol,2011;118(2):e27⁃e38
参考文献 13
SIMON G C,MARTIN R J,SMITH S,et al.Up⁃regulation of MUC18 in airway epithelial cells by IL ⁃ 13:implica⁃ tions in bacterial adherence[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Bi⁃ ol,2011,44(5):606-613
参考文献 14
FRANCISCO D,WANG Y,CONWAY M,et al.Surfactant Protein⁃A protects against IL⁃13⁃induced inflammation in asthma[J].J Immunol,2020,204(10):2829-2839
参考文献 15
DEMARCHE S F,SCHLEICH F N,PAULUS V A,et al.Is it possible to claim or refute sputum eosinophils ≥ 3% in asthmatics with sufficient accuracy using biomarkers?[J].Respir Res,2017,18(1):133
参考文献 16
GIBSON P G.Variability of blood eosinophils as a bio⁃ marker in asthma and COPD[J].Respirology,2018,23(1):12-13
参考文献 17
PEREZ⁃WITZKE D,MIRANDA⁃GARCÍA M A,SUÁREZ N,et al.CTLA4Fcε,a novel soluble fusion protein that binds B7 molecules and the IgE receptors,and reduces human in vitro soluble CD23 production and lymphocyte proliferation[J].Immunology,2016,148(1):40-55
参考文献 18
ASSAYAG M,MOSHEL S,KOHAN M,et al.The effect of omalizumab treatment on the low affinity immunoglobu⁃ lin E receptor(CD23/fc epsilon RII)in patients with se⁃ vere allergic asthma[J].Allergy Asthma Proc,2018,39(1):36-42
参考文献 19
PUNNONEN J,DE VRIES J E.IL ⁃13 induces prolifera⁃ tion,Ig isotype switching,and Ig synthesis by immature human fetal B cells[J].J Immunol,1994,152(3):1094-1102
参考文献 20
CHAN R,RUIWEN KUO C,LIPWORTH B.Pragmatic clinical perspective on biologics for severe refractory type 2 asthma[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract,2020,8(10):3363-3370
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:研究整合素金属蛋白酶 15(a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 15,ADAM15)在支气管哮喘中表达及可能机制。方法:收集本院32例哮喘患者及同期16例健康对照的临床资料及血清标本,酶联免疫吸附法检测血清ADAM15水平,分析其与外周血嗜酸性粒细胞数、血清总IgE相关性。构建OVA诱导的过敏性哮喘小鼠模型,免疫组化观察小鼠肺组织AD⁃ AM15表达部位和变化。不同细胞因子刺激人支气管上皮细胞系(16HBE),分别用实时定量PCR法和蛋白质免疫印迹法检测细胞 ADAM15 mRNA 和蛋白表达。结果:与对照组[(398.90±22.13)pg/mL]相比,哮喘患者血清 ADAM15 水平明显增高 [(749.5±132.3)pg/mL,P =0.023],与血清总IgE水平呈正相关(P =0.0016,r =0.5425)。ADAM15主要表达于过敏性哮喘小鼠肺组织支气管上皮细胞,其表达量较对照组小鼠升高。IL⁃13可上调支气管上皮细胞ADAM15 mRNA及蛋白水平。结论:哮喘中 ADAM15表达增加,可能与IL⁃13介导的哮喘气道炎症有关。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to observe the expression and possible mechanism of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 15 (ADAM15)in asthma. Methods:The clinical data and serum samples of 32 asthma patients and 16 healthy controls were collected, enzyme ⁃linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the expression of serum ADAM15,and the correlation of peripheral blood eosinophils count and percentage,serum total IgE with ADAM15 was analyzed. A mouse model of OVA⁃induced allergic asthma was constructed,using immunohistochemistry to observe the expression of ADAM15 expression in lung tissue. Real⁃time quantitative PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the effect of different cytokines stimulation on the expression of ADAM15 in human bronchial epithelial cell line 16HBE. Results:The level of serum ADAM15 in the asthma group was higher than in the healthy control group [(749.5±132.3)pg/mL vs.(398.90±22.13)pg/mL,P =0.023]. ADAM15 is mainly expressed in bronchial epithelial cells in mouse lung tissue. After 24 hours of stimulation of exogenous IL ⁃13(10 ng/mL),the mRNA and protein levels of ADAM15 were up ⁃ regulated. Conclusion:The expression of ADAM15 is elevated in asthma,and may be related with the IL⁃13⁃mediated airway inflammation.

  • 支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)是全球范围内的常见病和多发病,目前发病率仍有不断上升趋势[1]。过敏性哮喘作为最常见哮喘类型,由Th2型细胞因子 [白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)⁃4、5和13]驱动,血嗜酸性粒细胞增多和免疫球蛋白E(immunoglobulin E,IgE)升高是其主要临床特征[2]

  • 最近一项全基因组关联研究(genome⁃wide asso⁃ciation studies,GWAS)发现,过敏性哮喘的发生与整合素样金属蛋白酶15(a disintegrin and metallopro⁃ teinase15,ADAM15)基因密切相关[3],高度提示AD⁃ AM15在哮喘疾病中起重要作用,但其机制尚不清楚。目前发现ADAM15可使B细胞释放促进IgE合成的可溶性CD23(sCD23),是一种潜在的内源性IgE调节剂[4]。基于IgE在哮喘中的关键作用,本文推测,ADAM15可能通过促进IgE合成,参与疾病的发生发展。

  • 本研究拟在人体、动物和细胞水平研究哮喘过程中ADAM15表达及分布,并探讨其与IgE的相关性及可能调控机制,了解其在哮喘形成中的作用。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 纳入2018年6月—2020年4月就诊于南京医科大学第一附属医院呼吸内科门诊的支气管哮喘患者32例,所有病例均依据2018年全球哮喘防治倡议(Global Initiative For Asthma,GINA)的诊断标准进行诊断。同期收集16例健康志愿者作为正常对照组,受试者均签署知情同意书,并通过南京医科大学第一附属医院医学伦理委员会许可。两组人群均无吸烟者,通过卡方检验或独立样本 t 检验分析发现,性别、年龄无明显差异:①性别(男/女),对照(3/13)vs.哮喘(8/24)(P=0.627);②年龄(岁),对照(48.19±1.89)vs.哮喘(42.44±2.82)(P=0.180)。

  • SPF级雌性6~8周BALB/c小鼠10只(北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司),饲养于南京医科大学动物实验基地。动物实验均按规范严格进行。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 临床资料和血清标本收集

  • 入组时收集受试者临床信息(包括一般情况、病史和既往史等),用含分离胶/促凝剂的真空采血管分别采集晨起空腹外周静脉血5mL,对其外周血行细胞分类计数。余外周血室温静置20min,以3 000r/min、4℃离心10min,获得上层血清,检测受试者血清ADAM15和总IgE水平。

  • 1.2.2 哮喘小鼠模型构建

  • 随机将动物分为两组:对照组(n=5)和哮喘组 (n=5),分别于第0、7、14天致敏哮喘组小鼠,腹腔内注射鸡卵清蛋白(OVA)+氢氧化铝的混悬液4mL/kg,对照组小鼠腹腔内注射生理盐水4mL/kg;分别于第20、21、22天激发哮喘组小鼠,采用浓度为4mg/mL的OVA溶液滴鼻20 μL,对照组小鼠生理盐水滴鼻20 μL。

  • 1.2.3 酶联免疫吸附实验(enzyme linked immuno⁃ sorbent assay,ELISA)

  • 采用人ADAM15ELISA检测试剂盒(SEKH ⁃ 0078,北京索莱宝科技有限公司)说明书进行,将待测血清和试剂室温平衡30min,洗板3次并甩干,加样(标准品及样本)100 μL至ELISA板内,37℃烘箱孵育90min,洗板4次,洗板后加100 μL生物素化抗体工作液,37℃烘箱孵育1h,洗板4次,再加100 μL酶结合工作液,于37℃烘箱孵育30min,洗板5次,加入显色底物100 μL,37℃烘箱避光孵育15min,待标准孔蓝色深度合适时,加50 μL终止液,放置于酶标仪中450nm波长检测每孔光密度值。

  • 1.2.4 免疫组化

  • 最后一次OVA激发后24h处理小鼠,取每只小鼠右下肺最大横径处肺组织,采用石蜡切片机进行连续切片。石蜡切片置于烘箱脱蜡60℃烘2h,依次放入二甲苯Ⅰ和Ⅱ浸泡切片15min,后梯度浸泡于100%、95%、90%、80%、60%的乙醇各3min,最后用PBS浸洗2次,每次3min。置于含柠檬酸缓冲液的高压锅中,沸水修复2min,冷却至室温后,用PBS冲洗2次,每次5min。室温将切片置于3%H2O2溶液15min以灭活内源性酶,PBS冲洗3次,每次5min。吸去组织周围液体,油笔画圈,10%山羊血清室温封闭1h,PBST冲洗3次,每次5min。滴加ADAM15抗体(K008285P,北京索莱宝科技有限公司),4℃湿盒过夜。第2天,甩去一抗稀释液,PBST冲洗3次,每次5min。每个圈内组织滴加100 μL生物素标记的二抗(1∶500稀释)室温孵育1h,PBST冲洗3次,每次5min。每个圈内组织滴加预制好的显色剂DAB工作液50 μL,在显微镜下观察显色情况,染色好后用蒸馏水洗涤。苏木素30s染核,立即蒸馏水洗涤, 1%盐酸酒精分化,温水反蓝。梯度60%、80%、 90%、95%、100%的乙醇脱水,每次3min;二甲苯Ⅱ、 Ⅰ依次浸泡3min。最后采用中性树脂封片,盖玻片固定后在显微镜下观察。

  • 1.2.5 人支气管上皮细胞(16HBE)培养

  • 用含10%胎牛血清(Gibco公司,美国)、1%双抗的RPMI1640(Gibco公司,美国)培养基培养人支气管上皮细胞株16HBE(北京肿瘤研究所),放入37℃、5%CO2的细胞培养箱中孵育。隔日换液、待细胞长至90%时胰酶消化、传代,布板至6孔板和12孔板,待细胞长至密度80%时用无血清的1640培养基饥饿6~12h。

  • 1.2.6 实时定量PCR

  • 待细胞布板至12孔板并饥饿6⁃8h后,用人源性重组细胞因子IL ⁃4(BK0245,Bioworld公司,美国)、IL ⁃13(213⁃ ILB/CF,R&D公司,美国)、IL ⁃17 (BK0234,Bioworld公司,美国)、TNF ⁃α(PR1125, Bioworld公司,美国)分别刺激16HBE 12、24h,以不加干预措施的细胞为对照组。移去细胞培养基,用预冷的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)清洗细胞后,每孔加入1mL TRIzol(TaKaRa公司,日本)以提取细胞总RNA,逆转录后加入SYBR Green后进行RT⁃PCR实验。扩增条件为:预变性95℃ 30s→变性95℃ 5s→ 退火60℃ 30s→延伸72℃ 10min,共40个循环。以GAPDH为内参,计算 2-ΔΔCT值,最后比较目的基因在细胞中的相对表达量。所用引物委托南京Re⁃ algene公司合成:人GAPDH上游引物5′ ⁃ AGAAGGCTGGGGCT ⁃ CATTTG ⁃ 3′;下游引物5′ ⁃ AGGGGCCATCCACAGTC⁃TTC⁃3′;人ADAM15上游引物5′⁃CAGGACGATCTCCCAATTAGC⁃3′;下游引物5′⁃GGACCAACTCCCTATTCTGTAGC⁃3′。

  • 1.2.7 Western blot

  • 细胞布板至6孔板并饥饿6~8h,以人源重组细胞因子IL⁃13(10ng/mL)(213⁃ILB/CF,R&D公司,美国)刺激16HBE 24h,经PBS洗3次,用蛋白裂解液提取总蛋白,并用BCA法测得蛋白含量。蛋白提取完成后制备SDS⁃聚丙烯酰胺凝胶,采用80/120V恒压电泳,300mA恒流转移至PVDF膜上,5%BSA洗涤缓冲液室温封闭2h,加入 β⁃actin抗体(T0022, Affinity公司,美国)及ADAM15抗体(K008285P,北京索莱宝科技有限公司)4℃冰箱孵育过夜,第2天采用TBST洗涤缓冲液洗涤后,用鼠抗兔二抗(sc⁃ 2357,Santa Cruz公司,美国)室温1h。使用Molecu⁃ lar Imager ChemiDocTMXRS+数字成像系统,用电化学曝光液成像,以β⁃actin为内参,比较ADAM15的相对表达量。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 应用GraphPad Prism 8进行统计学分析,所有定量资料以均数±标准误(x-±sx-)表示,两组资料间的比较采用独立样本 t 检验,多组资料之间的比较采用单因素方差分析,相关性分析采用Pearson直线相关分析法。P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 哮喘患者血清中ADAM15表达升高

  • 对32例哮喘患者和16例健康对照者血清进行ELISA检测,结果表明,与健康对照者相比,哮喘患者血清中的ADAM15水平增高[(749.5±132.3)pg/mL vs.(398.90 ± 22.13)pg/mL],差异有统计学意义(P=0.023,图1)。

  • 图1 哮喘患者与健康对照组血清ADAM15的表达

  • Fig.1 Serum ADAM15expression in asthmatic pa⁃ tients and healthy controls

  • 2.2 血清ADAM15 表达水平与外周血嗜酸性粒细胞数、血清总IgE水平的相关性分析

  • 分别以哮喘患者外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数与百分比、血清总IgE水平为纵坐标,血清ADAM15水平为横坐标,对所有样本进行相关性分析发现,血清ADAM15水平与嗜酸性粒细胞计数及百分比无明显相关,而与总IgE水平呈显著正相关(r=0.542 5, P=0.001 6),相关性有统计学意义(图2)。

  • 2.3 ADAM15在哮喘小鼠肺组织中的表达

  • 小鼠肺组织免疫组化表明,ADAM15在肺组织中主要表达于支气管上皮细胞,且哮喘小鼠支气管上皮细胞ADAM15表达水平较对照小鼠升高(图3)。

  • 2.4 IL⁃13上调16HBE中ADAM15的转录水平

  • 分别用10ng/mL的IL⁃4、IL⁃13、IL⁃17、TNF⁃α处理16HBE细胞12h和24h,PCR结果表明,与不加任何细胞因子干预的对照组相比,其中IL⁃13干预24h可显著上调16HBE内ADAM15mRNA的表达水平(P< 0.01,图4)。

  • 2.5 IL⁃13上调16HBE中ADAM15的蛋白水平

  • 用10ng/mL的重组IL⁃13细胞因子处理16HBE细胞24h,Western blot结果表明,与不加干预的对照组相比,16HBE细胞内ADAM15的蛋白表达增加 (P< 0.05,图5)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究首次就ADAM15在支气管哮喘中可能作用进行研究,发现ADAM15在哮喘患者血清中表达升高,与血清总IgE水平成正相关;哮喘小鼠模型中,ADAM15主要表达于肺组织支气管上皮细胞,较对照组小鼠明显增加;体外实验进一步发现,炎症因子IL⁃13可明显上调支气管上皮细胞的ADAM15表达。以上结果提示ADAM15可能与IL⁃13炎症通路有关。

  • 图2 哮喘组血清ADAM15表达水平与外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数、百分比以及血清总IgE水平的相关性

  • Fig.2 Correlation between serum ADAM15expression and peripheral blood eosinophils count,percentage and serum total IgE in asthmatic patients

  • 图3 ADAM15在小鼠肺组织中的表达水平及分布

  • Fig.3 The expression and distribution of ADAM15in the mouse lung tissues

  • 图4 细胞因子(10ng/mL)刺激12、24h对16HBE细胞中ADAM15mRNA水平的影响

  • Fig.4 Effects of cytokines(10ng/mL)stimulation for 12and 24h on ADAM15mRNA levels in 16HBE cells

  • 图5 IL⁃13(10ng/mL)刺激24h对16HBE细胞中ADAM15蛋白水平的影响

  • Fig.5 Effect of IL ⁃13(10ng/mL)stimulation for 24h on ADAM15protein expression in 16HBE cells

  • ADAM15属于ADAM蛋白家族,分子量约90kDa,是一种多结构域跨膜蛋白,其中金属蛋白酶结构域决定ADAM15具有水解膜结合分子的功能[5]。研究发现,ADAM15与多种炎症密切相关,在类风湿性关节炎[6]、动脉粥样硬化[7] 患者的组织样本中表达升高。本研究结果显示,ADAM15在哮喘患者血清也呈明显增加,且与总IgE水平成正相关,提示AD⁃ AM15可能通过IgE介导的过敏机制,参与气道炎症的形成和发展。

  • ADAM15在多种组织中广泛表达,有研究证实,慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmoriary disease,COPD)患者和COPD小鼠模型中肺组织ADAM15明显增多[8-9]。本研究通过哮喘小鼠模型,进一步证实ADAM15主要表达于支气管上皮细胞,且哮喘小鼠表达较对照组明显增多,提示哮喘患者ADAM15主要来源于肺组织支气管上皮。研究发现,IL⁃1β、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF) ⁃α等细胞因子可上调ADAM15表达[6],提示炎症中细胞因子可能是调控ADAM15表达的主要因素。本实验中,分别用Th2/Th1/Th17炎症因子刺激支气管上皮细胞模拟哮喘气道炎症环境[10],发现IL⁃13可明显上调支气管上皮细胞ADAM15表达。本课题组前期对IL⁃13刺激人原代支气管上皮细胞进行的蛋白质组学分析结果发现:IL⁃13刺激组ADAM15分泌水平较对照组升高3.47倍(P=0.04),结合最近一项IL⁃13促进骨肉瘤细胞ADAM15表达的研究结果[11],提示IL⁃13可能是ADAM15的重要调控因素。目前对于IL⁃13上调ADAM15的机制尚不清楚,既往研究发现,ADAM15的启动子含有3个转录因子Sp1的结合位点[12];在支气管上皮细胞中,Sp1被发现也是IL⁃13的下游,IL⁃13激活Sp1后促进Muc18蛋白表达[13],因此,哮喘中,IL⁃13可能通过转录因子Sp1上调支气管上皮细胞ADAM15表达。

  • 目前研究认为,IL⁃13主要通过促进嗜酸性粒细胞活化募集和产生IgE,介导哮喘气道炎症[14]。本实验结果显示,ADAM15与外周血嗜酸性粒细胞数无明显相关性,既往也有多项研究表明,哮喘患者血液嗜酸性粒细胞数受昼夜节律、季节、治疗方法等因素影响变异较大,不足以有效反映哮喘气道炎症情况[15-16]。而ADAM15与总IgE呈明显正相关,提示ADAM15可能参与IgE的合成过程。研究发现, ADAM15可水解B细胞膜上的IgE受体CD23,使其脱落并释放为sCD23[4],sCD23脱落后仍与B细胞结合并促进其合成IgE[17]。已有研究证实,哮喘患者血清sCD23与总IgE显著相关[18],而IL⁃13使sCD23的分泌增多,提示哮喘中IL⁃13可能通过释放sCD23促进IgE合成[19]。结合本研究结果,IL⁃13促进支气管上皮细胞ADAM15表达,由此我们推测,IL⁃13通过上调支气管上皮细胞ADAM15,ADAM15进一步水解产生sCD23,使哮喘患者体内IgE水平升高。鉴于IgE是诱导哮喘气道炎症级联反应,使炎症持续存在的核心因素[20],因此ADAM15可能作为抑制哮喘IgE上游合成过程的潜在靶点。

  • 综上所述,本研究初步揭示ADAM15在哮喘中的表达及潜在调控机制,同时发现哮喘患者ADAM15与总IgE明显相关。明确ADAM15在IgE合成中的具体机制,以及ADAM15是否可能作为哮喘的潜在治疗靶点,将成为我们下一步研究的目标。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] HOGAN A D,BERNSTEIN J A.GINA updated 2019:landmark changes recommended for asthma management [J].Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol,2020,124(4):311-313

    • [2] LUPINEK C,DERFLER K,LEE S,et al.Extracorporeal IgE immunoadsorption in allergic asthma:safety and effi⁃ cacy[J].EBio Medicine,2017,17:119-133

    • [3] FERREIRA M A R,VONK J M,BAURECHT H,et al.Age ⁃ of ⁃ onset information helps identify 76 genetic vari⁃ ants associated with allergic disease[J].PLoS Genet,2020,16(6):e1008725

    • [4] FOURIE A M,COLES F,MORENO V,et al.Catalytic ac⁃ tivity of ADAM8,ADAM15,and MDC ⁃ L(ADAM28)on synthetic peptide substrates and in ectodomain cleavage of CD23[J].J Biol Chem,2003,278(33):30469-30477

    • [5] MATTERN J,ROGHI C S,HURTZ M,et al.ADAM15 mediates upregulation of Claudin ⁃ 1 expression in breast cancer cells[J].Sci Rep,2019,9(1):12540

    • [6] NISHIMI S,ISOZAKI T,WAKABAYASHI K,et al.A dis⁃ integrin and metalloprotease 15 is expressed on rheuma⁃ toid arthritis synovial tissue endothelial cells and may me⁃ diate angiogenesis[J].Cells,2019,8(1):32

    • [7] OKSALA N,LEVULA M,AIRLA N,et al.ADAM⁃9,AD⁃ AM ⁃15,and ADAM ⁃ 17 are upregulated in macrophages in advanced human atherosclerotic plaques in aorta and carotid and femoral arteries ⁃ tampere vascular study[J].Ann Med,2009,41(4):279-290

    • [8] WANG X,ZHANG D,HIGHAM A,et al.ADAM15 ex⁃ pression is increased in lung CD8(+)T cells,macro⁃ phages,and bronchial epithelial cells in patients with COPD and is inversely related to airflow obstruction[J].Respir Res,2020,21(1):188

    • [9] WANG X,ROJAS⁃QUINTERO J,ZHANG D,et al.A dis⁃ integrin and metalloproteinase domain ⁃ 15 deficiency leads to exaggerated cigarette smoke⁃induced chronic ob⁃ structive pulmonary disease(COPD)⁃like disease in mice [J].Mucosal Immunol,2021,14(2):342-356

    • [10] 孟亚奇,贾嫚,姜洁,等.IL⁃36γ在哮喘患者血清及支气管上皮细胞中的表达及意义[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2018,38(9):1264-1268

    • [11] YANG C Y,CHANALARIS A,BONELLI S,et al.Inter⁃ leukin 13(IL⁃13)⁃regulated expression of the chondropro⁃ tective metalloproteinase ADAM15 is reduced in aging cartilage[J].Osteoarthr Cartil Open,2020,2(4):100128

    • [12] KHAMMAS H,BOWEN T,WILLIAMS JD,et al.Charac⁃ terisation of the human ADAM15 promoter[J].Nephron Exp Nephrol,2011;118(2):e27⁃e38

    • [13] SIMON G C,MARTIN R J,SMITH S,et al.Up⁃regulation of MUC18 in airway epithelial cells by IL ⁃ 13:implica⁃ tions in bacterial adherence[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Bi⁃ ol,2011,44(5):606-613

    • [14] FRANCISCO D,WANG Y,CONWAY M,et al.Surfactant Protein⁃A protects against IL⁃13⁃induced inflammation in asthma[J].J Immunol,2020,204(10):2829-2839

    • [15] DEMARCHE S F,SCHLEICH F N,PAULUS V A,et al.Is it possible to claim or refute sputum eosinophils ≥ 3% in asthmatics with sufficient accuracy using biomarkers?[J].Respir Res,2017,18(1):133

    • [16] GIBSON P G.Variability of blood eosinophils as a bio⁃ marker in asthma and COPD[J].Respirology,2018,23(1):12-13

    • [17] PEREZ⁃WITZKE D,MIRANDA⁃GARCÍA M A,SUÁREZ N,et al.CTLA4Fcε,a novel soluble fusion protein that binds B7 molecules and the IgE receptors,and reduces human in vitro soluble CD23 production and lymphocyte proliferation[J].Immunology,2016,148(1):40-55

    • [18] ASSAYAG M,MOSHEL S,KOHAN M,et al.The effect of omalizumab treatment on the low affinity immunoglobu⁃ lin E receptor(CD23/fc epsilon RII)in patients with se⁃ vere allergic asthma[J].Allergy Asthma Proc,2018,39(1):36-42

    • [19] PUNNONEN J,DE VRIES J E.IL ⁃13 induces prolifera⁃ tion,Ig isotype switching,and Ig synthesis by immature human fetal B cells[J].J Immunol,1994,152(3):1094-1102

    • [20] CHAN R,RUIWEN KUO C,LIPWORTH B.Pragmatic clinical perspective on biologics for severe refractory type 2 asthma[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract,2020,8(10):3363-3370

  • 参考文献

    • [1] HOGAN A D,BERNSTEIN J A.GINA updated 2019:landmark changes recommended for asthma management [J].Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol,2020,124(4):311-313

    • [2] LUPINEK C,DERFLER K,LEE S,et al.Extracorporeal IgE immunoadsorption in allergic asthma:safety and effi⁃ cacy[J].EBio Medicine,2017,17:119-133

    • [3] FERREIRA M A R,VONK J M,BAURECHT H,et al.Age ⁃ of ⁃ onset information helps identify 76 genetic vari⁃ ants associated with allergic disease[J].PLoS Genet,2020,16(6):e1008725

    • [4] FOURIE A M,COLES F,MORENO V,et al.Catalytic ac⁃ tivity of ADAM8,ADAM15,and MDC ⁃ L(ADAM28)on synthetic peptide substrates and in ectodomain cleavage of CD23[J].J Biol Chem,2003,278(33):30469-30477

    • [5] MATTERN J,ROGHI C S,HURTZ M,et al.ADAM15 mediates upregulation of Claudin ⁃ 1 expression in breast cancer cells[J].Sci Rep,2019,9(1):12540

    • [6] NISHIMI S,ISOZAKI T,WAKABAYASHI K,et al.A dis⁃ integrin and metalloprotease 15 is expressed on rheuma⁃ toid arthritis synovial tissue endothelial cells and may me⁃ diate angiogenesis[J].Cells,2019,8(1):32

    • [7] OKSALA N,LEVULA M,AIRLA N,et al.ADAM⁃9,AD⁃ AM ⁃15,and ADAM ⁃ 17 are upregulated in macrophages in advanced human atherosclerotic plaques in aorta and carotid and femoral arteries ⁃ tampere vascular study[J].Ann Med,2009,41(4):279-290

    • [8] WANG X,ZHANG D,HIGHAM A,et al.ADAM15 ex⁃ pression is increased in lung CD8(+)T cells,macro⁃ phages,and bronchial epithelial cells in patients with COPD and is inversely related to airflow obstruction[J].Respir Res,2020,21(1):188

    • [9] WANG X,ROJAS⁃QUINTERO J,ZHANG D,et al.A dis⁃ integrin and metalloproteinase domain ⁃ 15 deficiency leads to exaggerated cigarette smoke⁃induced chronic ob⁃ structive pulmonary disease(COPD)⁃like disease in mice [J].Mucosal Immunol,2021,14(2):342-356

    • [10] 孟亚奇,贾嫚,姜洁,等.IL⁃36γ在哮喘患者血清及支气管上皮细胞中的表达及意义[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2018,38(9):1264-1268

    • [11] YANG C Y,CHANALARIS A,BONELLI S,et al.Inter⁃ leukin 13(IL⁃13)⁃regulated expression of the chondropro⁃ tective metalloproteinase ADAM15 is reduced in aging cartilage[J].Osteoarthr Cartil Open,2020,2(4):100128

    • [12] KHAMMAS H,BOWEN T,WILLIAMS JD,et al.Charac⁃ terisation of the human ADAM15 promoter[J].Nephron Exp Nephrol,2011;118(2):e27⁃e38

    • [13] SIMON G C,MARTIN R J,SMITH S,et al.Up⁃regulation of MUC18 in airway epithelial cells by IL ⁃ 13:implica⁃ tions in bacterial adherence[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Bi⁃ ol,2011,44(5):606-613

    • [14] FRANCISCO D,WANG Y,CONWAY M,et al.Surfactant Protein⁃A protects against IL⁃13⁃induced inflammation in asthma[J].J Immunol,2020,204(10):2829-2839

    • [15] DEMARCHE S F,SCHLEICH F N,PAULUS V A,et al.Is it possible to claim or refute sputum eosinophils ≥ 3% in asthmatics with sufficient accuracy using biomarkers?[J].Respir Res,2017,18(1):133

    • [16] GIBSON P G.Variability of blood eosinophils as a bio⁃ marker in asthma and COPD[J].Respirology,2018,23(1):12-13

    • [17] PEREZ⁃WITZKE D,MIRANDA⁃GARCÍA M A,SUÁREZ N,et al.CTLA4Fcε,a novel soluble fusion protein that binds B7 molecules and the IgE receptors,and reduces human in vitro soluble CD23 production and lymphocyte proliferation[J].Immunology,2016,148(1):40-55

    • [18] ASSAYAG M,MOSHEL S,KOHAN M,et al.The effect of omalizumab treatment on the low affinity immunoglobu⁃ lin E receptor(CD23/fc epsilon RII)in patients with se⁃ vere allergic asthma[J].Allergy Asthma Proc,2018,39(1):36-42

    • [19] PUNNONEN J,DE VRIES J E.IL ⁃13 induces prolifera⁃ tion,Ig isotype switching,and Ig synthesis by immature human fetal B cells[J].J Immunol,1994,152(3):1094-1102

    • [20] CHAN R,RUIWEN KUO C,LIPWORTH B.Pragmatic clinical perspective on biologics for severe refractory type 2 asthma[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract,2020,8(10):3363-3370