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通讯作者:

洪金省,E⁃mail:hjs703@126.com;

黄菲,feifeigood2148@126.com

中图分类号:R563.9

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)06-804-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210603

参考文献 1
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
MATSUSHITA T,HORIKAWA M,IWATA Y,et al.Reg⁃ ulatory B cells(B10 cells)and regulatory T cells have in⁃ dependent roles in controlling experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis initiation and late⁃phase immunopatho⁃ genesis[J].J Immunol,2010,185(4):2240-2252
参考文献 17
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参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
WIRSDÖRFER F,JENDROSSEK V.The role of lympho⁃ cytes in radiotherapy ⁃induced adverse late effects in the lung[J].Front Immunol,2016,7:591
参考文献 20
CARGNONI A,ROMELE P,BONASSI S P,et al.Amniot⁃ ic MSCs reduce pulmonary fibrosis by hampering lung B⁃ cell recruitment,retention,and maturation[J].Stem Cells Transl Med,2020,9(9):1023-1035
参考文献 21
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参考文献 22
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探究B10细胞放射性肺纤维化进程中的动态变化。方法:将30只6~8周C57BL/6小鼠随机分为未照射对照组、照射后2 d组(IR2d组)、照射后14 d 组(IR14d组)、照射后3个月组(IR3m组)、照射后5个月组(IR5m组),应用电离辐射建立放射性肺纤维化的动物模型,通过HE染色法、Masson染色观察肺组织的病理变化,免疫荧光染色法观察α⁃平滑肌肌动蛋白 (α⁃smooth muscle actin,α⁃SMA)表达,流式细胞术检测B10细胞在肺、脾脏中的数目变化。结果:胸部照射后早期小鼠肺组织呈现炎性反应;照射后3个月出现肺泡结构破坏,间质填充,照射后5个月大量胶原填充,α⁃SMA表达较对照组明显增加。IR2d 组、IR14d组肺组织中的B10细胞比例较对照组明显增加,而IR3m组B10细胞较IR2d组明显下降;照射后2 d脾脏中B10细胞开始增加,照射后14 d达到峰值,照射后3个月较照射后2 d、14 d明显下降。结论:放射性肺纤维化进程中存在B10细胞浸润,呈现早期升高晚期降低的趋势。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to explore the dynamic changes in the process of radiation ⁃ induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF)of B10 cells. Methods:30 C57BL/6 mice,6⁃8 weeks old,were randomly divided into non ⁃irradiated(control)group,2 days after irradiation(IR2d),14 days after irradiation(IR14d),3 month after irradiation(IR3m)and 5 month after irradiation(IR5m)group. The radiation ⁃induced pulmonary fibrosis model was established by using ionizing radiation. HE staining and Masson staining were used to observe the pathological changes of lung tissue,and the expression of α⁃ SMA was observed by immunohistochemistry. Flow cytometry was used to detect the infiltration changes of B10 cells in lung tissues and spleens in the RIPF model. Results:The lung tissues of mice showed inflammatory response in the early stage after chest irradiation. Furthermore,the alveolar structure destruction and interstitial filling began to appear 3 months after irradiation,and a large amount of collagen was filled 5 months after irradiation. The expression of α ⁃ SMA was significantly higher than that of the control group,and pulmonary fibrosis was more severe. The proportion of B10 cells in lung tissue was significantly increased at 2 d and 14 d after chest irradiation compared with the non ⁃ irradiated group,while was significantly lower in IR3m group than in IR2d group,B10 cells in the spleens began to increase at IR2d, and reached a peak at IR14d,and was significantly lower in IR3m group than in IR2d group and IR14d group. Conclusion:There were B10 cells infiltration in the process of radioactive pulmonary fibrosis,with a trend of early increase and late decrease.

    关键词

    B10细胞肺纤维化电离辐射

  • 胸部肿瘤是临床上常见的恶性肿瘤,而放射治疗是胸部肿瘤综合治疗必不可少的手段,如肺癌、食管癌、纵隔肿瘤等。放射性肺损伤是胸部肿瘤放射治疗后常见的不良反应[1],包括早期的放射性肺炎和晚期的放射性肺纤维化(radiation⁃induced pul⁃ monary fibrosis,RIPF)[2]。RIPF一般发生于胸部放疗的6个月后,临床表现包括呼吸困难、胸痛,严重时可引起呼吸衰竭甚至死亡。目前RIPF的治疗靶标尚不明确,临床上缺乏有效的治疗措施[3],因此,寻找影响RIPF的靶标对于预防和治疗RIPF具有重要意义。

  • B10细胞是一种可分泌IL⁃10的调节性B细胞 (regulatory B cell,Breg)的特殊亚群,参与炎症、免疫性疾病、肿瘤等多种疾病[4]。近年多项研究证实B10细胞与多种器官纤维化相关,如病毒引起的肝纤维化[5]、粉尘性肺纤维化[6]、药物性肺纤维化[7]。然而,粉尘及药物引起的肺纤维化与电离辐射引起的肺纤维化机制不尽相同。前期研究发现,给予C57BL/6小鼠次全身照射可引起脾脏中的Breg细胞亚群增加,抑制自身免疫性疾病的发展[8]。目前尚无研究报道B10细胞与RIPF相关联。本研究旨在观察小鼠经胸部电离辐射后,B10细胞在小鼠RIPF进程中的动态变化情况,探讨B10细胞与RIPF之间可能存在的关联,为RIPF提供新的防治思路。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • 直线加速器(Clinac600C/D)(Varian医疗系统公司,美国),流式细胞仪(Accuri C6)(BD公司,美国); 大鼠抗小鼠CD5⁃PE(Sigma公司,美国),大鼠抗小鼠CD19 ⁃ FITC(BioLegend公司,美国),大鼠抗小鼠CD1d⁃APC(eBioscience公司,美国),红细胞裂解液 (BD公司,美国),60 μm细胞筛(北京索莱宝科技有限公司)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 实验动物与分组

  • 选取30只成年雌性6~8周龄健康、清洁级C57BL/6小鼠,体重18~22g,购自上海斯莱克动物有限公司,许可证号:SCXK(沪)2007⁃0005。随机分成5组,分别为未照射(对照)组、照射后2d(IR2d) 组、照射后14d(IR14d)组、照射后3个月(IR3m)组,照射后5个月(IR5m)组,每组6只。实验操作符合3R原则,经福建医科大学伦理委员会批准。

  • 1.2.2 照射方式

  • 配制4%水合氯醛以0.1mL/10g腹腔注射麻醉小鼠。将小鼠放入自制有机玻璃鼠笼中,拉直鼠尾,胶布固定。根据本单位摆位误差以及质量控制,将照射野设置为38.0cm×1.5cm,将固定好的小鼠整齐排列置于治疗床上,照射部位为小鼠胸部,具体摆位操作参考已发表论文[9]。采用直线加速器 (Clinac600C/D)用6MV⁃X线单次18Gy照射小鼠全肺,射野角度180°单野照射,剂量率500Mu/min。通过剂量体积直方图(dose volume histogram,DVH) 评估计算出小鼠肺部百分深度剂量为83%。对照组相同环境下予以假照射。

  • 1.2.3 标本处理

  • 通过颈椎脱臼法处死各组小鼠,剪取小鼠左侧肺组织,浸泡于4%多聚甲醛中固定,24h后转至75%酒精,常规脱水,石蜡包埋,连续0.4 μm切片,通过HE染色、Masson染色、免疫荧光染色行病理学检测,显微镜下观察染色情况。另取小鼠整个脾脏及相同质量同侧肺组织,浸泡于含10%血清的PBS缓冲液中备用,待制备单细胞悬液。

  • 1.2.4 流式细胞样本处理及流式分析

  • 研磨组织样本,60 μm细胞筛过滤脾脏/肺组织,1 800r/min(脾)、2 000r/min(肺),离心5min,弃上清,加入5mL红细胞裂解液重悬后,以相同转速离心3min后,弃上清,5mL PBS缓冲液洗涤重悬,离心5mim,去上清,加入100 μL PBS缓冲液制备成单细胞悬液。分别加入0.5 μL大鼠抗小鼠的FITC⁃ CD19抗体、APC⁃CD1d抗体和PE⁃CD5抗体,混匀, 4℃下避光孵育30min。上机,于流式细胞仪上检测B10细胞数量占比情况。

  • 1.2.5 病理学评分

  • Masson染色评分标准:每张切片随机在上、下、左、右和中部各选1个视野,根据Ashcroft纤维化评分标准对肺纤维化程度进行评分[10]

  • 免疫荧光评分标准:每张切片在高倍镜下随机选取5个视野,计数各个视野的阳性细胞数,采用阳性细胞占视野总细胞数的百分比来评估表达情况。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 实验结果采用SPSS 23.0统计软件分析,计量资料数据以均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示。方差齐性检验采用F检验,对符合正态分布且方差齐的3组及3组以上的实验研究数据,如各组间B10细胞比例进行单因素多水平方差分析,进一步使用Dunnett法 (Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test)行多重比较。对于仅有两组的实验研究,若变量符合正态分布,使用双尾、非配对t检验分析组间差异;如变量不符合正态分布,则使用Mann⁃Whitney U检验分析组间差异。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 病理学验证C57BL/6小鼠RIPF模型的构建

  • HE染色结果显示,对照组小鼠肺泡结构完整,无炎性细胞浸润,给予照射后,可见IR2d组小鼠肺组织出现大量炎性浸润,如中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞等。IR14d组炎性渗出有所吸收。IR3m组出现肺间质填充,肺间隔增宽,正常肺结构被破坏。IR5m组发现肺泡大量融合,肺间隔增宽明显,肺泡结构破坏显著(图1)。肺组织Masson染色结果示,IR5m组大量胶原纤维填充于肺间质中,发生明显肺纤维化,与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(t′=-6.006, P <0.001)。免疫荧光染色结果发现,IR5m组中肺组织肌成纤维细胞标志物α⁃平滑肌肌动蛋白(α⁃ smooth muscle actin,α⁃SMA)表达较对照组明显增加 (t=8.022,P <0.01,图2)。

  • 2.2 RIPF进程中肺组织中B10细胞动态变化情况

  • 胸部照射后,不同时间小鼠肺组织中B10细胞占全肺细胞比例差异具有统计学意义(F=22.230, P <0.001)。照射后早期B10细胞浸润增加,与对照组相比,照射后2d(P <0.01)、14d(P <0.05)肺组织中B10细胞明显增加,而照射后3个月则较照射后2d下降明显(P <0.05,图3)。

  • 图1 单次18Gy胸部照射后各时间点的小鼠肺组织HE染色(×100)

  • Fig.1 HE staining of mouse lung tissue at various time points after a single18Gy chest irradiation(×100)

  • 图2 单次18Gy胸部照射诱导肺纤维化组织的Masson染色及免疫荧光结果

  • Fig.2 Masson staining and immunofluorescence results of lung fibrosis induced by a single18Gy chest irradiation

  • 2.3 RIPF进程中脾脏中B10细胞动态变化情况

  • 脾组织中,流式细胞计数结果显示,照射后不同时间脾脏中B10细胞占全脾细胞比例不同(F=37.970,P <0.001)。照射后2d B10细胞开始增加,而照射后14d时则达到峰值(P <0.001),IR3m组的B10细胞则较IR2d组(P <0.01)、IR14d组(P < 0.001)明显减少,差异具有统计学意义(图4)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 既往研究发现,Breg细胞在矽肺或博莱霉素诱导的肺纤维化进程中起重要作用[6⁃7],而其亚型B10细胞是否与RIPF进程关联,并且B10细胞在RIPF中的动态变化情况,迄今还未见相关报道。本研究通过研究单次18Gy照射下的RIPF小鼠模型中B10细胞动态变化情况,首次发现在电离辐射诱导的小鼠RIPF进程中,肺组织及脾脏中存在B10细胞浸润,且在炎性早期B10细胞比例显著增加,而在纤维化晚期B10细胞比例逐渐减少。

  • 图3 电离辐射诱导肺纤维化进程中肺组织B10细胞的浸润情况

  • Fig.3 Infiltration of B10cell in lung tissues during the process of radiation⁃induced pulmonary fibrosis

  • 图4 电离辐射诱导肺纤维化进程中脾脏组织中B10细胞的浸润情况

  • Fig.4 Infiltration of B10cells in spleen tissue during the process of radiation⁃induced pulmonary fibrosis

  • RIPF是肺损伤修复的不良结果。电离辐射可引起肺上皮细胞及肺实质发生损伤,在正常愈合过程中,肺泡⁃毛细血管通透性恢复,炎症缓解,正常肺受损上皮及实质细胞修复。但若肺损伤、炎症持续存在,则会持续调动机体免疫应答,引起机体肺损伤修复过度导致肺的结构紊乱,最终发展为不可逆的肺纤维化[11-12]

  • B细胞通常被认为能增强免疫反应,然而,B细胞也能抑制多种小鼠自身免疫和炎症模型的免疫反应[13]。B10细胞作为一类可产生IL⁃10的特殊表型CD19+ CD5+ CD1d+ 调节性B细胞,发挥着负调节免疫的作用。在免疫应答过程中,炎性分子诱导B10细胞IL⁃10的产生和效应功能,可抑制抗原特异性T细胞的激活和先天巨噬细胞功能,从而发挥生物学功能[14]。研究表明,B10细胞具有强大的调节作用,即使少量的B10细胞也能显著抑制接触超敏反应[15]、实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎[16] 和移植物抗宿主病[17] 等。此外,近年来,多项研究发现,B10细胞与纤维化有关,在多种器官组织的纤维化进程中发挥重要作用,然而目前对B10细胞的促纤维化作用和抑制纤维化作用尚有争议。部分学者认为B10细胞在纤维化进程中起促进作用。研究证明,B10细胞可以通过抑制Th1反应和调节Th平衡来控制肺部炎症并加剧矽肺诱导的肺纤维化[6],Liu等[5] 发现患者外周血的Breg数量与肝纤维化程度呈正相关,Komura等[7] 提出CD19信号诱导B细胞向肺组织浸润与博莱霉素诱发的药物性肺纤维化有关。而另有一些学者则发现在类风湿关节炎相关的肺纤维化中Breg减少[18]

  • 胸部照射后可诱导多种免疫细胞进入肺内。其中,B淋巴细胞对电离辐射所致的垂死细胞释放出来的DNA片段异常敏感,其在照射后可迅速地增殖和分化[19]。在正常小鼠中,大多数CD19+ CD5+ CD1d+ B10细胞在小鼠脾脏中高度富集,而在其他组织中较少检测到[14]。本研究发现,在肺组织中,未照射对照组的B10细胞数量处于较低水平,在照射后2d、14d肺组织中B10细胞占比明显增加,且在脾脏中,胸部照射后2d也可观察到B10细胞增殖,并且在照射后14d达到峰值,我们推测小鼠接受胸部照射后,B10细胞可能自脾脏募集至肺组织中,参与免疫应答,而小鼠脾脏中B10细胞则通过增殖分化予以补充。在照射后晚期,脾与肺组织中B10细胞也相应逐渐减少,这或与小鼠通过自身免疫应答损伤修复,炎症缓解,肺间质重构有关。Cargnoni等[20] 发现可通过减弱B细胞抗原递呈减轻Treg细胞在博来霉素诱导的肺纤维化的促进作用。Lu等[21] 研究发现B10细胞可通过释放IL⁃10增强Treg功能并促进Treg的转化。Xiong等[22] 研究发现,调节性T细胞(regulatory T cell,Treg)在小鼠胸部照射后数量明显增加,并且进一步发现Treg细胞可通过调控上皮间质转化促进RIPF的进程。这提示B10细胞可能通过IL⁃10的分泌促进其他效应细胞发挥促RIPF的作用。

  • 综上所述,本研究发现小鼠B10细胞可能与RIPF有关,且在RIPF进程中,小鼠肺组织、脾脏组织中B10细胞比例在纤维化早期明显升高,而在纤维化晚期则明显减少。本研究推测B10细胞可能是影响RIPF重要的免疫细胞。然而,B10细胞促进或抑制RIPF尚且不明,且机制未清,需进一步深入研究,为抗RIPF研究提供新思路。

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] TAKEDA A,TSURUGAI Y,SANUKI N,et al.Clarithro⁃ mycin mitigates radiation pneumonitis in patients with lung cancer treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy [J].J Thorac Dis,2018,10(1):247-261

    • [3] HANANIA A,MAINWARING W,GHEBRE Y T,et al.Radiation ⁃ induced lung injury:assessment and manage⁃ ment[J].Chest,2019,156(1):150-162

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    • [6] LIU F,DAI W,LI C,et al.Role of IL⁃10⁃producing regu⁃ latory B cells in modulating T ⁃ helper cell immune re⁃ sponses during silica ⁃ induced lung inflammation and fi⁃ brosis[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:28911

    • [7] KOMURA K,YANABA K,HORIKAWA M,et al.CD19 regulates the development of bleomycin ⁃ induced pulmo⁃ nary fibrosis in a mouse model[J].Arthritis Rheum,2008,58(11):3574-3584

    • [8] HONG J,FANG J,LAN R,et al.TLR9 mediated regulato⁃ ry B10 cell amplification following sub⁃total body irradia⁃ tion:Implications in attenuating EAE[J].Mol Immunol,2017,83(1):52-61

    • [9] 王彩虹,潘晓娴,陈金梅,等.调节性T细胞在小鼠放射性肺纤维化进程中的动态变化[J].江苏大学学报(医学版),2020,30(1):34-38,44

    • [10] ASHCROFT T,SIMPSON J M,TIMBRELL V.Simple method of estimating severity of pulmonary fibrosis on a numerical scale[J].J Clin Pathol,1988,41(4):467-470

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    • [13] MORITOKI Y,ZHANG W,TSUNEYAMA K,et al.B cells suppress the inflammatory response in a mouse mod⁃ el of primary biliary cirrhosis[J].Gastroenterology,2009,136(3):1037-1047

    • [14] TEDDER T F.B10 cells:a functionally defined regulatory B cell subset[J].J Immunol,2015,194(4):1395-1401

    • [15] YANABA K,BOUAZIZ J D,HAAS K M,et al.A regula⁃ tory B cell subset with a unique CD1dhiCD5 + phenotype controls T cell⁃dependent inflammatory responses[J].Im⁃ munity,2008,28(5):639-650

    • [16] MATSUSHITA T,HORIKAWA M,IWATA Y,et al.Reg⁃ ulatory B cells(B10 cells)and regulatory T cells have in⁃ dependent roles in controlling experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis initiation and late⁃phase immunopatho⁃ genesis[J].J Immunol,2010,185(4):2240-2252

    • [17] LE HUU D,MATSUSHITA T,JIN G,et al.Donor⁃derived regulatory B cells are important for suppression of murine sclerodermatous chronic graft ⁃ versus ⁃ host disease[J].Blood,2013,121(16):3274-3283

    • [18] GUO Y,ZHANG X,QIN M,et al.Changes in peripheral CD19(+)Foxp3(+)and CD19(+)TGFβ(+)regulatory B cell populations in rheumatoid arthritis patients with inter⁃ stitial lung disease[J].J Thorac Dis,2015,7(3):471-477

    • [19] WIRSDÖRFER F,JENDROSSEK V.The role of lympho⁃ cytes in radiotherapy ⁃induced adverse late effects in the lung[J].Front Immunol,2016,7:591

    • [20] CARGNONI A,ROMELE P,BONASSI S P,et al.Amniot⁃ ic MSCs reduce pulmonary fibrosis by hampering lung B⁃ cell recruitment,retention,and maturation[J].Stem Cells Transl Med,2020,9(9):1023-1035

    • [21] LU Y,LIU F,LI C,et,al.IL ⁃10⁃Producing b cells sup⁃ press effector T cells activation and promote regulatory T cells in crystalline silica ⁃induced inflammatory response in vitro[J].Mediators Inflamm,2017,2017:8415094

    • [22] XIONG S,PAN X,XU L,et al.Regulatory T cells pro⁃ mote β⁃catenin⁃mediated epithelium⁃to⁃mesenchyme tran⁃ sition during radiation⁃induced pulmonary fibrosis[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2015,93(2):425-435

  • 参考文献

    • [1] TEKATLI H,DUIJM M,OOMEN⁃DE H E,et al.Normal tissue complication probability modeling of pulmonary toxicity after stereotactic and hypofractionated radiation therapy for central lung tumors[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Bi⁃ ol Phys,2018,100(3):738-747

    • [2] TAKEDA A,TSURUGAI Y,SANUKI N,et al.Clarithro⁃ mycin mitigates radiation pneumonitis in patients with lung cancer treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy [J].J Thorac Dis,2018,10(1):247-261

    • [3] HANANIA A,MAINWARING W,GHEBRE Y T,et al.Radiation ⁃ induced lung injury:assessment and manage⁃ ment[J].Chest,2019,156(1):150-162

    • [4] WANG L,FU Y,CHU Y.Regulatory B cells[J].Adv Exp Med Biol,2020,1254:87-103

    • [5] LIU Y,CHENG L S,WU S D,et al.IL⁃10⁃producing regu⁃ latory B ⁃ cells suppressed effector T ⁃ cells but enhanced regulatory T ⁃cells in chronic HBV infection[J].Clin Sci(Lond),2016,130(11):907-919

    • [6] LIU F,DAI W,LI C,et al.Role of IL⁃10⁃producing regu⁃ latory B cells in modulating T ⁃ helper cell immune re⁃ sponses during silica ⁃ induced lung inflammation and fi⁃ brosis[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:28911

    • [7] KOMURA K,YANABA K,HORIKAWA M,et al.CD19 regulates the development of bleomycin ⁃ induced pulmo⁃ nary fibrosis in a mouse model[J].Arthritis Rheum,2008,58(11):3574-3584

    • [8] HONG J,FANG J,LAN R,et al.TLR9 mediated regulato⁃ ry B10 cell amplification following sub⁃total body irradia⁃ tion:Implications in attenuating EAE[J].Mol Immunol,2017,83(1):52-61

    • [9] 王彩虹,潘晓娴,陈金梅,等.调节性T细胞在小鼠放射性肺纤维化进程中的动态变化[J].江苏大学学报(医学版),2020,30(1):34-38,44

    • [10] ASHCROFT T,SIMPSON J M,TIMBRELL V.Simple method of estimating severity of pulmonary fibrosis on a numerical scale[J].J Clin Pathol,1988,41(4):467-470

    • [11] HARDIE W D,HAGOOD J S,DAVE V,et al.Signaling pathways in the epithelial origins of pulmonary fibrosis [J].Cell Cycle,2010,9(14):2769-2776

    • [12] WYNN T A.Integrating mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis [J].J Exp Med,2011,208(7):1339-1350

    • [13] MORITOKI Y,ZHANG W,TSUNEYAMA K,et al.B cells suppress the inflammatory response in a mouse mod⁃ el of primary biliary cirrhosis[J].Gastroenterology,2009,136(3):1037-1047

    • [14] TEDDER T F.B10 cells:a functionally defined regulatory B cell subset[J].J Immunol,2015,194(4):1395-1401

    • [15] YANABA K,BOUAZIZ J D,HAAS K M,et al.A regula⁃ tory B cell subset with a unique CD1dhiCD5 + phenotype controls T cell⁃dependent inflammatory responses[J].Im⁃ munity,2008,28(5):639-650

    • [16] MATSUSHITA T,HORIKAWA M,IWATA Y,et al.Reg⁃ ulatory B cells(B10 cells)and regulatory T cells have in⁃ dependent roles in controlling experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis initiation and late⁃phase immunopatho⁃ genesis[J].J Immunol,2010,185(4):2240-2252

    • [17] LE HUU D,MATSUSHITA T,JIN G,et al.Donor⁃derived regulatory B cells are important for suppression of murine sclerodermatous chronic graft ⁃ versus ⁃ host disease[J].Blood,2013,121(16):3274-3283

    • [18] GUO Y,ZHANG X,QIN M,et al.Changes in peripheral CD19(+)Foxp3(+)and CD19(+)TGFβ(+)regulatory B cell populations in rheumatoid arthritis patients with inter⁃ stitial lung disease[J].J Thorac Dis,2015,7(3):471-477

    • [19] WIRSDÖRFER F,JENDROSSEK V.The role of lympho⁃ cytes in radiotherapy ⁃induced adverse late effects in the lung[J].Front Immunol,2016,7:591

    • [20] CARGNONI A,ROMELE P,BONASSI S P,et al.Amniot⁃ ic MSCs reduce pulmonary fibrosis by hampering lung B⁃ cell recruitment,retention,and maturation[J].Stem Cells Transl Med,2020,9(9):1023-1035

    • [21] LU Y,LIU F,LI C,et,al.IL ⁃10⁃Producing b cells sup⁃ press effector T cells activation and promote regulatory T cells in crystalline silica ⁃induced inflammatory response in vitro[J].Mediators Inflamm,2017,2017:8415094

    • [22] XIONG S,PAN X,XU L,et al.Regulatory T cells pro⁃ mote β⁃catenin⁃mediated epithelium⁃to⁃mesenchyme tran⁃ sition during radiation⁃induced pulmonary fibrosis[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2015,93(2):425-435