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通讯作者:

陈炜,E⁃mail:chenweijs@live.cn

中图分类号:R734.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)06-879-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210614

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨甲基化转移酶3(methyltransferase⁃like 3,METTL3)联合程序死亡配体1(programmed death ligand 1,PD⁃L1) 检测在非小细胞肺癌(non⁃small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(programmed death cell protein 1,PD⁃1)抑制剂治疗效果和预后预测中的价值。方法:收集NSCLC患者原发病灶组织蜡块标本,免疫组织化学检测PD⁃L1、METTL3的蛋白表达情况,并分析其与NSCLC患者PD⁃1抑制剂治疗效果和预后间的联系。结果:符合入组标准的患者共228例;其中,METTL3 蛋白的表达情况与病理类型、美国东部肿瘤合作组织(Eastern American Oncology Collaborative Group,ECOG)评分、治疗方案、 治疗效果以及实体瘤疗效评价标准(response evaluation criteria in solid tumors,RECIST)等因素有关;METTL3蛋白高表达患者的中位无进展生存期(progression⁃free⁃survival,PFS)为12.33个月,METTL3蛋白低或无表达患者的中位PFS为6.50个月;在接受 PD⁃1 抑制剂治疗的 NSCLC 患者中,METTL3 蛋白高表达患者有较长的 PFS;METTL3 蛋白高表达患者的中位总体生存期 (overall⁃survival,OS)为23.54个月,METTL3蛋白低或无表达患者的中位OS为20.93个月,METTL3蛋白高表达与较长的OS相关。结论:METTL3蛋白可能为预测NSCLC PD⁃1抑制剂免疫治疗效果的标志物。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to explore METTL3 combined with programmed death cell ligand 1(PD ⁃ L1)detection in predicting the therapeutic effect and prognosis of NSCLC patients with programmed death cell protein 1(PD ⁃1)inhibitors treatment. Methods:Primary lesion tissues from NSCLC patients were collected. The protein expression of PD⁃L1 and METTL3 was detected by immunohistochemistry,and the association of METTL3 with the effect of PD ⁃ 1 inhibitor treatment and prognosis in patients with NSCLC was analyzed. Results:A total of 228 cases were collected. Among them,the protein expression of METTL3 was related to the pathological type,Eastern American Oncology Collaborative Group(ECOG)score,therapeutic plan,therapeutic effect and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors(RECIST)factors. Patients with high METTL3 protein expression had a median progression⁃free⁃ survival(PFS)of 12.33 months,while those with low or no METTL3 protein expression had a median PFS of 6.50 months. In NSCLC patients treated with PD⁃1 antibody,high METTL3 protein expression was associated with better PFS. The median overall⁃survival(OS) of patients with high METTL3 proteine xpression was 23.54 months,and OS of patients with low or no METTL3 protein expression was 20.93 months. Patients with high METTL3 protein expression were associated with better OS. Conclusion:METTL3 protein may be a new target for predicting the efficacy of PD⁃1 inhibitors treatment in patients with NSCLC.

    关键词

    NSCLC免疫治疗m6 AMETTL3PD⁃L1

    Keywords

    NSCLCimmunotherapym6 AMETTL3PD⁃L1

  • 非小细胞肺癌(non ⁃ small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)是肺癌最常见的组织学类型。近年来,其发病率呈上升趋势,已成为国内外病死率最高的肿瘤之一。随着发病机制研究的深入,NSCLC的治疗已经从传统的化疗时代向靶向治疗、免疫治疗时代转变[1-3]。以程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(programmed death cell protein 1,PD ⁃ 1)/程序死亡配体1(pro⁃ grammed death ligand 1,PD⁃L1)单抗为代表的免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitor,ICI)治疗可能大幅提升晚期NSCLC的5年总体生存(over⁃ all survival,OS)率,但并非所有患者都能从中获益,且有部分患者会出现耐药等情况。因此ICI仍缺乏有效的生物标志物来预测疗效[4-5]

  • RNA甲基化修饰6⁃甲基腺嘌呤(N6⁃ methyl⁃ adenosine,m6 A)是腺嘌呤的第6个氮原子的甲基化修饰,m6 A修饰是最常见的RNA修饰,普遍存在于真核生物的mRNA和lncRNA中[6]。甲基化转移酶3 (methyltransferase⁃like3,METTL3)是哺乳动物中第1个被鉴定出来的m6 A甲基转移酶,是S⁃腺苷⁃L⁃蛋氨酸依赖性甲基转移酶家族的成员之一[7-8]

  • 本研究主要探讨METTL3在驱动基因阴性NSCLC患者肿瘤组织中的生物学特征和临床病理之间的关系,分析METTL3联合PD⁃L1检测在预测NSCLC患者PD⁃1抑制剂治疗效果和预后中的作用。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • 收集2015年1月—2018年12月南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院诊断为ⅢB或Ⅳ期、无驱动基因突变(EGFR/ALK/ROS1)、PD ⁃L1表达阳性(PD ⁃L1TPS≥1%,Dako22C3抗体)使用PD⁃1抑制剂治疗的可获取病理组织标本的NSCLC患者。

  • 全部病例均有完整的临床病理资料,包括:年龄、性别、吸烟史、标本类型、病理类型、美国东部肿瘤合作组织(Eastern American Oncology Collabora⁃ tive Group,ECOG)评分、治疗方案、PD⁃1抑制剂种类、治疗效果及实体瘤疗效评价标准(response eval⁃ uation criteria in solid tumors,RECIST)疗效判断等,所有患者定期随访。ECOG评分主要通过对患者体力状况进行评分,分为0、1、2、3、4、5分。RECIST主要根据病灶情况分为:完全缓解(complete remis⁃ sion,CR),所有目标病灶消失;部分缓解(partial re⁃ mission,PR),治疗后基线病灶长径总和缩小≥30%; 疾病进展(disease progression,PD),治疗后基线病灶长径总和增加≥20%或出现新病灶;疾病稳定(sta⁃ ble disease,SD),治疗后基线病灶长径总和有缩小但未达PR或有增加但未达PD。本研究符合江苏省医学会标准,并经过淮安市第一人民医院伦理委员会审批通过(YX⁃2020⁃242⁃01),所有患者签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 免疫组化

  • 蜡块挑选好以后进行切片,切片厚度4~5mm, 58℃烤片1h后进行脱蜡。处理好的切片先进行抗原修复,滴加PD⁃L1抗体(28⁃8,1∶100,Dako公司,丹麦),METTL3抗体(EPR18810,1∶100,Abcam公司,美国),室温孵育过夜,滴加生物素标记二抗室温1h,滴加辣根过氧化物酶标记的链霉素卵白素工作液,37℃孵育30min,采用DAB显色,切片梯度乙醇脱水二甲苯,中性胶密封固体。METTL3表达水平评分采用半定量H⁃score法。H⁃score=1×%弱染色+ 2×%中度染色+3×%强染色,根据临床病理资料中患者的生存预后情况,计算出cut⁃off值,再将免疫组化SP(streptavidin ⁃perosidase)法染色结果分数(按照METTL3表达水平)分成高表达组和低表达组,本研究中,METTL3的cut⁃off值定为80。PD⁃ L1判读至少需要100个肿瘤细胞,cut⁃off值定为1%。

  • 1.2.2 随访对象与方法

  • 以完成治疗结束后28d安全随访的患者作为生存随访对象,所有被选定的研究对象都采用相同的方法同等地进行随访,并坚持追踪到观察终止期。随访方法为每个月1次通过电话询问患者本人、其家属或当地医师,将生存随访的情况详细记录于随访表中。收集患者生存情况,记录死亡日期和死亡原因,记录患者治疗结束后的其他信息(包括接受的治疗)。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 使用SPSS23.0统计学软件。本研究纳入了研究开始日期和结束日期之间符合条件的所有患者。组间分布差异的显著性采用χ2 检验进行估计。预后中位时间计算使用inverse Kaplan⁃Meier方法。 Kaplan⁃Meier法用于估计中位无进展生存期(pro⁃ gression⁃free⁃survival,PFS)和OS情况,Log⁃rank检验计算组间差异。所有统计学检验均为双侧概率检验,以P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 全部患者的临床病理特征

  • 本研究共纳入患者228例,年龄41~88岁,中位年龄为57.6岁,≥65岁共96例(42.11%),<65岁共132例(57.89%);其中男145例(63.60%),女83例 (36.40%);吸烟患者152例(66.67%),不吸烟患者76例(33.33%);标本类型分为穿刺或细胞学标本163例(71.49%),手术标本65例(28.51%);病理类型分为腺癌149例(65.35%),鳞癌79例(34.65%); ECOG评分<2分168例(73.68%),≥2分60例 (26.32%);一线治疗12例(5.26%),二线治疗113例 (49.56%),三线治疗103例(45.18%);采用PD⁃1抑制剂的患者中,Nivolumab占162例(71.05%),Pem⁃ brolizumab占66例(28.95%);其中79例(34.65%)患者6个月内病情无进展,149例患者(65.35%)病情在6个月内出现进展;根据RECIST将所有患者分为CR 0例,PR 43例(18.86%),SD 42例(18.42%),PD 143例(62.72%)(表1)。

  • 2.2 METTL3蛋白表达与患者临床病理资料的关联

  • 228例入组的NSCLC患者,利用免疫组化SP法检测NSCLC组织样本中METTL3蛋白表达情况, METTL3蛋白主要在细胞浆中表达(图1)。检测结果显示,METTL3蛋白低或无表达125例(54.82%), METTL3蛋白高表达103例(45.18%),METTL3蛋白的低表达和病理类型(χ2=7.341,P=0.008)、ECOG评分(χ2=13.383,P< 0.001)、治疗方案(χ2=13.700,P=0.001)、治疗效果(χ2=11.854,P=0.001)以及RECIST疗效判断(χ2=29.665,P<0.001)因素有关;而和年龄、性别、吸烟史、标本类型及PD⁃1抑制剂类型无关(表1)。

  • 2.3 METTL3蛋白表达与患者PFS、OS的关系

  • 采用Kaplan⁃Merie曲线对METTL3蛋白表达情况与228例入组NSCLC患者的PFS以及OS进行生存分析。结果显示,METTL3高表达患者的中位PFS为12.33(95%CI:8.21~16.45)个月,METTL3低或无表达患者的中位PFS为6.50(95%CI:4.38~8.62)个月;在接受PD⁃1抑制剂治疗的NSCLC患者中,MET⁃ TL3高表达患者与较好的PFS相关(Log ⁃ rank P < 0.001,HR=0.518,95%CI:0.354~0.756,图2A);MET⁃ TL3高表达患者的中位OS为23.54(95%CI:19.62~27.46)个月,METTL3低或无表达患者的中位OS为20.93(95%CI:16.72~25.14)个月,METTL3高表达与较好的OS相关(Log⁃rank P=0.013,HR=0.650,95%CI:0.462~0.914,图2B)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 肿瘤组织中能检测到数千个基因突变,但其中只有一小部分突变的基因能通过促进细胞增殖、迁移等能力导致疾病发生,该部分基因被称为驱动基因。对突变的驱动基因进行靶向治疗已成为肺腺癌治疗的重要手段。但是依旧有约50%的NSCLC患者未发现驱动基因突变,因此难以通过靶向治疗获益。针对这部分患者进行免疫治疗,一线使用时NSCLC的5年生存率达到23.3%,二线使用时,晚期NSCLC的5年生存率达到15.5%[4]

  • PD⁃1主要表达在活化后的T/B细胞、NK细胞和骨髓来源的抑制性细胞上,它的主要功能是限制效应期发生的外周组织中的T细胞活性[9-10]。研究表明,包括NSCLC在内的多种肿瘤均高表达PD⁃L1,提示PD⁃1/PD⁃L1通路激活是肿瘤逃避免疫监视的机制之一[11]。尽管免疫治疗总体上对患者的生存预后有重大影响,但是依旧有很大比例的患者没有获得任何临床益处;另一方面,免疫治疗药物的费用高昂,迫切需要发现新的、更有效预测免疫检查点分子反应的生物标志物。

  • m6 A修饰酶的异常表达与肿瘤的发生和进展有关,如肝癌、肺癌、胶质瘤、急性髓细胞性白血病、乳腺癌等[12-14]。然而,在非小细胞肺癌中,m6 A修饰是否能够转化为促进或抑制肿瘤的免疫信号尚不十分清楚。

  • 为了研究METTL3在NSCLC细胞中的表达情况及在预测NSCLC患者PD⁃1抑制剂治疗效果和预后中的作用,本研究入组了228例采用PD⁃1抑制剂治疗的患者(PD⁃1蛋白表达≥1%),免疫组织化学检测了METTL3蛋白在组织标本中的表达情况,结果发现METTL3低或无表达125例(54.82%),METTL3蛋白高表达103例(45.18%),结合临床病理资料分析发现,METTL3蛋白的表达情况和病理类型、 ECOG评分、治疗方案、治疗效果以及RECIST疗效判断等因素有关。

  • 表1 METTL3蛋白表达与临床病理资料的关系

  • Table1 Relationship between METTL3protein expression and clinicopathological data

  • 研究发现与RNA甲基化相关的酶调控了PD⁃1的表达,影响PD⁃1抑制剂的疗效,导致肿瘤产生耐药,并可能与PD⁃1抑制剂的假性进展密切相关[15]。研究认为,体内表观遗传环境可对NSCLC患者PD⁃1抑制剂的疗效进行预测,如FOXP1的甲基化状态可能与NSCLC患者组织细胞中PD⁃L1染色和突变负荷等因素相关[16];另有研究表明,YTHDF1缺陷的小鼠表现出CD8+ T细胞抗肿瘤反应增高,PD⁃L1检查点阻断对YTHDF1-/-小鼠的治疗效果增强,提示YTHDF1是一个潜在的抗癌免疫治疗靶点[17]

  • 我们进一步通过收集、整理228例患者的随访资料,采用Kaplan⁃Meier曲线对METTL3蛋白表达情况与患者的PFS以及OS等情况进行生存分析。结果显示,METTL3高表达患者的中位PFS为12.33个月,METTL3低或无表达患者的中位PFS为6.50个月;在接受PD⁃1抑制剂治疗的NSCLC患者中,MET⁃ TL3高表达预示着较好的PFS及OS。

  • m6 A修饰参与RNA几乎所有的代谢活动,如剪接、运输、降解和翻译[18]。m6 A修饰的调节方式是动态可逆的,由METTL3、METTL14、WTAP、RBM15、VIRMA或ZC3H13等甲基化转移酶(writers)在mRNA中表达,可被erasers(ALKBH5或FTO8)等去甲基化酶调控。此外,m6 A的识别还需要readers (YTHDC1/2、YTHDF1/2/3或IGF2BP1/2/39)[19]。近年来研究发现,m6 A甲基化和YTHDF1能够通过促进树突状细胞和CD8+ T细胞的递呈活化,控制抗肿瘤免疫[17];METTL3和YTHDF2可通过调控IFN⁃β mRNA的甲基化并降低其稳定性,从而介导Ⅰ型干扰素的表达[20];另外,靶向m6 A RNA甲基化调节因子在临床前模型研究中也显示出了较好的效果,如FTO抑制剂治疗急性髓系白血病效果较好[21]

  • 图1 免疫组织化学检测METTL3蛋白在PD ⁃L1阳性NSCLC患者组织中的表达情况(×200)

  • Fig.1 The expression of METTL3protein in NSCLC tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry (×200)

  • 上述结果提示,检测METTL3的表达可能预测NSCLC免疫治疗的效果,对METTL3能否作为抗肿瘤药物的靶标提供了理论依据,并为抗肿瘤免疫治疗提供了新的研究方向。

  • 图2 METTL3蛋白表达与NSCLC患者PFS、OS的关系

  • Fig.2 Association of METTL3protein expression with PFS and OS of NSCLC patients

  • 参考文献

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    • [17] HAN D,LIU J,CHEN C Y,et al.Anti ⁃tumour immunity controlled through mRNA m(6)A methylation and YTHDF1 in dendritic cells[J].Nature,2019,566(7743):270-274

    • [18] XIANG Y,LAURENT B,HSU C H,et al.RNA m(6)A methylation regulates the ultraviolet ⁃induced DNA dam⁃ age response[J].Nature,2017,543(7646):573-576

    • [19] 潘红丽,李雪冰,陈琛,等.m6 A RNA甲基化在非小细胞肺癌中的研究进展[J].中国肺癌杂志,2020,23(11):961-969

    • [20] WINKLER R,GILLIS E,LASMAN L,et al.m6 A modifica⁃ tion controls the innate immune response to infection by targeting type Ⅰ interferons[J].Nat Immunol,2019,20(2):173-182

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  • 参考文献

    • [1] BRAY F,FERLAY J,SOERJOMATARAM I,et al.Glob⁃ al cancer statistics 2018:GLOBOCAN estimates of inci⁃ dence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2018,68(6):394-424

    • [2] CAMIDGE D R,DOEBELE R C,KERR K M.Comparing and contrasting predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy and targeted therapy of NSCLC[J].Nat Rev Clin Oncol,2019,16(6):341-355

    • [3] SANCHEZ D J.New immunotherapy and lung cancer[J].Arch Bronconeumol,2017,53(12):682-687

    • [4] WM B,FICKER J H,ZEITLER G.Clinically relevant prognostic and predictive markers for immune⁃checkpoint ⁃ inhibitor(ICI)therapy in non ⁃ small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)[J].BMC Cancer,2020,20(1):1185

    • [5] MEZQUITA L,AUCLIN E,FERRARA R,et al.Associa⁃ tion of the lung immune prognostic index with immune checkpoint inhibitor outcomes in patients with advanced non⁃small cell lung cancer[J].JAMA Oncol,2018,4(3):351-357

    • [6] 宋小玲,刘媛媛,王仿竹,等.m6A识别蛋白YTHDF3在精子发生中的作用研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(6):846-850

    • [7] CHOE J,LIN S,ZHANG W,et al.mRNA circularization by METTL3⁃eIF3h enhances translation and promotes on⁃ cogenesis[J].Nature,2018,561(7724):556-560

    • [8] BARBIERI I,TZELEPIS K,PANDOLFINI L,et al.Pro⁃ moter ⁃ bound METTL3 maintains myeloid leukaemia by m6 A⁃dependent translation control[J].Nature,2017,552(7683):126-131

    • [9] PASSIGLIA F,GALVANO A,RIZZO S,et al.Looking for the best immune ⁃ checkpoint inhibitor in pre ⁃ treated NSCLC patients:an indirect comparison between nivolum⁃ ab,pembrolizumab and atezolizumab[J].Int J Cancer,2018,142(6):1277-1284

    • [10] INOMATA M,KADO T,OKAZAWA S,et al.Peripheral PD1 ⁃ positive CD4 T ⁃lymphocyte count can predict pro⁃gression⁃free survival in patients with non⁃small cell lung cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor[J].Anti⁃ cancer Res,2019,39(12):6887-6893

    • [11] LIU J,ZHONG Y,PENG S,et al.Efficacy and safety of PD1/PDL1 blockades versus docetaxel in patients with pretreated advanced non ⁃small ⁃cell lung cancer:a meta ⁃ analysis[J].Onco Targets Ther,2018,11:8623-8632

    • [12] ZHANG C Z,SAMANTA D,LU H Q,et al.Hypoxia in⁃ duces the breast cancer stem cell phenotype by HIF ⁃ de⁃ pendent and ALKBH5⁃mediated m(6)A⁃demethylation of NANOG mRNA[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2016,113(14):E2047-E2056

    • [13] CHEN M N,WEI L,LAW C T,et al.RNA N6 ⁃ methyl⁃ adenosine methyltransferase ⁃like 3 promotes liver cancer progression through YTHDF2 ⁃ dependent posttranscrip⁃ tional silencing of SOCS2[J].Hepatology,2018,67(6):2254-2270

    • [14] SUN T,WU R,MING L.The role of m6 A RNA methyla⁃ tion in cancer[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2019,112:108613

    • [15] LEE J H,LONG G V,MENZIES A M,et al.Association between circulating tumor DNA and pseudoprogression in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with Anti ⁃Pro⁃ grammed cell death 1 antibodies[J].JAMA Oncol,2018,4(5):717-721

    • [16] DURUISSEAUX M,MARTÍNEZ⁃CARDÚS A,CALLEJA⁃ CERVANTES M E,et al.Epigenetic prediction of re⁃ sponse to anti⁃PD⁃1 treatment in non⁃small⁃cell lung can⁃ cer:a multicentre,retrospective analysis[J].Lancet Respir Med,2018,6(10):771-781

    • [17] HAN D,LIU J,CHEN C Y,et al.Anti ⁃tumour immunity controlled through mRNA m(6)A methylation and YTHDF1 in dendritic cells[J].Nature,2019,566(7743):270-274

    • [18] XIANG Y,LAURENT B,HSU C H,et al.RNA m(6)A methylation regulates the ultraviolet ⁃induced DNA dam⁃ age response[J].Nature,2017,543(7646):573-576

    • [19] 潘红丽,李雪冰,陈琛,等.m6 A RNA甲基化在非小细胞肺癌中的研究进展[J].中国肺癌杂志,2020,23(11):961-969

    • [20] WINKLER R,GILLIS E,LASMAN L,et al.m6 A modifica⁃ tion controls the innate immune response to infection by targeting type Ⅰ interferons[J].Nat Immunol,2019,20(2):173-182

    • [21] CULLY M.RNA methyltransferase inhibitor reduces AML [J].Nat Rev Drug Discov,2020,19(8):510