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通讯作者:

郭妍,E⁃mail:guoyan51@hotmail.com

中图分类号:R541.4

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)06-908-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210620

参考文献 1
XU M,ZHAO J,ZHANG Y,et al.Apolipoprotein E gene variants and risk of coronary heart disease:a meta⁃analy⁃ sis[J].Biomed Res Int,2016,2016:3912175
参考文献 2
KOSMOPOULOS M,DREKOLIAS D,ZAVRAS P D,et al.Impact of advanced glycation end products(AGEs)signal⁃ ing in coronary artery disease[J].Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis,2019,1865(3):611-619
参考文献 3
ZHONG L,XIE Y Z,CAO T T,et al.A rapid and cost⁃ef⁃ fective method for genotyping apolipoprotein E gene poly⁃ morphism[J].Mol Neurodegener,2016,11(1):2
参考文献 4
HOU J,DENG Q,GUO X,et al.Association between apo⁃ lipoprotein E gene polymorphism and the risk of coronary artery disease in Hakka postmenopausal women in south⁃ ern China[J].Lipids Health Dis,2020,19(1):139
参考文献 5
BASTA G,DEL TURCO S,MARCHI F,et al.Elevated soluble receptor for advanced glycation end product lev⁃ els in patients with acute coronary syndrome and positive cardiac troponin I[J].Coron Artery Dis,2011,22(8):590-594
参考文献 6
NAKAMURA K,YAMAGISHI S,ADACHI H,et al.Ele⁃ vation of soluble form of receptor for advanced glycation end products(sRAGE)in diabetic subjects with coronary artery disease[J].Diabetes Metab Res Rev,2007,23(5):368-371
参考文献 7
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参考文献 8
中华医学会心血管病学分会介入心脏病学组,中华医学会心血管病学分会动脉粥样硬化与冠心病学组,中国医师协会心血管内科医师分会血栓防治专业委员会,等.稳定性冠心病诊断与治疗指南[J].中华心血管病杂志,2018,46(9):680-694
参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
DHILLON V S,DEO P,CHUA A,et al.Shorter telomere length in carriers of APOE⁃ε4 and high plasma concentra⁃ tion of glucose,glyoxal and other advanced glycation end products(AGEs)[J].J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,2020,75(10):1894-1898
参考文献 11
HOU J,DENG Q,GUO X,et al.Association between apo⁃ lipoprotein E gene polymorphism and the risk of coronary artery disease in Hakka postmenopausal women in south⁃ ern China[J].Lipids Health Dis,2020,19(1):139
参考文献 12
RATHNAYAKE K M,WEECH M,JACKSON K G,et al.Impact of the apolipoprotein E(epsilon)genotype on car⁃ diometabolic risk markers and responsiveness to acute and chronic dietary fat manipulation[J].Nutrients,2019,11(9):2044
参考文献 13
ANOOP S,MISRA A,MEENA K,et al.Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in cerebrovascular & coronary heart diseas⁃ es[J].Indian J Med Res,2010,132:363-378
参考文献 14
LV P,ZHENG Y,HUANG J,et al.Association of apolipo⁃ protein E gene polymorphism with ischemic stroke in cor⁃ onary heart disease patients treated with medium⁃intensi⁃ ty statins[J].Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat,2020,16:2459-2466
参考文献 15
CHAUDHURI J,BAINS Y,GUHA S,et al.The role of ad⁃ vanced glycation end products in aging and metabolic dis⁃ eases:bridging association and causality[J].Cell Metab,2018,28(3):337-352
参考文献 16
ZHANG L,BUKULIN M,KOJRO E,et al.Receptor for advanced glycation end products is subjected to protein ectodomain shedding by metalloproteinases[J].J Biol Chem,2008,283(51):35507-35516
参考文献 17
KALEA A Z,SCHMIDT A M,HUDSON B I.Alternative splicing of RAGE:roles in biology and disease[J].Front Biosci(Landmark Ed),2011,16(1):2756-2770
参考文献 18
OESTERLE A,BOWMAN M A.S100A12 and the S100/calgranulins:emerging biomarkers for atherosclerosis and possibly therapeutic targets[J].Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2015,35(12):2496-2507
参考文献 19
DEO P,DHILLON V S,CHUA A,et al.APOE ε4 carri⁃ ers have a greater propensity to glycation and sRAGE which is further influenced by RAGE G82S polymorphism [J].J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,2020,75(10):1899-1905
参考文献 20
PENCINA M J,NAVAR A M,WOJDYLA D,et al.Quan⁃ tifying importance of major risk factors for coronary heart disease[J].Circulation,2019,139(13):1603-1611
参考文献 21
GUTIERREZ ⁃MARISCAL F M,CARDELO M P,DE LA CRUZ S,et al.Reduction in circulating advanced glyca⁃ tion end products by mediterranean diet is associated with increased likelihood of type 2 diabetes remission in patients with coronary heart disease:from the cordioprev study[J].Mol Nutr Food Res,2020:e1901290(2020⁃06⁃ 11)[2020⁃12⁃07].DOI:10.1002/mnfr.201901290
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:对老年冠心病患者载脂蛋白E(apolipoprotein E,APOE)基因多态性与晚期糖基化终产物等相关危险因素进行分析。方法:在46例老年冠心病患者(冠心病组)和44例非冠心病患者(对照组)中观察APOE基因多态性的分布并用ELISA 法测定血浆羧甲基赖氨酸(carboxy methyl lysine,CML)、可溶性晚期糖基化终末产物受体(soluble receptor for advanced glyca⁃ tion end products,sRAGE)的水平。结果:冠心病组APOEε4等位基因频率明显高于对照组(P<0.05),冠心病组患者血浆CML、 sRAGE水平高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义。冠心病组APOEε4携带者的血浆CML、sRAGE水平与对照组APOEε4携带者无显著差异。老年人冠心病危险因素分析得到 APOEε4 携带者患冠心病的风险是非携带者的 3.511 倍(P<0.05),而 CML、 sRAGE水平与冠心病风险增加无显著相关性。结论:随着年龄增长,APOEε4等位基因仍然是老年冠心病患者的独立危险因素,而晚期糖基化终产物水平与老年人冠心病之间无显著相关性。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to analyze the risk factors related to apolipoprotein E(APOE)gene polymorphism and advanced glycation end products in elderly patients with coronary heart disease. Methods:The distribution of APOE gene polymorphism in 46 elderly patients with coronary heart disease and 44 non ⁃ coronary heart disease patients(control group)was observed,and the plasma levels of carboxy methyl lysine(CML)and soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products(sRAGE) were determined by ELISA. Results:The allele frequency of ApoE ε4 in coronary heart disease group was significantly higher than that of the control group(P < 0.05),and the level of plasma CML and sRAGE in coronary heart disease group was higher than that of the control group,with no statistically significant difference. The plasma CML and sRAGE levels of APOE ε4 carriers in the coronary heart disease group were not significantly different from those in the control group.The risk factors of coronary heart disease in elderly patients with APOE ε4 carriers were 3.511 times that of non ⁃carriers(P < 0.05),but CMLand sRAGE levels were not significantly associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease. Conclusion:With age,APOE ε4 allele remained an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease in elderly patients,and there was no significant correlation between advanced glycation end products level and coronary heart disease in elderly patients.

  • 随着我国人口老龄化的进展,冠心病严重危害老年人的生活和健康,是导致死亡的主要原因。明确冠心病危险因素对进行一级和二级预防至关重要。除了吸烟、高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病等传统危险因素外,目前研究表明载脂蛋白E(apolipoprotein E,APOE)ε4等位基因[1] 和晚期糖基化终产物(ad⁃ vanced glycation end product,AGE)水平增加[2] 也是冠心病的重要危险因素。

  • APOE是主要的胆固醇载体,在维持脂质稳态方面发挥重要作用[3],APOEε4能增加血清总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的水平,也能增加机体慢性炎症和氧化应激反应的敏感性,与冠心病发生发展存在密切关系。羧甲基赖氨酸(carboxy methyl ly⁃ sine,CML)是体内最丰富的AGE类型,在许多研究中通常用做糖基化标志。AGE与晚期糖基化终产物受体(receptor for advanced glycation end products, RAGE)结合在炎症反应中发挥重要作用,通过激活多种信号通路,损伤血管内皮和血管内通透性,进一步影响脂质代谢,从而引发心血管粥样硬化[4]。可溶性晚期糖基化终末产物受体(soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products,sRAGE)具有结合AGE的能力而不激活下游信号通路,可以阻止全长RAGE的激活并减轻炎症损伤[5-6]

  • 在老年人群中,APOE基因多态性及AGE水平对冠心病有多大的危险性以及两者是否互相影响目前尚不清楚,因此本研究对老年冠心病患者APOE基因多态性与AGE相关危险因素进行了分析。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 入选2019年1—12月在南京医科大学第一附属医院老年心血管科住院的患者90例(年龄≥60岁),分为冠心病组46例和对照组(非冠心病)44例。根据冠状动脉CT血管造影(computed tomogra⁃ phy angiography,CTA)在冠状动脉狭窄评估中的应用价值[7] 及我国2018年《稳定性冠心病诊断与治疗指南》[8],冠心病的诊断标准为经冠脉造影检查证实至少有1支冠状动脉血管狭窄≥50%或冠脉CTA检查证实至少有1支冠脉管腔狭窄≥50%。排除标准:所有入选病例均排除心肌病、免疫系统疾病、严重肝肾功能不全、合并严重感染。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 收集一般资料

  • 收集所有入选患者的临床资料,包括年龄、性别、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、血压、心率、高血压病史、糖尿病病史等,于空腹8h后次日早晨采集外周静脉血,在南京医科大学第一附属医院生化室进行常规生化指标检测。

  • 1.2.2 APOE基因分型检测

  • APOE基因分型检测南京医科大学第一附属医院检验中心基因诊断室进行检测。基因芯片可检测出6种APOE基因型,即ε2/2、ε2/3、ε3/3、ε2/4、ε3/4、ε4/4。

  • 1.2.3 血浆CML、sRAGE的检测

  • 所有患者于入院次日清晨空腹采集外周静脉血,4℃离心3 000r/min 10min,分离血浆后放置于-80℃冰箱中保存,CML和sRAGE测定采用ELI⁃ SA法,试剂盒购自南京森贝伽生物科技有限公司,操作步骤严格按照试剂盒说明书进行。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 24.0统计软件对数据进行统计学分析。计数资料以例数(百分率)表示,比较采用卡方检验。计量数据均行正态性检验,正态资料的两组比较采用独立样本t检验,以均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示;非正态资料的两组比较采用Mann⁃Whitney U检验进行非参数统计,以中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示。冠心病危险因素应用二元Logistic回归方法进行分析。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 基本临床特征

  • 冠心病组与对照组的基本临床特征见表1。冠心病组46例,其中男33例,女13例,中位年龄73.0岁;对照组44例,其中男30例,女14例,中位年龄78.5岁。冠心病组高血压人数及服用他汀类药物的比例高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。年龄、性别比例、吸烟史、血脂、空腹血糖、肌酐等指标,两组间差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。

  • 2.2 APOE基因型及等位基因频率比较与分析

  • 表2 表明APOE基因型频率符合Hardy ⁃Wen⁃ berg(H⁃W)遗传平衡,具有群体代表性。冠心病组和对照组基因型总体分布存在差异(P <0.05),两组 ε3/3基因型分布均最多,冠心病组ε3/4基因型、ε4/4基因型分布较对照组增加,但差异无统计学意义; 冠心病组ε2/3基因型分布较对照组减少,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);冠心病组APOEε2、APOEε3和APOEε4等位基因频率分别为4.3%、79.4%和16.3%,冠心病组APOEε2等位基因频率明显低于对照组,APOEε4等位基因频率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05,表3)。

  • 表1 临床基本资料

  • Table1 Basic clinical datas

  • 2.3 血浆CML、sRAGE的表达

  • 分析APOEε4携带者和非携带者血浆CML、sRAGE的水平,APOEε4携带者的CML、sRAGE水平高于非携带者,但差异无统计学意义(P >0.05,表4)。冠心病组与对照组血浆CML、sRAGE水平的分析中,冠心病组患者CML、sRAGE水平均高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P >0.05,表5)。

  • 表2 90例患者APOE基因型的H⁃W检验

  • Table2 H⁃W test of APOE genotype in 90patients

  • χ2=1.29,P =0.93

  • 表3 两组患者APOE基因频率比较

  • Table3 Comparison of APOE gene frequency between the two groups

  • 表4 血浆CML、sRAGE与APOEε4携带者的关系

  • Table4 Plasma CML,sRAGE and carriers of APOEε4

  • 表5 冠心病组与对照组CML、sRAGE水平

  • Table5 CML and sRAGE levels in the CHD group and the control group

  • 2.4 冠心病危险因素分析

  • 应用二元Logistic回归分析方法进行单因素分析显示,APOEε4携带者与冠心病存在显著相关性, APOEε4携带者患冠心病的风险是非携带者的3.511倍(95%CI:1.121~10.994,P=0.031),而CML、 sRAGE水平与冠心病之间无显著相关性(表6)。

  • 3 讨论

  • APOE是位于19号染色体长臂上的APOE基因编码的低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein,LDL) 受体配体。APOE具有多态性,存在3种等位基因,分别编码ε2、ε3、ε4,形成6种基因型,即ε2/2、ε2/3、ε 3/3、ε2/4、ε3/4、ε4/4 [9],其中APOEε4携带者包括3种基因型:ε2/4、ε3/4、ε4/4。在APOE的3个等位基因中ε3最常见,在普通人群中的频率为78%,其次是ε4和ε2,频率分别约为15%和7%[10]。APOE的3种异构体与受体的亲和力不同而影响脂质代谢,从而不同程度地影响血脂水平和动脉粥样硬化病变的形成[11]。APOE的氨基末端负责与LDL受体结合,羧基末端负责介导APOE与表面脂蛋白的结合。 APOEε4选择性地与富含甘油三酯的脂蛋白如极低密度脂蛋白(very low density lipoprotein,VLDL)结合,与VLDL⁃APOEε3颗粒相比,VLDL⁃ APOEε4颗粒从血浆中去除的速度更快,导致LDL受体下调,从而增加循环中LDL的浓度[12-13]。LDL的主要功能是运输胆固醇到肝脏以外的组织,可以使血中胆固醇升高,从而促进动脉粥样硬化的发生。与既往研究结果一致[14],本研究发现老年冠心病患者APOEε4等位基因频率显著高于对照组,尽管ε4等位基因频率较ε3低,但APOEε4等位基因是老年冠心病患者的独立危险因素。

  • 表6 老年人冠心病危险因素的单因素Logistic回归分析

  • Table6 Univariate Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for coronary heart disease in the elderly

  • AGE是蛋白质、脂质或核酸等大分子在非酶促条件下,与葡萄糖或其他还原单糖反应生成的不可逆产物,已知循环中存在不同的AGE,包括CML、羧乙基赖氨酸(carboxy ethyl lysine,CEL)、氢咪唑酮 (hydroimidazolone,MG⁃H1)等[15]。sRAGE是RAGE的可溶形式,能够在循环中检测到,它是通过金属蛋白酶或选择性剪接使RAGE从细胞表面脱落而产生的[16-17]。sRAGE作为惰性的RAGE诱饵受体,结合RAGE配体而不激活下游信号通路[18],从而减弱氧化应激和炎症反应。本研究结果发现老年冠心病组患者血浆CML、sRAGE水平均高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义。冠心病患者sRAGE升高可能是活化的白细胞为对抗过度炎症激活而释放的结果。

  • Deo等[19]在172例健康人中进行研究,发现APOEε4携带者的糖基化生物标志物(包括乙二醛、荧光AGE和CML)和sRAGE含量较APOEε4非携带者高,提示APOEε4携带者AGE水平增加可能是导致冠心病风险增加的原因之一。APOEε4携带者及AGE水平增加都可以通过影响脂质代谢,导致冠状动脉粥样硬化病变,所以本研究继续探讨两者在冠心病发病风险增加中有无相互影响,本研究得到APOEε4携带者的血浆CML、sRAGE水平高于APOEε4非携带者,但差异无统计学意义。冠心病组APOEε4携带者的血浆CML、sRAGE水平较对照组APOEε4携带者高,但差异无统计学意义,表明APOEε4携带者及AGE水平增加在冠心病发病风险中无明显相互影响。

  • 控制可改变的危险因素可以显著降低冠心病的发病率[20]。AGE的来源包括内源性生成及外源性摄入,在衰老过程中,由于蛋白质转化率降低, AGE在组织中积累[2]。少量的AGE产生是正常代谢的结果,但在慢性疾病的背景下,AGE产生增加,内源性AGE形成在AGE总负荷中只占很小的一部分,饮食是AGE最重要的外源性来源之一,取决于营养成分和所采用的食品加工方法[21]。因此减少AGE摄入可能通过控制可改变的危险因素降低冠心病的发病率。本研究未发现CML水平与老年人冠心病之间存在显著相关性,可能与患者的饮食习惯不同有关。由于CML水平并不总是与疾病的严重程度相关[2],同时考虑到本研究纳入的样本量较少,具有一定局限性,还需要进一步扩大样本量研究血浆CML水平与老年人冠心病之间的相关性。

  • 综上所述,随着年龄增长,APOEε4等位基因仍然是老年冠心病患者的独立危险因素,而AGE水平与老年人冠心病之间无显著相关性。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] XU M,ZHAO J,ZHANG Y,et al.Apolipoprotein E gene variants and risk of coronary heart disease:a meta⁃analy⁃ sis[J].Biomed Res Int,2016,2016:3912175

    • [2] KOSMOPOULOS M,DREKOLIAS D,ZAVRAS P D,et al.Impact of advanced glycation end products(AGEs)signal⁃ ing in coronary artery disease[J].Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis,2019,1865(3):611-619

    • [3] ZHONG L,XIE Y Z,CAO T T,et al.A rapid and cost⁃ef⁃ fective method for genotyping apolipoprotein E gene poly⁃ morphism[J].Mol Neurodegener,2016,11(1):2

    • [4] HOU J,DENG Q,GUO X,et al.Association between apo⁃ lipoprotein E gene polymorphism and the risk of coronary artery disease in Hakka postmenopausal women in south⁃ ern China[J].Lipids Health Dis,2020,19(1):139

    • [5] BASTA G,DEL TURCO S,MARCHI F,et al.Elevated soluble receptor for advanced glycation end product lev⁃ els in patients with acute coronary syndrome and positive cardiac troponin I[J].Coron Artery Dis,2011,22(8):590-594

    • [6] NAKAMURA K,YAMAGISHI S,ADACHI H,et al.Ele⁃ vation of soluble form of receptor for advanced glycation end products(sRAGE)in diabetic subjects with coronary artery disease[J].Diabetes Metab Res Rev,2007,23(5):368-371

    • [7] 陈鹏.CTA在冠状动脉狭窄评估中的应用价值及其与斑块病变的关系[J].中国老年学杂志,2020,40(9):1795-1799

    • [8] 中华医学会心血管病学分会介入心脏病学组,中华医学会心血管病学分会动脉粥样硬化与冠心病学组,中国医师协会心血管内科医师分会血栓防治专业委员会,等.稳定性冠心病诊断与治疗指南[J].中华心血管病杂志,2018,46(9):680-694

    • [9] KOLOVOU G,DASKALOVA D,MIKHAILIDIS D P.Apo⁃ lipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis[J].Angi⁃ ology,2003,54(1):59-71

    • [10] DHILLON V S,DEO P,CHUA A,et al.Shorter telomere length in carriers of APOE⁃ε4 and high plasma concentra⁃ tion of glucose,glyoxal and other advanced glycation end products(AGEs)[J].J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,2020,75(10):1894-1898

    • [11] HOU J,DENG Q,GUO X,et al.Association between apo⁃ lipoprotein E gene polymorphism and the risk of coronary artery disease in Hakka postmenopausal women in south⁃ ern China[J].Lipids Health Dis,2020,19(1):139

    • [12] RATHNAYAKE K M,WEECH M,JACKSON K G,et al.Impact of the apolipoprotein E(epsilon)genotype on car⁃ diometabolic risk markers and responsiveness to acute and chronic dietary fat manipulation[J].Nutrients,2019,11(9):2044

    • [13] ANOOP S,MISRA A,MEENA K,et al.Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in cerebrovascular & coronary heart diseas⁃ es[J].Indian J Med Res,2010,132:363-378

    • [14] LV P,ZHENG Y,HUANG J,et al.Association of apolipo⁃ protein E gene polymorphism with ischemic stroke in cor⁃ onary heart disease patients treated with medium⁃intensi⁃ ty statins[J].Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat,2020,16:2459-2466

    • [15] CHAUDHURI J,BAINS Y,GUHA S,et al.The role of ad⁃ vanced glycation end products in aging and metabolic dis⁃ eases:bridging association and causality[J].Cell Metab,2018,28(3):337-352

    • [16] ZHANG L,BUKULIN M,KOJRO E,et al.Receptor for advanced glycation end products is subjected to protein ectodomain shedding by metalloproteinases[J].J Biol Chem,2008,283(51):35507-35516

    • [17] KALEA A Z,SCHMIDT A M,HUDSON B I.Alternative splicing of RAGE:roles in biology and disease[J].Front Biosci(Landmark Ed),2011,16(1):2756-2770

    • [18] OESTERLE A,BOWMAN M A.S100A12 and the S100/calgranulins:emerging biomarkers for atherosclerosis and possibly therapeutic targets[J].Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2015,35(12):2496-2507

    • [19] DEO P,DHILLON V S,CHUA A,et al.APOE ε4 carri⁃ ers have a greater propensity to glycation and sRAGE which is further influenced by RAGE G82S polymorphism [J].J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,2020,75(10):1899-1905

    • [20] PENCINA M J,NAVAR A M,WOJDYLA D,et al.Quan⁃ tifying importance of major risk factors for coronary heart disease[J].Circulation,2019,139(13):1603-1611

    • [21] GUTIERREZ ⁃MARISCAL F M,CARDELO M P,DE LA CRUZ S,et al.Reduction in circulating advanced glyca⁃ tion end products by mediterranean diet is associated with increased likelihood of type 2 diabetes remission in patients with coronary heart disease:from the cordioprev study[J].Mol Nutr Food Res,2020:e1901290(2020⁃06⁃ 11)[2020⁃12⁃07].DOI:10.1002/mnfr.201901290

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    • [3] ZHONG L,XIE Y Z,CAO T T,et al.A rapid and cost⁃ef⁃ fective method for genotyping apolipoprotein E gene poly⁃ morphism[J].Mol Neurodegener,2016,11(1):2

    • [4] HOU J,DENG Q,GUO X,et al.Association between apo⁃ lipoprotein E gene polymorphism and the risk of coronary artery disease in Hakka postmenopausal women in south⁃ ern China[J].Lipids Health Dis,2020,19(1):139

    • [5] BASTA G,DEL TURCO S,MARCHI F,et al.Elevated soluble receptor for advanced glycation end product lev⁃ els in patients with acute coronary syndrome and positive cardiac troponin I[J].Coron Artery Dis,2011,22(8):590-594

    • [6] NAKAMURA K,YAMAGISHI S,ADACHI H,et al.Ele⁃ vation of soluble form of receptor for advanced glycation end products(sRAGE)in diabetic subjects with coronary artery disease[J].Diabetes Metab Res Rev,2007,23(5):368-371

    • [7] 陈鹏.CTA在冠状动脉狭窄评估中的应用价值及其与斑块病变的关系[J].中国老年学杂志,2020,40(9):1795-1799

    • [8] 中华医学会心血管病学分会介入心脏病学组,中华医学会心血管病学分会动脉粥样硬化与冠心病学组,中国医师协会心血管内科医师分会血栓防治专业委员会,等.稳定性冠心病诊断与治疗指南[J].中华心血管病杂志,2018,46(9):680-694

    • [9] KOLOVOU G,DASKALOVA D,MIKHAILIDIS D P.Apo⁃ lipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis[J].Angi⁃ ology,2003,54(1):59-71

    • [10] DHILLON V S,DEO P,CHUA A,et al.Shorter telomere length in carriers of APOE⁃ε4 and high plasma concentra⁃ tion of glucose,glyoxal and other advanced glycation end products(AGEs)[J].J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,2020,75(10):1894-1898

    • [11] HOU J,DENG Q,GUO X,et al.Association between apo⁃ lipoprotein E gene polymorphism and the risk of coronary artery disease in Hakka postmenopausal women in south⁃ ern China[J].Lipids Health Dis,2020,19(1):139

    • [12] RATHNAYAKE K M,WEECH M,JACKSON K G,et al.Impact of the apolipoprotein E(epsilon)genotype on car⁃ diometabolic risk markers and responsiveness to acute and chronic dietary fat manipulation[J].Nutrients,2019,11(9):2044

    • [13] ANOOP S,MISRA A,MEENA K,et al.Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in cerebrovascular & coronary heart diseas⁃ es[J].Indian J Med Res,2010,132:363-378

    • [14] LV P,ZHENG Y,HUANG J,et al.Association of apolipo⁃ protein E gene polymorphism with ischemic stroke in cor⁃ onary heart disease patients treated with medium⁃intensi⁃ ty statins[J].Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat,2020,16:2459-2466

    • [15] CHAUDHURI J,BAINS Y,GUHA S,et al.The role of ad⁃ vanced glycation end products in aging and metabolic dis⁃ eases:bridging association and causality[J].Cell Metab,2018,28(3):337-352

    • [16] ZHANG L,BUKULIN M,KOJRO E,et al.Receptor for advanced glycation end products is subjected to protein ectodomain shedding by metalloproteinases[J].J Biol Chem,2008,283(51):35507-35516

    • [17] KALEA A Z,SCHMIDT A M,HUDSON B I.Alternative splicing of RAGE:roles in biology and disease[J].Front Biosci(Landmark Ed),2011,16(1):2756-2770

    • [18] OESTERLE A,BOWMAN M A.S100A12 and the S100/calgranulins:emerging biomarkers for atherosclerosis and possibly therapeutic targets[J].Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2015,35(12):2496-2507

    • [19] DEO P,DHILLON V S,CHUA A,et al.APOE ε4 carri⁃ ers have a greater propensity to glycation and sRAGE which is further influenced by RAGE G82S polymorphism [J].J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,2020,75(10):1899-1905

    • [20] PENCINA M J,NAVAR A M,WOJDYLA D,et al.Quan⁃ tifying importance of major risk factors for coronary heart disease[J].Circulation,2019,139(13):1603-1611

    • [21] GUTIERREZ ⁃MARISCAL F M,CARDELO M P,DE LA CRUZ S,et al.Reduction in circulating advanced glyca⁃ tion end products by mediterranean diet is associated with increased likelihood of type 2 diabetes remission in patients with coronary heart disease:from the cordioprev study[J].Mol Nutr Food Res,2020:e1901290(2020⁃06⁃ 11)[2020⁃12⁃07].DOI:10.1002/mnfr.201901290