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通讯作者:

陈忠,E⁃mail:zhongchen7498@hotmail.com

中图分类号:R972.9

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)07-1006-09

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210711

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探究栀子苷对1型糖尿病小鼠心肌损伤的保护作用及可能的机制。方法:将32只C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为4 组:对照组、1型糖尿病模型组(STZ组)、25 mg/kg栀子苷给药组(GE25组)、50 mg/kg栀子苷给药组(GE50组)。测定血糖和体重水平,HE和Masson染色检测心肌纤维化,免疫组化检测LC3B、P62、Ⅰ型胶原蛋白(Collagen Ⅰ)和Ⅲ 型胶原蛋白(Collagen Ⅲ)的表达。体外培养大鼠心肌细胞H9C2,将细胞分为正常组、高糖组、高糖+栀子苷组、高糖+栀子苷+ AMPK抑制剂化合物C (Compound C)组。Western blot检测自噬相关蛋白LC3BⅡ/Ⅰ、P62、Beclin1、腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(adenosine 5′⁃monophosphate ⁃activated protein kinase,AMPK)、磷酸化AMPK(p⁃AMPK)、mTOR和p⁃mTOR及凋亡相关蛋白的表达。结果:与STZ组相比,栀子苷给药组(GE25组和GE50组)体重明显增加(P < 0.01),血糖显著降低(P < 0.01),明显减轻心肌结构异常,减少胶原沉积 (P < 0.01);免疫组化和Western blot结果显示,STZ组LC3BⅡ/Ⅰ、Beclin1和p⁃AMPK/AMPK的表达水平降低,Collagen Ⅰ、Col⁃ lagen Ⅲ、P62、p⁃mTOR/mTOR、BAX/BCL2和Cleaved⁃caspase 3/Caspase 3的表达水平升高,栀子苷给药组与之趋势相反。细胞实验中,栀子苷预处理激活 AMPK(p⁃AMPK/AMPK 比值升高)和自噬活性(LC3BⅡ/Ⅰ升高,P62 的表达降低),且该效应被 AMPK抑制剂阻断。结论:栀子苷能改善1型糖尿病心肌病的心肌损伤,减轻心肌纤维化,其机制可能与激活AMPK介导的细胞自噬有关。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of geniposide on myocardial injury in type 1 diabetic mice. Methods:Thirty ⁃two male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups:control group,type 1 diabetes group (STZ group),geniposide 25 mg/kg administration group(GE25 group),geniposide 50 mg/kg administration group(GE50 group). The blood glucose and body weight levels of the mice were measured. HE and Masson staining were used to detect myocardial fibrosis, immunohistochemistry was used to detect the protein expression levels of LC3B,P62,CollagenⅠand Collagen Ⅲ. H9C2 cells were cultured in vitro and divided into 4 groups:negative control group(NC),high glucose group(HG),HG + geniposide group(HG+GE), and HG+GE+ Compound C group(HG+GE+CC). Western blot was conducted to detect the protein expression levels of autophagy ⁃ related proteins LC3BⅡ/Ⅰ,P62,Beclin1,p⁃AMPK,AMPK,mTOR and p⁃mTOR and the protein expression levels of apoptosis⁃related proteins BAX,BCL2,Caspase3 and Cleaved⁃caspase3. Results:Compared with the STZ group,the geniposide treated groups(GE25 group and GE50 group)can significantly reduce blood glucose(P < 0.01),increase the body weight(P < 0.01),reduce abnormal myocardial structure and collagen deposition(P < 0.01)in mice. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot showed that the protein expression levels of LC3BⅡ/Ⅰ,Beclin1 and p⁃AMPK/AMPK decreased,and the protein expression levels of CollagenⅠ,Collagen Ⅲ, P62,p⁃mTOR/mTOR,BAX/BCL2 and Cleaved⁃caspase 3/Caspase 3 increased in the STZ group. The administration of geniposide 25 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg reversed these changes. In cell experiments,geniposide pretreatment activated AMPK(increased p⁃AMPK/AMPK ratio)and autophagy activity(increased LC3BⅡ/Ⅰ,decreased expression of P62),and this effect was blocked by AMPK inhibitor Compound C. Conclusion:Geniposide can improve myocardial injury and reduce myocardial fibrosis in type 1 diabetic mice. The mechanism may be related to the activation of AMPK⁃mediated autophagy.

    关键词

    栀子苷自噬AMPK1型糖尿病

    Keywords

    geniposideautophagyAMPKtype 1 diabetes

  • 糖尿病性心肌病是一种独立于冠心病和高血压的心肌功能障碍,是糖尿病患者心力衰竭的主要原因之一[1]。心肌纤维化是糖尿病性心肌病的主要病理改变,会导致心功能不全,最终发展为心力衰竭甚至猝死[2-3]。糖尿病心肌病的发展与自噬、氧化应激、炎症、心肌纤维化和心肌凋亡等多种分子机制有关[4-6]。然而,糖尿病性心肌病确切的分子机制仍有待阐明。

  • 自噬是一种高度保守的分解代谢过程,在维持细胞内稳态方面发挥重要作用[7]。自噬也积极参与各种心脏疾病,包括糖尿病心肌病[8]。AMPK是生物能量代谢的关键调节分子,也是经典的自噬上游调节因子,AMPK的激活导致自噬上调[9]。相关研究表明,AMPK对心脏的生存和功能至关重要,激活AMPK介导的自噬可以减轻糖尿病心肌病[10-11]

  • 栀子苷是一种典型的环烯醚萜苷类化合物,具有多种传统植物药的生物学效应[12]。在异丙肾上腺素诱导的小鼠心肌纤维化模型中,栀子苷可以改善模型小鼠的心肌纤维化和功能障碍[13]。栀子苷作为胰高血糖素样肽1(glucagon⁃like peptide⁃1,GLP ⁃1)受体激动剂,通过激活AMPK对多种心脏疾病都具有保护作用[14-16]。本研究通过建立1型糖尿病小鼠模型,拟验证栀子苷对1型糖尿病小鼠心肌损伤的保护作用,并进一步探讨栀子苷是否通过激活AMPK介导的自噬改善糖尿病心肌病心肌损伤,为临床治疗糖尿病心肌病提供理论依据。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • 32只体重20~25g的C57BL/6J雄性小鼠(上海南方模式生物科技股份有限公司),动物实验符合3R原则(伦理批文编号:2020⁃0328)。栀子苷(上海融禾医药科技发展有限公司,批号:200403);链脲佐菌素、戊巴比妥钠、AMPK抑制剂Compound C (Sigma公司,美国);Masson染色试剂盒(武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司);苏木精⁃伊红(HE)染色液 (江苏碧云天生物技术研究所);BCA蛋白定量试剂盒、抗α⁃tublin抗体(上海碧云天生物科技有限公司);CCK⁃8试剂盒(同仁公司,日本);抗Beclin1、 BCL2、BAX、Cleaved⁃caspase3、Caspase3、p⁃AMPK、 AMPK抗体(CST公司,美国);抗P62、LC3B抗体(武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司);抗Collagen Ⅰ、 Collagen Ⅲ、mTOR、p ⁃ mTOR抗体(Abcam公司,美国)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 动物实验分组及模型制备

  • 32只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为4组:对照组 (Con组)、1型糖尿病模型组(STZ组)、25mg/kg栀子苷给药组(GE25组)、50mg/kg栀子苷给药组(GE50组),每组8只。STZ组及栀子苷给药组小鼠腹腔注射STZ[60mg(kg·d)]连续6d,制备1型糖尿病小鼠模型。正常饲养1周后,用血糖仪检测空腹血糖,血糖值≥16.7mmol/L即认为建模成功。对照组小鼠腹腔注射等量柠檬酸缓冲液。模型成功后,栀子苷给药组连续灌胃给药4周,对照组和STZ组灌胃等量生理盐水。

  • 1.2.2 HE和Masson染色

  • 小鼠麻醉后,取出小鼠心脏冲洗后浸泡在4%多聚甲醛溶液中固定过夜。取固定好的心脏组织石蜡包埋和切片。HE染色:切片经烤片,脱蜡水化,苏木精染色5min,伊红染色10min,自来水冲洗,脱水透明,中性树脂封片。Masson染色:根据Masson试剂盒说明书进行染色,在光学显微镜下观察心肌组织病理学的变化。用Image J软件测定胶原容积分数(collagen volume fration,CVF)。

  • 1.2.3 免疫组化分析

  • 将石蜡包埋组织脱蜡,抗原修复,封闭液封闭30min后,分别与一抗Collagen Ⅰ、Collagen Ⅲ、P62和LC3B抗体在4℃孵育过夜。PBS洗涤后,将切片与二抗在37℃孵育1h,DAB染色,苏木素复染、脱水、透明、封片,在光学显微镜下观察拍摄图像。

  • 1.2.4 H9C2细胞培养与处理

  • 将H9C2大鼠心肌细胞培养在含有10%胎牛血清和1%青霉素/链霉素混合液的DMEM完全培养基中,并置于37℃,5%CO2恒温培养箱中。将细胞分为5组,正常对照(NC)组:细胞在含5.5mmol/L葡萄糖的培养基中培养54h;高糖(HG)组:细胞在含有33mmol/L葡萄糖的培养基中培养48h;高糖+栀子苷(NC+GE)组:在NC组的基础上以100 μmol/L的栀子苷处理54h;HG+GE组:以100 μmol/L的栀子苷预处理6h,在含有33mmol/L葡萄糖的培养基中共同培养48h;高糖+栀子苷+ AMPK抑制剂化合物C(HG+GE+CC)组:以100 μmol/L的栀子苷预处理6h,10 μmol/L的化合物C预处理30min,在含有33mmol/L葡萄糖的培养基中共同培养48h。

  • 1.2.5 CCK⁃8检测细胞活力

  • 待细胞长至80%左右,胰酶消化,细胞悬液以5×104 个/mL的密度接种于6孔板中。为确定栀子苷对H9C2细胞活力的作用,以不同浓度的栀子苷(0、 20、40、80、100、200 μmol/L)对H9C2细胞干预处理54h;为确定高糖对H9C2细胞活力的抑制作用,以不同浓度的葡萄糖(12.5、25.0、33.0、44.0mmol/L)对H9C2细胞干预处理48h;为确定栀子苷可以改善高糖对H9C2细胞活力的抑制作用,以不同浓度栀子苷 (0、20、40、80、100、200 μmol/L)+高糖(33mmol/L)对H9C2细胞干预处理。按上述分组处理后,每孔加入10 μL CCK⁃8溶液,孵育1~4h,用酶标仪检测其在490nm处的吸光度值,再换算成细胞存活率进行比较。

  • 1.2.6 Western blot检测

  • 将心脏组织或H9C2细胞用RIPA裂解液处理后提取细胞蛋白。BCA蛋白定量后,用12%和6%的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(SDS ⁃ PAGE)进行电泳,转印到PVDF膜上。5%的脱脂奶粉溶液室温封闭1h,4℃ 下与指定的一抗(抗LC3B、P62、Beclin1、AMPK、p⁃ AMPK、mTOR、p ⁃ mTOR、BAX、BCL2、Caspase3和Cleaved caspase3抗体)孵育过夜,TBST洗涤后用辣根过氧化物酶标记的二抗孵育1h,用增强型化学发光(ECL)试剂检测蛋白质条带。α⁃tublin作为内参蛋白,用Image J软件分析条带灰度值。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 每组实验均为3次以上独立实验。采用Graph⁃ pad Prism 7软件进行统计学分析,所有数据均以均值±标准差(x- ± s)表示,多组均数比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用LSD⁃t检验,P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 栀子苷对1型糖尿病小鼠血糖和体重的影响

  • 与对照组相比,STZ组血糖水平显著升高 [(17.21 ± 1.49)mmol/L vs.(4.94 ± 0.38)mmol/L,P< 0.001,图1A];与STZ组相比,GE50组能显著降低小鼠血糖[(15.13±0.84)mmol/L vs.(17.21±1.49)mmol/L, P< 0.01,图1A],但GE50组血糖水平仍明显高于对照组(P< 0.001)。此外,与对照组相比,STZ组小鼠体重水平显著降低[(18.09±1.25)g vs.(24.01±1.00) g,P< 0.001.图1B];与STZ组相比,GE25组、GE50组小鼠体重明显增加(P< 0.01,图1B),但仍明显低于对照组(P< 0.001)。

  • 图1 栀子苷对1型糖尿病小鼠血糖和体重的影响

  • Fig.1 The effect of geniposide on blood glucose and body weight in type1diabetic mice

  • 2.2 栀子苷能够抑制1型糖尿病小鼠的心肌纤维化

  • HE染色结果表明,STZ组小鼠表现出明显的心肌结构异常,包括心肌纤维断裂,细胞结构紊乱,细胞间隙增大。与STZ组相比,GE25组和GE50组可以改善糖尿病引起心肌结构损伤(图2A)。Masson染色结果表明,STZ组小鼠心肌间质胶原沉积增加 (P< 0.01)。与STZ组相比,GE25组和GE50组可以明显减少胶原沉积(P< 0.01,图2B、E)。免疫组化染色表明,与对照组相比,STZ组小鼠Collagen Ⅰ和Collagen Ⅲ表达量增多。GE25组和GE50组Colla⁃ gen Ⅰ和Collagen Ⅲ表达量有所降低(图2C、D)。

  • 2.3 栀子苷对凋亡相关蛋白BAX、BCL2、Cleaved⁃ caspase3和Caspase3表达水平的影响

  • 与对照组相比,STZ组BAX/BCL2和Cleaved ⁃ caspase3/Caspase3蛋白表达水平显著升高(8.90± 1.75 vs.0.45±0.03,P< 0.01;3.13±0.68 vs.0.69±0.38, P< 0.05;图3)。与STZ组相比,GE25组、GE50组BAX/BCL2蛋白表达水平显著降低(P< 0.01,图3B),Cleaved⁃caspase3/Caspase3蛋白表达水平显著降低(P< 0.05,图3C)。

  • 2.4 栀子苷对自噬相关蛋白LC3B、P62 和Beclin1 表达水平的影响

  • Western blot结果显示,与对照组相比,STZ组Beclin1蛋白表达水平和LC3BⅡ/Ⅰ蛋白表达水平明显降低(0.45±0.13 vs.1.76±0.07,P< 0.01;0.38±0.06 vs.1.24±0.21,P< 0.001,图4),P62水平升高(P< 0.01,图4)。与STZ组相比,GE50组Beclin1蛋白表达水平升高(P< 0.01),GE25组和GE50组LC3BⅡ/Ⅰ蛋白表达水平升高(P< 0.01,P< 0.05),而P62蛋白的表达量明显降低(P< 0.01,图4)。免疫组化结果显示,LC3B蛋白表达量在STZ组降低,栀子苷给药后升高,而P62蛋白的表达趋势相反(图4A)。

  • 图2 栀子苷对1型糖尿病小鼠心肌纤维化的影响(×400)

  • Fig.2 The effect of geniposide on myocardial fibrosis of type1diabetic mice(×400)

  • 图3 栀子苷对凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响

  • Fig.3 The effect of geniposide on the expression of apoptosis⁃related proteins

  • 2.5 栀子苷对AMPK/mTOR信号通路关键蛋白的影响

  • 用Western blot方法检测p ⁃AMPK、AMPK、p ⁃ mTOR和mTOR蛋白的表达水平。与对照组相比, STZ组小鼠的p⁃AMPK/AMPK蛋白表达水平明显降低(P< 0.05),而p⁃mTOR/mTOR蛋白表达水平明显升高(P< 0.01)。与STZ组相比,GE25组、GE50组小鼠的p⁃AMPK/AMPK蛋白表达水平明显升高(P< 0.05),而p ⁃mTOR/mTOR蛋白表达水平明显降低 (P< 0.01,图5)。

  • 2.6 不同浓度栀子苷及葡萄糖对H9C2细胞活力的影响

  • 不同浓度的葡萄糖处理H9C2心肌细胞,与正常组相比,33mmol/L和44mmol/L葡萄糖处理组的细胞活力显著降低(P< 0.001,图6A)。本研究中,选择高葡萄糖(33mmol/L)模拟体内高血糖环境。单独用不同浓度栀子苷处理H9C2细胞54h后,细胞活力未受到明显影响(图6B)。用不同浓度的栀子苷预处理6h,之后与高葡萄糖(33mmol/L)共同孵育48h。与高葡萄糖(33mmol/L)处理的细胞相比,100 μmol/L与200 μmol/L的栀子苷预处理的细胞活力均明显增加(P< 0.05,图6C),100 μmol/L的栀子苷预处理的细胞活力略高于200 μmol/L的栀子苷预处理的细胞活力,但差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05),本实验选用100 μmol/L栀子苷用于后续实验研究。

  • 图4 栀子苷对自噬相关蛋白表达的影响

  • Fig.4 The effect of geniposide on the expression of autophagy⁃related proteins

  • 图5 栀子苷对p⁃AMPK、AMPK、p⁃mTOR、mTOR蛋白表达水平的影响

  • Fig.5 The effect of geniposide on the expression of p⁃AMPK,AMPK,p⁃mTOR and mTOR

  • 图6 不同浓度栀子苷及葡萄糖对H9C2细胞活力的影响

  • Fig.6 The effects of HG and GE on the cell viability of H9C2cells

  • 2.7 栀子苷能够激活H9C2细胞中AMPK介导的自噬

  • 进一步研究栀子苷减轻糖尿病小鼠心肌自噬的机制。Western blot结果显示,与NC组相比,HG组p⁃AMPK/AMPK比值明显降低(P< 0.01),LC3B Ⅱ/Ⅰ比值明显降低(P< 0.05),Beclin1蛋白表达水平明显降低(P< 0.01),而P62水平升高(P< 0.001)。与HG组相比,HG+GE组p⁃AMPK/AMPK、 LC3BⅡ/Ⅰ、Beclin1表达明显升高(P< 0.05),而P62水平降低(P< 0.001)。AMPK抑制剂Compound C逆转了栀子苷的作用,HG + GE + CC组p ⁃ AMPK/AMPK、LC3BⅡ/Ⅰ和Beclin1表达水平明显降低 (P< 0.05),P62表达水平明显升高(P< 0.05,图7)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究利用1型糖尿病小鼠模型,观察到栀子苷通过减轻心肌纤维化及减轻心肌结构异常从而减轻糖尿病所致的心肌损伤。本研究还显示,栀子苷治疗激活心肌自噬至少部分是通过AMPK信号通路实现的。心肌纤维化是糖尿病心肌病的主要病理改变[17]。在本研究中,HE染色显示,STZ组小鼠表现出明显的心肌结构异常,包括心肌纤维断裂,细胞结构紊乱等,GE25组和GE50组可以改善糖尿病引起心肌结构损伤。Masson染色显示STZ组小鼠观察到明显的胶原沉积增加,GE25组和GE50组可以明显减少胶原沉积。免疫组化证实GE25组和GE50组Collagen Ⅰ和Collagen Ⅲ的沉积减少。由此可见,栀子苷干预后可以减轻1型糖尿病小鼠心肌纤维化,减轻心肌损伤。

  • 在心脏中,自噬不仅是维持心脏结构和功能的一种稳态机制,而且对维持心肌细胞的完整性也非常重要。高糖环境下,自噬水平的下调会破坏心肌细胞的生理稳态,导致大量受损和老化的线粒体积聚,最终导致心肌纤维化[18]。研究表明,LC3B、P62、 Beclin1可以用来衡量自噬的程度[19-22]。在本研究中,与STZ组相比,GE25组和GE50组可以上调LC3BⅡ/Ⅰ和Beclin1的蛋白表达水平,下调P62蛋白的表达水平,表明栀子苷改善1型糖尿病小鼠心肌损伤可能与促进心肌自噬有关。

  • 图7 栀子苷能够激活H9C2细胞中AMPK介导的自噬

  • Fig.7 Geniposide can activate AMPK⁃mediated autophagy in H9C2cells

  • 本课题组之前的研究表明,通过活化AMPK途径可以增加心肌自噬进而保护心肌细胞[23]。作为自噬进程的关键启动者,AMPK对心脏的生存和功能至关重要。AMPK活化后可以负向调控mTOR[24]。通过调控AMPK/mTOR信号通路促进自噬,改善糖尿病大鼠的心肌纤维化[6]。本研究中,GE25组和GE50组p ⁃AMPK/AMPK的蛋白表达水平升高,p ⁃ mTOR/mTOR的蛋白表达水平降低,表明栀子苷可能通过AMPK/mTOR信号通路调控自噬进而改善糖尿病心肌损伤。为进一步探讨栀子苷对AMPK的激活作用及AMPK对自噬的直接抑制作用,本研究在细胞实验中使用了AMPK抑制剂Compound C。研究结果表明,与HG组相比,栀子苷预处理后,AMPK被激活,同时上调自噬,而使用AMPK抑制剂处理后,可以阻断AMPK激活,LC3B、Beclin1的表达降低,P62表达升高,同时阻断对自噬的激活作用,表明栀子苷可能通过激活AMPK介导的自噬减轻1型糖尿病小鼠的心肌损伤。王振等[25] 研究发现,通过调控AMPK/mTOR通路能够抑制大鼠髓核细胞的凋亡。Sun等[26] 研究也表明通过激活AMPK可以抑制心肌细胞凋亡。栀子苷调控AMPK与心肌细胞凋亡的确切关系值得进一步研究。

  • 凋亡信号的刺激致使BAX/BCL2表达比例升高,造成线粒体膜电位下降,进而启动细胞的凋亡执行通路,激活Caspase3级联通路,导致细胞凋亡的发生[27]。本研究显示STZ组BAX/BCL2和Cleaved caspase3/Caspase3比值明显升高,表明在1型糖尿病小鼠中凋亡增强,而栀子苷处理后减轻了细胞凋亡程度,张伟萍等[28] 研究显示栀子苷预处理可以减轻2型糖尿病心肌病大鼠的心肌细胞凋亡,提示栀子苷可能通过抑制心肌细胞凋亡改善1型和2型糖尿病心肌损伤。

  • 综上所述,本研究提示栀子苷能改善1型糖尿病心肌病的心肌损伤,减轻心肌纤维化,其机制可能与激活AMPK介导的自噬有关。本研究还对栀子苷的心肌保护作用与细胞凋亡的相关性进行了初步探索。但本研究仍然存在一些不足,如未探讨栀子苷的最佳剂量和治疗时间等。栀子苷改善糖尿病心肌病的确切分子机制和特异性靶点还有待进一步研究。

  • 参考文献

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    • [6] ZHANG Y,LING Y,YANG L,et al.Liraglutide relieves myocardial damage by promoting autophagy via AMPK ⁃ mTOR signaling pathway in zucker diabetic fatty rat[J].Mol Cell Endocrinol,2017,448:98-107

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    • [10] LIN C,ZHANG M,ZHANG Y,et al.Helix B surface pep⁃ tide attenuates diabetic cardiomyopathy via AMPK⁃depen⁃ dent autophagy[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2017,482(4):665-671

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    • [12] RAN D,HONG W,YAN W,et al.Properties and molecu⁃ lar mechanisms underlying geniposide⁃mediated therapeu⁃ tic effects in chronic inflammatory diseases[J].J Ethno⁃ pharmacol,2021,273:113958

    • [13] LI N,ZHOU H,MA Z G,et al.Geniposide alleviates iso⁃ proterenol⁃induced cardiac fibrosis partially via SIRT1 ac⁃ tivation in vivo and in vitro[J].Front Pharmacol,2018,9:854

    • [14] MA Z G,KONG C Y,SONG P,et al.Geniposide protects against obesity ⁃ related cardiac injury through AMPKα ⁃ and Sirt1⁃dependent mechanisms[J].Oxid Med Cell Lon⁃ gev,2018,2018:6053727

    • [15] MA Z G,DAI J,ZHANG W B,et al.Protection against cardiac hypertrophy by geniposide involves the GLP⁃1 re⁃ ceptor/AMPKα signalling pathway[J].Br J Pharmacol,2016,173(9):1502-1516

    • [16] MENG Y Y,YUAN Y P,ZHANG X,et al.Protection against doxorubicin⁃induced cytotoxicity by geniposide in⁃ volves AMPKα signaling pathway[J].Oxid Med Cell Lon⁃ gev,2019,2019:7901735

    • [17] TRAVERS J G,KAMAL F A,ROBBINS J,et al.Cardiac fibrosis:the fibroblast awakens[J].Circ Res,2016,118(6):1021-1040

    • [18] XIAO T,LUO J,WU Z,et al.Effects of hydrogen sulfide on myocardial fibrosis and PI3K/AKT1⁃regulated autopha⁃ gy in diabetic rats[J].Mol Med Rep,2016,13(2):1765-1773

    • [19] ALBANESE F,NOVELLO S,MORARI M.Autophagy and LRRK2 in the aging brain[J].Front Neurosci,2019,13:1352

    • [20] ALOTAIBI M R,AS S H,ALAQIL F A,et al.A newly syn⁃ thesized platinum ⁃ based compound(PBC ⁃Ⅱ)increases chemosensitivity of HeLa ovarian cancer cells via inhibi⁃ tion of autophagy[J].Saudi Pharm J,2019,27(8):1203-1209

    • [21] GASSEN N C,NIEMEYER D,MUTH D,et al.SKP2 at⁃ tenuates autophagy through Beclin1 ⁃ ubiquitination and its inhibition reduces MERS ⁃ coronavirus infection[J].Nat Commun,2019,10(1):5770

    • [22] 陈圣敏,龚永昌,隋璐,等.橘红素对人胃癌AGS细胞自噬的作用及其机制研究[J].中国药理学通报,2019,35(12):1671-1676

    • [23] 高婷,陈忠.二甲双胍对脂多糖诱导的大鼠心肌细胞H9C2损伤的保护机制[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(9):1298-1303

    • [24] KONG C,WANG C,SHI Y,et al.Active vitamin D acti⁃ vates chondrocyte autophagy to reduce osteoarthritis via mediating the AMPK ⁃ mTOR signaling pathway[J].Bio⁃ chem Cell Biol,2020,98(3):434-442

    • [25] 王振,胡峻铮,范卫民.脂联素通过 AMPK/mTOR 通路抑制H2O2诱导的大鼠髓核细胞凋亡及细胞外基质退变[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2018,38(7):928-933

    • [26] SUN G Z,MENG F J,CAI H Q,et al.Ginsenoside Rg3 protects heart against isoproterenol ⁃ induced myocardial infarction by activating AMPK mediated autophagy[J].Cardiovasc Diagn Ther,2020,10(2):153-160

    • [27] LIU H C,ZHANG Y,ZHANG S,et al.Correlation re⁃ search on the protein expression(p75NTR,bax,bcl ⁃ 2,and caspase ⁃ 3)and cortical neuron apoptosis following mechanical injury in rat[J].Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci,2015,19(18):3459-3467

    • [28] 张伟萍,江建军,陈晓锋,等.栀子苷通过抑制 VPO1/ERK1/2信号通路减轻糖尿病心肌病大鼠的心肌细胞凋亡[J].中国临床药理学与治疗学,2021,26(2):129-136

  • 参考文献

    • [1] ANEJA A,TANG W H,BANSILAL S,et al.Diabetic car⁃ diomyopathy:insights into pathogenesis,diagnostic chal⁃ lenges,and therapeutic options[J].Am J Med,2008,121(9):748-757

    • [2] ZHENG X,PENG M,LI Y,et al.Cathelicidin⁃related an⁃ timicrobial peptide protects against cardiac fibrosis in dia⁃ betic mice heart by regulating endothelial ⁃ mesenchymal transition[J].Int J Biol Sci,2019,15(11):2393-2407

    • [3] FALCÃO⁃PIRES I,LEITE⁃MOREIRA A F.Diabetic car⁃ diomyopathy:understanding the molecular and cellular basis to progress in diagnosis and treatment[J].Heart Fail Rev,2012,17(3):325-344

    • [4] RAJESH M,MUKHOPADHYAY P,BÁTKAI S,et al.Can⁃ nabidiol attenuates cardiac dysfunction,oxidative stress,fibrosis,and inflammatory and cell death signaling path⁃ ways in diabetic cardiomyopathy[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2010,56(25):2115-2125

    • [5] FEIDANTSIS K,MELLIDIS K,GALATOU E,et al.Treat⁃ ment with crocin improves cardiac dysfunction by normal⁃ izing autophagy and inhibiting apoptosis in STZ ⁃induced diabetic cardiomyopathy[J].Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis,2018,28(9):952-961

    • [6] ZHANG Y,LING Y,YANG L,et al.Liraglutide relieves myocardial damage by promoting autophagy via AMPK ⁃ mTOR signaling pathway in zucker diabetic fatty rat[J].Mol Cell Endocrinol,2017,448:98-107

    • [7] TANEIKE M,YAMAGUCHI O,NAKAI A,et al.Inhibi⁃ tion of autophagy in the heart induces age⁃related cardio⁃ myopathy[J].Autophagy,2010,6(5):600-606

    • [8] KHELOUFI M,RAUTOU P E,BOULANGER C M.Au⁃ tophagy in the cardiovascular system[J].Med Sci(Paris),2017,33(3):283-289

    • [9] EGAN D F,SHACKELFORD D B,MIHAYLOVA M M,et al.Phosphorylation of ULK1(hATG1)by AMP⁃activat⁃ ed protein kinase connects energy sensing to mitophagy [J].Science,2011,331(616):456-461

    • [10] LIN C,ZHANG M,ZHANG Y,et al.Helix B surface pep⁃ tide attenuates diabetic cardiomyopathy via AMPK⁃depen⁃ dent autophagy[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2017,482(4):665-671

    • [11] YANG F,ZHANG L,GAO Z,et al.Exogenous H2S pro⁃ tects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by activating au⁃ tophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway[J].Cell Physiol Biochem,2017,43(3):1168-1187

    • [12] RAN D,HONG W,YAN W,et al.Properties and molecu⁃ lar mechanisms underlying geniposide⁃mediated therapeu⁃ tic effects in chronic inflammatory diseases[J].J Ethno⁃ pharmacol,2021,273:113958

    • [13] LI N,ZHOU H,MA Z G,et al.Geniposide alleviates iso⁃ proterenol⁃induced cardiac fibrosis partially via SIRT1 ac⁃ tivation in vivo and in vitro[J].Front Pharmacol,2018,9:854

    • [14] MA Z G,KONG C Y,SONG P,et al.Geniposide protects against obesity ⁃ related cardiac injury through AMPKα ⁃ and Sirt1⁃dependent mechanisms[J].Oxid Med Cell Lon⁃ gev,2018,2018:6053727

    • [15] MA Z G,DAI J,ZHANG W B,et al.Protection against cardiac hypertrophy by geniposide involves the GLP⁃1 re⁃ ceptor/AMPKα signalling pathway[J].Br J Pharmacol,2016,173(9):1502-1516

    • [16] MENG Y Y,YUAN Y P,ZHANG X,et al.Protection against doxorubicin⁃induced cytotoxicity by geniposide in⁃ volves AMPKα signaling pathway[J].Oxid Med Cell Lon⁃ gev,2019,2019:7901735

    • [17] TRAVERS J G,KAMAL F A,ROBBINS J,et al.Cardiac fibrosis:the fibroblast awakens[J].Circ Res,2016,118(6):1021-1040

    • [18] XIAO T,LUO J,WU Z,et al.Effects of hydrogen sulfide on myocardial fibrosis and PI3K/AKT1⁃regulated autopha⁃ gy in diabetic rats[J].Mol Med Rep,2016,13(2):1765-1773

    • [19] ALBANESE F,NOVELLO S,MORARI M.Autophagy and LRRK2 in the aging brain[J].Front Neurosci,2019,13:1352

    • [20] ALOTAIBI M R,AS S H,ALAQIL F A,et al.A newly syn⁃ thesized platinum ⁃ based compound(PBC ⁃Ⅱ)increases chemosensitivity of HeLa ovarian cancer cells via inhibi⁃ tion of autophagy[J].Saudi Pharm J,2019,27(8):1203-1209

    • [21] GASSEN N C,NIEMEYER D,MUTH D,et al.SKP2 at⁃ tenuates autophagy through Beclin1 ⁃ ubiquitination and its inhibition reduces MERS ⁃ coronavirus infection[J].Nat Commun,2019,10(1):5770

    • [22] 陈圣敏,龚永昌,隋璐,等.橘红素对人胃癌AGS细胞自噬的作用及其机制研究[J].中国药理学通报,2019,35(12):1671-1676

    • [23] 高婷,陈忠.二甲双胍对脂多糖诱导的大鼠心肌细胞H9C2损伤的保护机制[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(9):1298-1303

    • [24] KONG C,WANG C,SHI Y,et al.Active vitamin D acti⁃ vates chondrocyte autophagy to reduce osteoarthritis via mediating the AMPK ⁃ mTOR signaling pathway[J].Bio⁃ chem Cell Biol,2020,98(3):434-442

    • [25] 王振,胡峻铮,范卫民.脂联素通过 AMPK/mTOR 通路抑制H2O2诱导的大鼠髓核细胞凋亡及细胞外基质退变[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2018,38(7):928-933

    • [26] SUN G Z,MENG F J,CAI H Q,et al.Ginsenoside Rg3 protects heart against isoproterenol ⁃ induced myocardial infarction by activating AMPK mediated autophagy[J].Cardiovasc Diagn Ther,2020,10(2):153-160

    • [27] LIU H C,ZHANG Y,ZHANG S,et al.Correlation re⁃ search on the protein expression(p75NTR,bax,bcl ⁃ 2,and caspase ⁃ 3)and cortical neuron apoptosis following mechanical injury in rat[J].Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci,2015,19(18):3459-3467

    • [28] 张伟萍,江建军,陈晓锋,等.栀子苷通过抑制 VPO1/ERK1/2信号通路减轻糖尿病心肌病大鼠的心肌细胞凋亡[J].中国临床药理学与治疗学,2021,26(2):129-136