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通讯作者:

吴延虎,E⁃mail:wuyanhu@njmu.edu.com

中图分类号:R654.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)07-1028-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210714

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参考文献 15
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陈静.米力农辅助治疗对慢性心衰患者心功能、心肌重构、RAAS 系统活性的影响[J].海南医学院学报,2017,23(17):2328-2330,2334
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探究人转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor β1,TGF⁃β1)在二尖瓣腱索断裂患者血清和组织中的表达, 为进一步明确TGF⁃β1对于二尖瓣腱索病变的促进作用提供依据。方法:选取2020年5—12月南京医科大学第一附属医院收治的二尖瓣腱索断裂患者20例作为实验组,另选取同期健康体检者作为对照组。采用ELISA试剂盒检测血清TGF⁃β1水平, 比较两组实验室检查及心脏彩超结果。同时,收取实验组断裂的二尖瓣腱索以及同期8例心脏移植受者正常二尖瓣腱索组织进行免疫组化染色和扫描电镜分析。结果:实验组患者血清TGF⁃β1水平高于对照组(P<0.05);实验组心脏彩超左房内径、左室舒张末期内径高于对照组(P<0.01);免疫组化染色显示TGF⁃β1、α⁃平滑肌动蛋白在断裂的二尖瓣腱索组织中呈高表达;扫描电镜显示断裂腱索组织镜下结构胶原纤维束排列紊乱,疏松层(外层)明显增厚、分层和断端,致密层(内层)可见有明显裂隙。结论:TGF⁃β1在二尖瓣腱索断裂患者的血清和腱索组织中呈高表达,提示其可能与二尖瓣腱索断裂的发生及发展有密切关系。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the expression of transforming growth factor β1(TGF ⁃β1)in serum and chordae tendineae tissue of patients with mitral valve chordae tendineae rupture,and to provide a basis for further understanding the promoting effect of TGF ⁃β1 on mitral valve chordae tendineae lesion. Methods:20 patients with mitral chordae tendineae rupture admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from May 2020 to December 2020 were selected as experimental group,and healthy examinees of the corresponding period were selected as normal group. Serum TGF⁃β1,clinical laboratory data and cardiac ultrasound data of all subjects were analyzed. Meanwhile,the ruptured mitral valve chordae in the experimental group and normal mitral tendinous chordae from 8 heart transplant recipients were collected during operation for immunohistochemical and electron microscope analysis. Results:The level of serum TGF⁃β1 in experimental group was significantly higher than that in control group(P < 0.05). The left atrial diameter(LAD)and left ventricular end diastolic diameter(LVEDd)in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry showed high expression of TGF ⁃β1 and α⁃smooth muscle actin(α⁃SMA)in the ruptured chordae tendineae tissues. Scanning electron microscopy showed disordered arrangement of collagen fiber bundles in the ruptured chordae tendineae tissues. The loose layer(outer layer)was obviously thickened,stratified and broken end,and the dense layer (inner layer)had obvious cracks. Conclusion:TGF ⁃β1 is highly expressed in the serum and ruptured chordae tendineae tissues of patients with mitral chordae tendineae rupture. It is suggested that it may be closely related to the occurrence and development of mitral chordae tendineae rupture.

  • 二尖瓣腱索断裂(mitral chordae tendineae rup⁃ ture,MCTR)是临床引起单纯性二尖瓣关闭不全的主要原因,其发生可导致严重的血流动力学改变。目前腱索断裂考虑与细菌性心内膜炎、黏液瘤、结缔组织病、冠心病、肥厚性心肌病、胸外伤以及遗传等因素有关[1],但关于腱索断裂的分子机制研究较少,并且有研究显示腱索断裂可能是由于炎症反应以及血管生成介质氧化应激反应、胶原合成异常引起[2-3]。转化生长因子β(transforming growth factor β,TGF⁃β)是一种人体多功能因子,在机体调节细胞生长分化上具有重要作用,其中TGFβ1是其亚型,活性程度最高,它既是重要的炎性介质,又是重要的促纤维化因子,能够使炎症部位或者受损的组织细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)过度表达,纤维结缔组织过度增殖,促进成纤维细胞向肌成纤维细胞分化,产生胶原[4]。二尖瓣腱索由丰富的胶原纤维组成,成纤维细胞散布在胶原纤维束间[2]。研究显示在炎症反应下,TGF⁃β1升高会出现胶原过度沉积、合成排列异常,导致组织顺应性下降[4]。目前已有报道TGF⁃β1与二尖瓣关闭不全存在一定关系[5-7],但关于TGF⁃β1与二尖瓣腱索断裂相关研究较少,本研究旨在探究TGF⁃β1在二尖瓣腱索断裂患者血清和组织中的表达,报道如下。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 将2020年6—12月南京医科大学第一附属医院收治的由腱索断裂引起单纯性二尖瓣关闭不全的患者20例作为实验组,心功能Ⅱ级13例,Ⅲ级7例,男12例,女8例,年龄(64.7±7.7)岁;另随机选取同期健康体检者20例为对照组,男12例,女8例,年龄(62.4±6.0)岁;同期心脏移植受者8例,男7例,女1例,年龄(53.6±5.1)岁。实验组的纳入标准:①符合二尖瓣腱索断裂诊断[8],且合并有中度以上二尖瓣反流者;②入院资料完善,且患者依从性好。排除标准:①有近期感冒、肺部感染或其他感染史;②合并有急性心衰、肝肾功能不全;③ 合并有高血压、高血脂、冠心病、甲状腺疾病、自身免疫性疾病;④血清抗“O”阳性;⑤合并其他遗传或代谢类结缔组织类疾病;⑥合并心肌病、黏液瘤、肿瘤、胸部外伤、器官畸形等。本研究通过南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会审批,批件号:2019⁃SR⁃313.A1,所有研究对象均签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 资料收集

  • 收集所有研究对象的一般资料、实验室检查和心脏超声检查结果,包括年龄、性别、体重、吸烟史、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、入院血压、血糖、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglycer⁃ ide,TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipopro⁃ tein cholesterol,LDL⁃C)、C⁃反应蛋白(C⁃reactive pro⁃ tein,CRP)、降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)、左房内径 (left atrial diameter,LAD)、左心室射血分数(left ven⁃ tricular ejection fraction,LVEF)、左心室后壁厚度 (left ventricular posterior wall thickness,LVPWT)、左心室舒张末期内径(left ventricular end⁃diastolic di⁃ mension,LVEDd)、室间隔厚度(interventricular sep⁃ tal thickness,IVST)。

  • 1.2.2 血清TGF⁃β1的测定

  • 待研究对象空腹12h后采集外周静脉血2~3mL,将采集血放置于分离胶⁃促凝管(黄管)中,4℃保存并静置2h后经离心(3 000r/min 20min)取上层血清于-80℃冰箱保存待检,最后统一采用TGF⁃β1ELISA试剂盒(泉州睿信生物科技公司)检测所有血清样品中TGF⁃β1的水平,具体实验操作步骤严格按照试剂盒相关仪器使用说明书进行。

  • 1.2.3 免疫组化染色

  • 收取外科手术中实验组15例患者断裂的二尖瓣腱索组织以及本院同期8例心脏移植受者正常二尖瓣腱索组织,标本取材后立即固定24h后石蜡包埋切片,经过抗原修复,温室封闭后滴加1∶500TGF ⁃β1与α⁃平滑肌动蛋白(α⁃smooth muscle actin,α⁃ SMA)的一抗(武汉Servicebio公司),4℃孵育过夜后进行脱色摇床洗涤3次。切片稍甩干后滴加与一抗相应的二抗(武汉Servicebio公司)覆盖组织,室温孵育50min。经过显色冲洗脱水晾干等处理后,中性树胶封片,显微镜观察,最后行图像采集分析。

  • 1.2.4 扫描电镜检查

  • 收取实验组15例患者断裂的二尖瓣腱索、尚未断裂腱索组织以及同期8例心脏移植受者正常二尖瓣腱索组织,取材后立即投入电镜固定液内室温避光固定2h后转移至4℃保存,最后统一经扫描电镜观察二尖瓣腱索组织的显微结构。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS26.0软件分析所得数据,符合正态分布、方差齐的计量资料用均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,组间比较采用t检验,不符合正态分布的计量资料用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,组间比较采用秩和检验。计数资料用例数(百分率)[n(%)]表示,组间比较用卡方检验,P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 两组一般资料比较

  • 本研究对象共40例,实验组20例,对照组20例,比较实验组与对照组的年龄、性别构成、体重、BMI、吸烟史、入院血压及血糖,结果显示两组资料无显著差异(P >0.05,表1),具有可比性。

  • 2.2 两组血液检测结果比较

  • ELISA检测结果显示实验组血清TGF⁃β1水平显著高于对照组水平(P <0.05,表2),而比较两组血清TG、TC、LDL⁃C、CRP、PCT水平,实验组与对照组间差异无统计学意义(P >0.05,表2)。

  • 2.3 两组心功能指标比较

  • 实验组LAD、LVEDd水平显著高于对照组(P < 0.01,表3),而比较LVPWT、IVST、LVEF水平,实验组与对照组间差异无统计学意义(P >0.05,表3)。

  • 表1 两组一般临床资料比较

  • Table1 Comparison of general clinical data between the two groups

  • 2.4 免疫组化分析

  • 收取外科手术中实验组患者断裂的二尖瓣腱索组织以及心脏移植受者正常二尖瓣腱索组织进行免疫组化分析。通过对不同腱索阳性信号区域比较,断裂的二尖瓣腱索组织TGF⁃β1及α⁃SMA蛋白的表达水平高于心脏移植受体的正常二尖瓣腱索组织(P <0.05,图1),表达位置主要集中于腱索的疏松层。此外在断裂的二尖瓣腱索中,可明显观察到疏松层的细胞核数较正常腱索明显增多。

  • 表2 两组血液检测指标比较

  • Table2 Comparison of blood test indexes between the two groups

  • *:秩和检验的Z值。

  • 表3 两组心功能指标比较

  • Table3 Comparison of cardiac function indexes between the two groups

  • 2.5 扫描电镜观察

  • 收取外科手术中实验组患者断裂及尚未断裂的二尖瓣腱索组织以及心脏移植受者正常二尖瓣腱索组织进行扫描电镜下分析,显示心脏移植受体的正常二尖瓣腱索(图2A)的疏松层与致密层结合紧密,疏松层未见明显分层,胶原纤维束排列整齐规则;而二尖瓣腱索断裂患者的断裂(图2B)以及尚未断裂的腱索(图2C)较正常腱索胶原纤维束排列紊乱,疏松层(外层)明显增厚且有分层、断端,同时致密层(内层)也可见明显裂隙。

  • 3 讨论

  • 随着人们生活质量的提高以及医疗水平的不断进步,临床上风湿病引起的二尖瓣关闭不全逐渐减少,二尖瓣腱索断裂逐渐成为引起二尖瓣关闭不全的重要原因。二尖瓣腱索由丰富的胶原纤维组成,大量成纤维细胞散布在胶原纤维束间,沿纤维走向排列,维持着腱索正常的生理功能。研究发现成纤维细胞群在一定因素(氧化应激、炎症因子)诱导下可转化为肌成纤维细胞,同时胶原生成沉积,促使组织顺应性降低,产生僵硬改变,在腱索断裂、瓣膜关闭不全过程中发挥着重要作用[9]。Aydemir等[10] 通过研究二尖瓣腱索断裂患者血液中微量元素水平的改变,证实了二尖瓣腱索断裂过程存在炎症和相关氧化应激反应,而且是密切相关的。

  • 图1 免疫组化检测腱索组织TGF⁃β1以及α⁃SMA的表达(×400)

  • Fig.1 Immunohistochemical detection of TGF⁃β1and α⁃SMA expression in chordae tendineae(×400)

  • 图2 扫描电镜下腱索组织显微结构(×400)

  • Fig.2 Microstructure of chordae tendineae under scanning electron microscopy(×400)

  • TGF⁃β1是调节细胞生长与分化的因子,它存在于机体细胞表面或者细胞基质,属于TGF⁃β家族中最重要的一个亚型,与TGF⁃β2、TGF⁃β3其他亚型相比,其生物学作用更加广泛[11]。TGF⁃β1通过细胞内Smad信号通路,在纤维细胞增殖、多种细胞的分化、炎性反应、胶原分泌、蛋白酶抑制物生成、ECM沉积和肿瘤侵袭中发挥着重要作用[12-14]。通过结合成纤维细胞膜表面的Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型TGF受体,TGF⁃β1促使Smad2和Smad3磷酸化,其中Smad3是TGF⁃β1下游在纤维化过程中主要效应分子,磷酸化的Smad2和Smad3又能与Smad4结合形成复合体完成纤维化相关基因的转录。同时,TGF⁃β1还可刺激成纤维细胞表达ɑ⁃SMA,作为经典肌成纤维细胞标志物,ɑ⁃SMA表达升高是向肌成纤维细胞表型转化的重要标志[15-17]。研究显示TGF⁃β1水平升高与肌成纤维细胞数量呈正相关,能够促进心肌及其他组织纤维化发展[18-19],从而加速组织胶原沉积,出现组织僵硬、顺应性下降。本研究结果显示,通过免疫组化分析可发现实验组断裂腱索组织的TGF⁃β1与ɑ⁃SMA含量显著高于正常腱索组织,成纤维细胞在TGF⁃β1的刺激下可表达ɑ⁃SMA,并向肌成纤维细胞转化。组织中ɑ⁃SMA水平升高侧面表明了二尖瓣腱索断裂是与纤维化密切相关的;实验组血清TGF⁃β1水平显著高于对照组,这与上述研究结果一致,提示TGF⁃β1可能与二尖瓣腱索断裂发生发展相关。实验组与对照组血清CRP、PCT水平无明显差异,它们可能是在腱索断裂炎症的相对晚期阶段消耗后被测量的,或者这些炎症介质不足以在血清中产生明显改变。

  • 由于炎症、氧化应激反应激活以及长期机械疲劳等一系列因素作用于二尖瓣腱索组织,引起细胞外间质增多,成纤维细胞向肌成纤维细胞分化,胶原过度沉积导致组织顺应性下降,最终出现二尖瓣腱索断裂的发生发展,并出现二尖瓣关闭不全的表现。本研究中扫描电镜观察显示腱索断裂患者病变腱索镜下结构与正常腱索相比,胶原纤维束排列紊乱,疏松层(外层)明显增厚且有分层、断端,同时,致密层(内层)也可见明显裂隙。心脏超声中LAD、LVPW、IVS、LVEDd、LVEF是评价心功能的重要指标,通过分析,实验组与对照组LVPW、IVS、 LVEDd、LVEF水平无显著差异,但实验组LAD、 LVEDd水平显著高于对照组,提示在二尖瓣腱索断裂发生发展过程中可能由于血流动力学影响产生心脏结构改变,伴随着二尖瓣关闭不全发展,临床上可有心功能不全、心脏房室重构、心律失常等表现[20]

  • 综上所述,通过对二尖瓣腱索的免疫组化、扫描电镜观察以及患者血清TGF⁃β1分析,我们发现二尖瓣腱索断裂患者血清和腱索组织中的TGF⁃β1呈高表达,提示TGF⁃β1与二尖瓣腱索断裂的发生及发展有密切关系。腱索断裂可能是一种炎性、氧化应激反应过程引起一系列肌成纤维细胞增多、胶原分泌排列异常的过程,同时,随着腱索断裂进展可出现瓣膜关闭异常、心功能不全,严重者导致心力衰竭等各种并发症。此外,TGF⁃β1在腱索断裂患者血清的高表达也提示其有望成为反映二尖瓣腱索病情变化的有效指标。但本研究样本纳入较少,关于TGF⁃β1与二尖瓣腱索断裂具体发病机制仍需要进一步研究。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] GABBAY U,YOSEFY C.The underlying causes of chor⁃ dae tendinae rupture:a systematic review[J].Int J Cardi⁃ ol,2010,143(2):113-118

    • [2] KIMURA N,SHUKUNAMI C,HAKUNO D,et al.Local tenomodulin absence,angiogenesis,and matrix metallo⁃ proteinase activation are associated with the rupture of the chordae tendineae cordis[J].Circulation,2008,118(17):1737-1747

    • [3] 罗晓亮,吕锋.腱索断裂手术治疗的临床分析[J].中国分子心脏病学杂志,2011,11(4):193-195

    • [4] CHEN J T,WANG C Y,CHEN M H.Curcumin inhibits TGF ⁃β1⁃induced connective tissue growth factor expres⁃ sion through the interruption of Smad2 signaling in hu⁃ man gingival fibroblasts[J].J Formos Med Assoc,2018,117(12):1115-1123

    • [5] MENG X M,NIKOLIC⁃PATERSON D J,LAN H Y.TGF⁃ β:the master regulator of fibrosis[J].Nat Rev Nephrol,2016,12(6):325-338

    • [6] DE KROON L M,NARCISI R,VAN DEN AKKER G G,et al.SMAD3 and SMAD4 have a more dominant role than SMAD2 in TGFβ⁃induced chondrogenic differentia⁃ tion of bone marrow⁃derived mesenchymal stem cells[J].Sci Rep,2017,7:43164

    • [7] KHALIL H,KANISICAK O,PRASAD V,et al.Fibroblast ⁃specific TGF ⁃β⁃Smad2/3 signaling underlies cardiac fi⁃ brosis[J].J Clin Invest,2017,127(10):3770-3783

    • [8] DOLMATOVA E V,MOAZZAMI K,MAHER J,et al.Chordae tendineae rupture in the United States:trends of outcomes,costs and surgical interventions[J].Heart Surg Forum,2017,20(1):E019-E025

    • [9] YOSHIOKA J,LEE R T.Vascularization as a potential en⁃ emy in valvular heart disease[J].Circulation,2008,118(17):1694-1696

    • [10] AYDEMIR B,AKDEMIR R,VATAN M B,et al.The cir⁃ culating levels of selenium,zinc,midkine,some inflamma⁃ tory cytokines,and angiogenic factors in mitral chordae tendineae rupture[J].Biol Trace Elem Res,2015,167(2):179-186

    • [11] ROBERTS A B.TGF⁃beta signaling from receptors to the nucleus[J].Microbes Infect,1999,1(15):1265-1273

    • [12] BERNARD K,LOGSDON N J,BENAVIDES G A,et al.Glutaminolysis is required for transforming growth factor⁃ β1 ⁃ induced myofibroblast differentiation and activation [J].J Biol Chem,2018,293(4):1218-1228

    • [13] HUANG X,KANG Y,JIANG X,et al.Tandospirone en⁃ hances the anti ⁃ myocardial fibrosis effect of valsartan in spontaneously hypertensive rats[J].Biomed Pharmacoth⁃ er,2020,126:110073

    • [14] WANG S,LI J,LIU Y,et al.Distinct roles of calmodulin and Ca(2+)/calmodulin ⁃ dependent protein kinase II in isopreterenol ⁃ induced cardiac hypertrophy[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2020,526(4):960-966

    • [15] KUNAMALLA A,NG J,PARINI V,et al.Constitutive ex⁃ pression of a dominant ⁃negative TGF ⁃β type Ⅱ receptor in the posterior left atrium leads to beneficial remodeling of atrial fibrillation substrate[J].Circ Res,2016,119(1):69-82

    • [16] HOLM NIELSEN S,WILLUMSEN N,LEEMING D J,et al.Serological assessment of activated fibroblasts by alpha ⁃smooth muscle actin(α⁃SMA):a noninvasive biomarker of activated fibroblasts in lung disorders[J].Transl On⁃ col,2019,12(2):368-374

    • [17] 张琪,王英,杨吉猛,等.心肌纤维化指标在病态窦房结综合征患者中的作用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(9):1344-1347,1376

    • [18] SOBRAL L M,MONTAN P F,ZECCHIN K G,et al.Smad7 blocks transforming growth factor⁃β1⁃induced gin⁃ gival fibroblast⁃myofibroblast transition via inhibitory reg⁃ ulation of Smad2 and connective tissue growth factor[J].J Periodontol,2011,82(4):642-651

    • [19] JIANG Z,ZHOU C,CHENG L,et al.Inhibiting YAP ex⁃ pression suppresses pancreatic cancer progression by dis⁃ rupting tumor⁃stromal interactions[J].J Exp Clin Cancer Res,2018,37(1):69

    • [20] 陈静.米力农辅助治疗对慢性心衰患者心功能、心肌重构、RAAS 系统活性的影响[J].海南医学院学报,2017,23(17):2328-2330,2334

  • 参考文献

    • [1] GABBAY U,YOSEFY C.The underlying causes of chor⁃ dae tendinae rupture:a systematic review[J].Int J Cardi⁃ ol,2010,143(2):113-118

    • [2] KIMURA N,SHUKUNAMI C,HAKUNO D,et al.Local tenomodulin absence,angiogenesis,and matrix metallo⁃ proteinase activation are associated with the rupture of the chordae tendineae cordis[J].Circulation,2008,118(17):1737-1747

    • [3] 罗晓亮,吕锋.腱索断裂手术治疗的临床分析[J].中国分子心脏病学杂志,2011,11(4):193-195

    • [4] CHEN J T,WANG C Y,CHEN M H.Curcumin inhibits TGF ⁃β1⁃induced connective tissue growth factor expres⁃ sion through the interruption of Smad2 signaling in hu⁃ man gingival fibroblasts[J].J Formos Med Assoc,2018,117(12):1115-1123

    • [5] MENG X M,NIKOLIC⁃PATERSON D J,LAN H Y.TGF⁃ β:the master regulator of fibrosis[J].Nat Rev Nephrol,2016,12(6):325-338

    • [6] DE KROON L M,NARCISI R,VAN DEN AKKER G G,et al.SMAD3 and SMAD4 have a more dominant role than SMAD2 in TGFβ⁃induced chondrogenic differentia⁃ tion of bone marrow⁃derived mesenchymal stem cells[J].Sci Rep,2017,7:43164

    • [7] KHALIL H,KANISICAK O,PRASAD V,et al.Fibroblast ⁃specific TGF ⁃β⁃Smad2/3 signaling underlies cardiac fi⁃ brosis[J].J Clin Invest,2017,127(10):3770-3783

    • [8] DOLMATOVA E V,MOAZZAMI K,MAHER J,et al.Chordae tendineae rupture in the United States:trends of outcomes,costs and surgical interventions[J].Heart Surg Forum,2017,20(1):E019-E025

    • [9] YOSHIOKA J,LEE R T.Vascularization as a potential en⁃ emy in valvular heart disease[J].Circulation,2008,118(17):1694-1696

    • [10] AYDEMIR B,AKDEMIR R,VATAN M B,et al.The cir⁃ culating levels of selenium,zinc,midkine,some inflamma⁃ tory cytokines,and angiogenic factors in mitral chordae tendineae rupture[J].Biol Trace Elem Res,2015,167(2):179-186

    • [11] ROBERTS A B.TGF⁃beta signaling from receptors to the nucleus[J].Microbes Infect,1999,1(15):1265-1273

    • [12] BERNARD K,LOGSDON N J,BENAVIDES G A,et al.Glutaminolysis is required for transforming growth factor⁃ β1 ⁃ induced myofibroblast differentiation and activation [J].J Biol Chem,2018,293(4):1218-1228

    • [13] HUANG X,KANG Y,JIANG X,et al.Tandospirone en⁃ hances the anti ⁃ myocardial fibrosis effect of valsartan in spontaneously hypertensive rats[J].Biomed Pharmacoth⁃ er,2020,126:110073

    • [14] WANG S,LI J,LIU Y,et al.Distinct roles of calmodulin and Ca(2+)/calmodulin ⁃ dependent protein kinase II in isopreterenol ⁃ induced cardiac hypertrophy[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2020,526(4):960-966

    • [15] KUNAMALLA A,NG J,PARINI V,et al.Constitutive ex⁃ pression of a dominant ⁃negative TGF ⁃β type Ⅱ receptor in the posterior left atrium leads to beneficial remodeling of atrial fibrillation substrate[J].Circ Res,2016,119(1):69-82

    • [16] HOLM NIELSEN S,WILLUMSEN N,LEEMING D J,et al.Serological assessment of activated fibroblasts by alpha ⁃smooth muscle actin(α⁃SMA):a noninvasive biomarker of activated fibroblasts in lung disorders[J].Transl On⁃ col,2019,12(2):368-374

    • [17] 张琪,王英,杨吉猛,等.心肌纤维化指标在病态窦房结综合征患者中的作用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(9):1344-1347,1376

    • [18] SOBRAL L M,MONTAN P F,ZECCHIN K G,et al.Smad7 blocks transforming growth factor⁃β1⁃induced gin⁃ gival fibroblast⁃myofibroblast transition via inhibitory reg⁃ ulation of Smad2 and connective tissue growth factor[J].J Periodontol,2011,82(4):642-651

    • [19] JIANG Z,ZHOU C,CHENG L,et al.Inhibiting YAP ex⁃ pression suppresses pancreatic cancer progression by dis⁃ rupting tumor⁃stromal interactions[J].J Exp Clin Cancer Res,2018,37(1):69

    • [20] 陈静.米力农辅助治疗对慢性心衰患者心功能、心肌重构、RAAS 系统活性的影响[J].海南医学院学报,2017,23(17):2328-2330,2334