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通讯作者:

张中华,E⁃mail:modemode@sina.com

中图分类号:R743.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)07-1039-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210716

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:评估轻度急性缺血性卒中患者起病后早期神经功能恶化(early neurological deterioration,END)的风险因素, 构建起病后END的列线图预测模型。方法:回顾性收集南京医科大学附属南京医院(南京市第一医院)及南通市第三人民医院2015年4月—2018年6月收治的轻度急性缺血性卒中患者临床资料,比较END组与非END组患者的基线临床资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析确定END的独立相关因素,基于独立相关因素构建轻度急性缺血性卒中END列线图预测模型。结果: 共纳入507例患者,END组99例(19.5%),非END组408例(80.5%)。END组患者的年龄(P =0.001)、心房纤颤病史构成比(P = 0.001)、缺血性心脏病病史构成比(P =0.010)、基线美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NI⁃ HSS)评分(P =0.023)、快速血糖水平(P =0.001)、超敏C反应蛋白水平(P =0.006)显著高于非END组,饮酒史构成比(P =0.042)、 白蛋白水平(P =0.001)显著低于非END组。多因素Logistic回归分析提示,年龄(OR=1.031,95%CI:1.008~1.054;P =0.007)、心房纤颤病史(OR=4.349,95%CI:1.932~9.792;P =0.001)、基线NIHSS评分(OR=1.219,95%CI:1.021~1.455;P =0.029)、快速血糖水平(OR=1.199,95%CI:1.083~1.328;P =0.001)、超敏C反应蛋白水平(OR=1.069,95%CI:1.027~1.113;P =0.001)、白蛋白水平 (OR=0.826,95%CI:0.733~0.930;P =0.002)是轻型急性缺血性卒中END的独立相关因素。基于多因素Logistic回归发现的独立相关因素,构建列线图模型,一致性指数为0.736(95%CI:0.677~0.796,P < 0.001)。结论:本列线图对轻型急性缺血性卒中后 END的发生具有一定的预测价值。

    Abstract

    Objective:To evaluate the risk factors of early neurological deterioration(END)in patients with acute minor ischemic stroke,and to construct a nomogram model of END. Methods:From April 2015 to June 2018,the clinical data of the patients with acute minor ischemic stroke in Nanjing First Hospital and Nantong Third People’s Hospital were prospectively collected. Demographics and baseline clinical data were compared between the END group and the non ⁃END group. We used the multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine the independent risk factors for END. Based on these independent factors,we constructed the nomogram of END in patients with acute minor ischemic stroke. Results:A total of 507 patients were enrolled in the study. The age(P = 0.001),atrial fibrillation(P =0.001),ischemic heart disease history(P =0.010),baseline NIHSS(P =0.023),fasting blood glucose levels (P =0.001)and hypersensitivity C⁃reactive protein levels(P =0.006)in the END group were significantly higher than those in the non⁃ END group,and drinking history(P =0.042)as well as the albumin levels(P =0.001)were significantly lower than those in the non⁃END group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age[odds ratio(OR)1.031,95% confidence interval(95% CI)1.008~1.054;P =0.007],atrial fibrillation(OR=4.349,95% CI:1.932 ~9.792;P =0.001),baseline NIHSS(OR=1.219,95% CI:1.021~1.455;P = 0.029),fasting blood glucose(OR=1.199,95%CI:1.083~1.328;P =0.001),high sensitivity C ⁃ reactive protein(OR=1.069,95%CI: 1.027~1.113;P =0.001),albumin(OR=0.826,95%CI:0.733~0.930;P =0.002)were the independent risk factors for END. Based on the independent risk factors,a nomogram model was constructed,and the consistency index was 0.736(95%CI:0.677~0.796,P < 0.001). Conclusion:This nomogram has a certain predictive value for END in patients with mild acute ischemic stroke.

  • 急性缺血性卒中是中国居民死亡的重要原因[1-4],其中大约30%的急性缺血性卒中为轻型[5-6]。众多临床试验证实,抗血小板等药物对轻型急性缺血性卒中有较好的疗效[7-8],然而,仍然有部分患者在接受指南推荐的治疗方案后,出现症状加重,病情恶化的现象,这被称为早期神经功能恶化(early neuro⁃ logical deterioration,END)[9-11]。既往临床研究证实, END的发生与缺血性卒中患者的预后存在显著的相关性,会导致患者临床预后不佳,造成患者和家庭沉重的负担[9-11]。因此,探索轻型急性缺血性卒中END的独立相关因素,对临床医生早期预测轻型急性缺血性卒中患者是否会发生END,并行进一步个体化治疗有着重要的临床作用。

  • 列线图(nomogram)是新研发的预测模型,通过联合多指标以诊断或预测某一临床事件的发生,目前已广泛应用于肿瘤、心血管系统疾病等临床事件的预测[12-14]。本研究旨在探索END的独立相关因素,并基于独立相关因素构建轻型急性缺血性卒中患者END发生的列线图预测模型。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 回顾性纳入2015年4月—2018年6月在南京医科大学附属南京医院(南京市第一医院)及南通市第三人民医院住院的轻型急性缺血性卒中患者。纳入标准:①符合《中国急性缺血性卒中诊治指南2014》[15] 制定的急性缺血性卒中诊断标准;②入院美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分≤5分[16-17];③发病24h内入院;④年龄≥18岁。排除标准:①临床数据不完整;②严重炎症性疾病或传染性疾病;③ 蛋白尿或肝功能异常患者;④无法在患者入院后7d内评估患者的神经功能障碍。本研究经南京医科大学附属南京医院(南京市第一医院)及南通市第三人民医院医学伦理委员会批准,患者均知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 临床资料收集

  • 获取患者临床资料,包括年龄、性别、既往病史、实验室检查、既往用药史、基线血压、梗死部位及基线NIHSS评分等。

  • 1.2.2 轻型急性缺血性卒中END的评估

  • 神经功能缺损情况采用NIHSS评分评估,由经过培训的神经内科医生在轻型急性缺血性卒中患者入院后每天进行2~3次NIHSS评分的评估,持续至少7d,END定义为入院后7d内NIHSS评分升高恶化≥2分或运动功能部分上升恶化≥1分[18-19]

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 所有统计学方法均采用R 4.0.3统计软件进行分析。符合正态分布的计量资料用均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料以中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,两组间比较采用Mann⁃Whitney U 检验; 计数资料以百分比表示,组间比较采用χ2 检验。将单因素分析中P< 0.05的因素纳入Logistic回归,探索轻型急性缺血性卒中END的独立相关因素,并使用R软件中的rms程序包来构建基于独立相关因素的列线图模型。通过C指数判断列线图的预测能力。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 END组与非END组基线资料比较

  • END组99例(19.5%),非END组408例(80.5%)。单因素分析显示END组患者的年龄(P=0.001)、心房纤颤病史构成比(P=0.001)、缺血性心脏病病史构成比(P=0.010)、基线NIHSS评分(P=0.023)、快速血糖水平(P=0.001)、超敏C反应蛋白水平(P=0.006) 显著高于非END组,饮酒史构成比(P=0.042)、白蛋白水平(P=0.001)显著低于非END组,差异均有统计学意义(表1)。

  • 表1 轻度急性缺血性卒中患者END组与非END组患者资料对比

  • Table1 Comparison of clinical data of acute minor ischemic stroke patients between the END group and the non-END group

  • 2.2 多因素Logistic回归分析轻型急性缺血性卒中END的独立相关因素

  • 选取表1中 P< 0.05的变量作为自变量,END作为因变量,进行多因素Logistic回归分析。年龄 [优势比(odds ratio,OR)1.031,95%可信区间(95%confidence interval,95%CI):1.008~1.054;P=0.007]、心房纤颤病史(OR=4.349,95%CI:1.932~9.792;P=0.001)、基线NIHSS评分(OR=1.219,95%CI:1.021~1.455;P=0.029)、快速血糖水平(OR=1.199,95%CI: 1.083~1.328;P=0.001)、超敏C反应蛋白水平(OR=1.069,95%CI:1.027~1.113;P=0.001)、白蛋白水平(OR=0.826,95%CI:0.733~0.930;P=0.002)是轻型急性缺血性卒中END的独立相关因素(表2)。

  • 表2 END独立相关因素的多因素Logistic回归分析

  • Table2 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of inde⁃ pendent correlation factors of END

  • 2.3 轻型急性缺血性卒中END相关危险因素的列线图

  • 基于多因素Logistic回归发现的独立相关因素,构建列线图模型(图1),一致性指数为0.736(95%CI:0.677~0.796,P< 0.001),表明本列线图对轻型急性缺血性卒中后END的发生具有一定预测价值。

  • 3 讨论

  • END是急性缺血性卒中发病后常见的并发症,轻型急性缺血性卒中起病时症状较轻,病情加重后会导致患者临床预后不良,以及医患沟通的困难,为临床亟需解决的问题。本研究提示,轻型急性缺血性卒中发生END的比例为19.5%,与既往研究结果相符合[9-11]

  • 图1 轻型急性缺血性卒中患者END的列线图

  • Fig.1 Nomogram of END in patients with acute minor ischemic stroke

  • 本研究发现年龄、心房纤颤病史、基线NIHSS评分、基线快速血糖水平、基线超敏C反应蛋白水平、基线白蛋白水平与轻型急性缺血性卒中END的发生独立相关,并基于以上独立相关因素构建了列线图模型,C指数为0.736,提示本模型对轻型缺血性卒中END有着一定的预测价值。既往研究提示,年龄、心房纤颤病史、基线NIHSS评分及基线快速血糖水平与急性缺血性卒中END相关,Nam等[20] 的研究发现,年龄与皮层下单一梗死患者END的发生独立相关,经多因素Logistic回归校正后的OR值为1.05,95%CI为1.01~1.09。Huang等[21] 研究发现入院血糖水平可能是女性急性缺血性卒中患者END的重要预测因素,但在男性急性缺血性卒中患者END的预测中所起的作用并不显著。本课题组之前的研究也发现,心房纤颤病史及基线NIHSS评分与未接受血管再通治疗的急性缺血性卒中患者END独立相关[22]。超敏C反应蛋白是一种炎性生物标志物,本团队既往的研究也曾发现,超敏C反应蛋白这一指标可用于预测穿支动脉梗死患者运动功能的恶化[23]。既往关于白蛋白水平与缺血性卒中END的相关文献较少,但基础实验证实了白蛋白对缺血性卒中的神经保护作用,用白蛋白可以减少脑肿胀并增加脑组织的灌注[24],亦可以对内皮细胞起到抗炎的作用[25]。曾有研究提示白蛋白水平与卒中患者预后[26] 及罹患医院获得性肺炎[27] 之间的相关性,未来仍需前瞻性大样本临床研究来探索白蛋白水平与急性缺血性卒中患者症状恶化之间的关系。此外,还有研究发现超敏C反应蛋白/白蛋白比值可用于预测血管内治疗术后患者症状性颅内出血转化的发生[28],这为构建END的预测模型提供了新的思路。

  • 然而,本研究还存在以下几点不足:①样本量较小;②未构建验证队列对研究结果进行验证;③ 未使用机器学习等方法构建预测模型;④未能完全纳入可能对轻型急性缺血性卒中END产生影响的其他因素,如中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值[29]、抗血小板药物抵抗[11] 等;⑤暂未随访轻型急性缺血性卒中患者长期预后,构建其相应的nomogram模型; ⑥未能探索逆转、治疗轻型急性缺血性卒中患者END的方案。

  • 综上所述,本研究发现由年龄、心房纤颤病史、基线NIHSS评分、基线空腹血糖水平、基线超敏C反应蛋白水平、基线白蛋白水平构成的列线图对轻型缺血性卒中患者发生END的风险具有一定的预测价值,构成列线图的6种变量均为较常见的人口统计学特征、既往病史、卒中严重程度及实验室指标,故该列线图便于临床应用。然而,为了进一步确定本列线图在预测轻型急性缺血性卒中END中所起的作用,未来仍需大样本临床研究及外部验证队列来探索证实。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] ZHOU M,WANG H,ZENG X,et al.Mortality,morbidity,and risk factors in China and its provinces,1990⁃2017:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017[J].Lancet,2019,394(1204):1145-1158

    • [2] WANG W,JIANG B,SUN H,et al.Prevalence,incidence,and mortality of stroke in China:results from a nationwide population ⁃ based survey of 480 687 adults[J].Circula⁃ tion,2017,135(8):759-771

    • [3] 周玮,卢姗,杨洁,等.空腹血糖对缺血性脑卒中患者脑血管狭窄程度的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(2):228-231

    • [4] 潘杨,张丽.脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2与轻型缺血性卒中早期神经功能恶化风险分层的相关性研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2016,36(8):991-994

    • [5] ZHAO D,LIU J,WANG W,et al.Epidemiological transi⁃ tion of stroke in China:twenty ⁃ one ⁃ year observational study from the sino⁃MONICA⁃Beijing Project[J].Stroke,2008,39(6):1668-1674

    • [6] WANG Y L,WU D,LIAO X,et al.Burden of stroke in China[J].Int J Stroke,2007,2(3):211-213

    • [7] JOHNSTON S C,EASTON J D,FARRANT M A,et al.Clopidogrel and aspirin in acute ischemic stroke and high⁃ risk TIA[J].N Engl J Med,2018,379(3):215-225

    • [8] WANG Y,WANG Y,ZHAO X,et al.Clopidogrel with as⁃ pirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack [J].N Engl J Med,2013,369(1):11-19

    • [9] DUAN Z,TAO L,YANG M,et al.Acute in⁃hospital blood pressure variability predicts early neurological deteriora⁃ tion in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack with steno⁃occlusive arterial disease[J].J Clin Hypertens(Greenwich),2020,22(2):205-211

    • [10] YI X,LIN J,LI J,et al.Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids are me⁃ diated by EPHX2 variants and may be a predictor of early neurological deterioration in acute minor ischemic stroke [J].J Atheroscler Thromb,2017,24(12):1258-1266

    • [11] YI X Y,WANG C,LIU P,et al.Antiplatelet drug resis⁃ tance is associated with early neurological deterioration in acute minor ischemic stroke in the Chinese population [J].J Neurol,2016,263(8):1612-1619

    • [12] DIAMAND R,PLOUSSARD G,ROUMIGUIÉ M,et al.Ex⁃ ternal validation of a multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging⁃based nomogram for the prediction of extracapsu⁃ lar extension and seminal vesicle invasion in prostate can⁃ cer patients undergoing radical prostatectomy[J].Eur Urol,2021,79(2):180-185

    • [13] BERARDI G,MORISE Z,SPOSITO C,et al.Development of a nomogram to predict outcome after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in Child⁃Pugh B cirrhosis[J].J Hepatol,2020,72(1):75-84

    • [14] HUANG S,XIE X,SUN Y,et al.Development of a nomo⁃ gram that predicts the risk for coronary atherosclerotic heart disease[J].Aging(Albany NY),2020,12(10):9427-9439

    • [15] 中华医学会神经病学分会,中华医学会神经病学分会脑血管病学组.中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南2014 [J].中华神经科杂志,2015,48(4):246-257

    • [16] KHATRI P,KLEINDORFER D O,DEVLIN T,et al.Ef⁃ fect of alteplase vs aspirin on functional outcome for pa⁃ tients with acute ischemic stroke and minor nondisabling neurologic deficits:the PRISMS randomized clinical trial [J].JAMA,2018,320(2):156-166

    • [17] CUCCHIARA B,GEORGE D K,KASNER S E,et al.Dis⁃ ability after minor stroke and TIA:a secondary analysis of the SOCRATES trial[J].Neurology,2019,93(7):e708-e716

    • [18] KWON H M,LEE Y S,BAE H J,et al.Homocysteine as a predictor of early neurological deterioration in acute isch⁃ emic stroke[J].Stroke,2014,45(3):871-873

    • [19] KWON H M,LIM J S,PARK H K,et al.Hypertriglyceri⁃ demia as a possible predictor of early neurological deterio⁃ ration in acute lacunar stroke[J].J Neurol Sci,2011,309(1/2):128-130

    • [20] NAM K W,KANG M K,JEONG H Y,et al.Triglyceride⁃ glucose index is associated with early neurological deterio⁃ ration in single subcortical infarction:early prognosis in single subcortical infarctions[J].Int J Stroke,2021,doi:10.1177/1747493020984069

    • [21] HUANG Z X,HUANG Y,ZENG J,et al.Admission glu⁃ cose levels may increase the risk for early neurological de⁃ terioration in females with acute ischemic stroke[J].Front Neurol,2020,11:548892

    • [22] GONG P,ZHANG X,GONG Y,et al.A novel nomogram to predict early neurological deterioration in patients with acute ischaemic stroke[J].Eur J Neurol,2020,27(10):1996-2005

    • [23] GONG P,LIU Y,HUANG T,et al.The association be⁃ tween high⁃sensitivity C⁃reactive protein at admission and progressive motor deficits in patients with penetrating ar⁃ tery infarctions[J].BMC Neurol,2019,19(1):346

    • [24] PRAJAPATI K D,SHARMA S S,ROY N.Current per⁃ spectives on potential role of albumin in neuroprotection [J].Rev Neurosci,2011,22(3):355-363

    • [25] ZHANG W J,FREI B.Albumin selectively inhibits TNF alpha⁃induced expression of vascular cell adhesion mole⁃ cule ⁃ 1 in human aortic endothelial cells[J].Cardiovasc Res,2002,55(4):820-829

    • [26] IDICULA T T,WAJE ⁃ANDREASSEN U,BROGGER J,et al.Serum albumin in ischemic stroke patients:the high⁃ er the better.The Bergen Stroke Study[J].Cerebrovasc Dis,2009,28(1):13-17

    • [27] DZIEDZIC T,PERA J,KLIMKOWICZ A,et al.Serum al⁃ bumin level and nosocomial pneumonia in stroke patients [J].Eur J Neurol,2006,13(3):299-301

    • [28] PENG Q,HOU J,WANG S,et al.Hypersensitive C⁃reac⁃ tive protein ⁃albumin ratio predicts symptomatic intracra⁃ nial hemorrhage after endovascular therapy in acute isch⁃ emic stroke patients[J].BMC Neurol,2021,21(1):47

    • [29] GONG P,XIE Y,JIANG T,et al.Neutrophil⁃lymphocyte ratio predicts post⁃thrombolysis early neurological deterio⁃ ration in acute ischemic stroke patients[J].Brain Behav,2019,9(10):e01426

  • 参考文献

    • [1] ZHOU M,WANG H,ZENG X,et al.Mortality,morbidity,and risk factors in China and its provinces,1990⁃2017:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017[J].Lancet,2019,394(1204):1145-1158

    • [2] WANG W,JIANG B,SUN H,et al.Prevalence,incidence,and mortality of stroke in China:results from a nationwide population ⁃ based survey of 480 687 adults[J].Circula⁃ tion,2017,135(8):759-771

    • [3] 周玮,卢姗,杨洁,等.空腹血糖对缺血性脑卒中患者脑血管狭窄程度的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(2):228-231

    • [4] 潘杨,张丽.脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2与轻型缺血性卒中早期神经功能恶化风险分层的相关性研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2016,36(8):991-994

    • [5] ZHAO D,LIU J,WANG W,et al.Epidemiological transi⁃ tion of stroke in China:twenty ⁃ one ⁃ year observational study from the sino⁃MONICA⁃Beijing Project[J].Stroke,2008,39(6):1668-1674

    • [6] WANG Y L,WU D,LIAO X,et al.Burden of stroke in China[J].Int J Stroke,2007,2(3):211-213

    • [7] JOHNSTON S C,EASTON J D,FARRANT M A,et al.Clopidogrel and aspirin in acute ischemic stroke and high⁃ risk TIA[J].N Engl J Med,2018,379(3):215-225

    • [8] WANG Y,WANG Y,ZHAO X,et al.Clopidogrel with as⁃ pirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack [J].N Engl J Med,2013,369(1):11-19

    • [9] DUAN Z,TAO L,YANG M,et al.Acute in⁃hospital blood pressure variability predicts early neurological deteriora⁃ tion in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack with steno⁃occlusive arterial disease[J].J Clin Hypertens(Greenwich),2020,22(2):205-211

    • [10] YI X,LIN J,LI J,et al.Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids are me⁃ diated by EPHX2 variants and may be a predictor of early neurological deterioration in acute minor ischemic stroke [J].J Atheroscler Thromb,2017,24(12):1258-1266

    • [11] YI X Y,WANG C,LIU P,et al.Antiplatelet drug resis⁃ tance is associated with early neurological deterioration in acute minor ischemic stroke in the Chinese population [J].J Neurol,2016,263(8):1612-1619

    • [12] DIAMAND R,PLOUSSARD G,ROUMIGUIÉ M,et al.Ex⁃ ternal validation of a multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging⁃based nomogram for the prediction of extracapsu⁃ lar extension and seminal vesicle invasion in prostate can⁃ cer patients undergoing radical prostatectomy[J].Eur Urol,2021,79(2):180-185

    • [13] BERARDI G,MORISE Z,SPOSITO C,et al.Development of a nomogram to predict outcome after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in Child⁃Pugh B cirrhosis[J].J Hepatol,2020,72(1):75-84

    • [14] HUANG S,XIE X,SUN Y,et al.Development of a nomo⁃ gram that predicts the risk for coronary atherosclerotic heart disease[J].Aging(Albany NY),2020,12(10):9427-9439

    • [15] 中华医学会神经病学分会,中华医学会神经病学分会脑血管病学组.中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南2014 [J].中华神经科杂志,2015,48(4):246-257

    • [16] KHATRI P,KLEINDORFER D O,DEVLIN T,et al.Ef⁃ fect of alteplase vs aspirin on functional outcome for pa⁃ tients with acute ischemic stroke and minor nondisabling neurologic deficits:the PRISMS randomized clinical trial [J].JAMA,2018,320(2):156-166

    • [17] CUCCHIARA B,GEORGE D K,KASNER S E,et al.Dis⁃ ability after minor stroke and TIA:a secondary analysis of the SOCRATES trial[J].Neurology,2019,93(7):e708-e716

    • [18] KWON H M,LEE Y S,BAE H J,et al.Homocysteine as a predictor of early neurological deterioration in acute isch⁃ emic stroke[J].Stroke,2014,45(3):871-873

    • [19] KWON H M,LIM J S,PARK H K,et al.Hypertriglyceri⁃ demia as a possible predictor of early neurological deterio⁃ ration in acute lacunar stroke[J].J Neurol Sci,2011,309(1/2):128-130

    • [20] NAM K W,KANG M K,JEONG H Y,et al.Triglyceride⁃ glucose index is associated with early neurological deterio⁃ ration in single subcortical infarction:early prognosis in single subcortical infarctions[J].Int J Stroke,2021,doi:10.1177/1747493020984069

    • [21] HUANG Z X,HUANG Y,ZENG J,et al.Admission glu⁃ cose levels may increase the risk for early neurological de⁃ terioration in females with acute ischemic stroke[J].Front Neurol,2020,11:548892

    • [22] GONG P,ZHANG X,GONG Y,et al.A novel nomogram to predict early neurological deterioration in patients with acute ischaemic stroke[J].Eur J Neurol,2020,27(10):1996-2005

    • [23] GONG P,LIU Y,HUANG T,et al.The association be⁃ tween high⁃sensitivity C⁃reactive protein at admission and progressive motor deficits in patients with penetrating ar⁃ tery infarctions[J].BMC Neurol,2019,19(1):346

    • [24] PRAJAPATI K D,SHARMA S S,ROY N.Current per⁃ spectives on potential role of albumin in neuroprotection [J].Rev Neurosci,2011,22(3):355-363

    • [25] ZHANG W J,FREI B.Albumin selectively inhibits TNF alpha⁃induced expression of vascular cell adhesion mole⁃ cule ⁃ 1 in human aortic endothelial cells[J].Cardiovasc Res,2002,55(4):820-829

    • [26] IDICULA T T,WAJE ⁃ANDREASSEN U,BROGGER J,et al.Serum albumin in ischemic stroke patients:the high⁃ er the better.The Bergen Stroke Study[J].Cerebrovasc Dis,2009,28(1):13-17

    • [27] DZIEDZIC T,PERA J,KLIMKOWICZ A,et al.Serum al⁃ bumin level and nosocomial pneumonia in stroke patients [J].Eur J Neurol,2006,13(3):299-301

    • [28] PENG Q,HOU J,WANG S,et al.Hypersensitive C⁃reac⁃ tive protein ⁃albumin ratio predicts symptomatic intracra⁃ nial hemorrhage after endovascular therapy in acute isch⁃ emic stroke patients[J].BMC Neurol,2021,21(1):47

    • [29] GONG P,XIE Y,JIANG T,et al.Neutrophil⁃lymphocyte ratio predicts post⁃thrombolysis early neurological deterio⁃ ration in acute ischemic stroke patients[J].Brain Behav,2019,9(10):e01426