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通讯作者:

张红杰,E⁃mail:hjzhang06@163.com

中图分类号:R574

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)07-1044-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210717

参考文献 1
LO B,VESTER ⁃ANDERSEN M K,VIND I,et al.Chan ⁃ ges in disease behaviour and location in patients with Crohn’s disease after seven years of follow ⁃up:a Danish population ⁃ based inception cohort[J].J Crohns Colitis,2018,12(3):265-272
参考文献 2
刘笑,方淼,王方,等.克罗恩病营养支持治疗进展[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(12):1874-1878,1884
参考文献 3
SANDBORN W J.Current directions in IBD therapy:what goals are feasible with biological modifiers?[J].Gastroen⁃ terology,2008,135(5):1442-1447
参考文献 4
CHOWERS Y,ALLEZ M.Efficacy of anti⁃TNF in Crohn’ s disease:how does it work?[J].Curr Drug Targets,2010,11(2):138-142
参考文献 5
HENDLER S,COHEN B L,COLOMBEL J F,et al.High⁃ dose infliximab therapy in Crohn’s disease:clinical expe⁃ rience,safety,and efficacy[J].J Crohns Colitis,2015,9(3):266-275
参考文献 6
DANESE S,COLOMBEL J F,REINISCH W,et al.Re⁃ view article:infliximab for Crohn’s disease treatment ⁃ shifting therapeutic strategies after 10 years of clinical ex⁃ perience[J].Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2011,33(8):857-869
参考文献 7
LOLY C,BELAICHE J,LOUIS E.Predictors of severe Crohn’s disease[J].Scand J Gastroenterol,2008,43(8):948-954
参考文献 8
BEAUGERIE L,SEKSIK P,NION⁃LARMURIER I,et al.Predictors of Crohn’s disease[J].Gastroenterology,2006,130(3):650-656
参考文献 9
杨荣萍,高翔,何瑶,等.克罗恩病预后不良预测因素的研究[J].胃肠病学,2012,17(3):151-155
参考文献 10
胡品津.炎症性肠病诊断与治疗的共识意见(2012年· 广州)[J].中华内科杂志,2012,17(10):818-831
参考文献 11
ZENG Z,ZHU Z,YANG Y,et al.Incidence and clinical characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease in a deve ⁃ loped region of Guangdong Province,China:a prospective population ⁃ based study[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2013,28(7):1148-1153
参考文献 12
BENMASSAOUD A,AL⁃TAWEEL T,SASSON M S,et al.Comparative effectiveness of infliximab versus adalimum⁃ ab in patients with biologic ⁃ naïve Crohn’s disease[J].Dig Dis Sci,2018,63(5):1302-1310
参考文献 13
OUSSALAH A,DANESE S,PEYRIN⁃BIROULET L.Effi⁃ cacy of TNF antagonists beyond one year in adult and pe⁃ diatric inflammatory bowel diseases:a systematic review [J].Curr Drug Targets,2010,11(2):156-175
参考文献 14
ATREYA R,NEURATH M F,SIEGMUND B.Personaliz⁃ ing treatment in IBD:hype or reality in 2020?can we pre⁃ dict response to anti ⁃ TNF?[J].Front Med(Lausanne),2020,7:517
参考文献 15
GONCZI L,VEGH Z,GOLOVICS P A,et al.Prediction of short ⁃ and medium ⁃term efficacy of biosimilar infliximab therapy.Do trough levels and antidrug antibody levels or clinical and biochemical markers play the more important role?[J].J Crohns Colitis,2017,11(6):697-705
参考文献 16
KENNEDY N A,HEAP G A,GREEN H D,et al.Predic⁃ tors of anti ⁃TNF treatment failure in anti ⁃TNF ⁃naive pa⁃ tients with active luminal Crohn’s disease:a prospective,multicentre,cohort study[J].Lancet Gastroenterol Hepa⁃ tol,2019,4(5):341-353
参考文献 17
LOPETUSO L R,GERARDI V,PAPA V,et al.Can we predict the efficacy of anti ⁃TNF ⁃α agents?[J].Int J Mol Sci,2017,18(9):1973
参考文献 18
HLAVATY T,FERRANTE M,HENCKAERTS L,et al.Predictive model for the outcome of infliximab therapy in Crohn’s disease based on apoptotic pharmacogenetic in⁃ dex and clinical predictors[J].Inflamm Bowel Dis,2007,13(4):372-379
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探究高危因素对英夫利西单抗(infliximab,IFX)治疗克罗恩病(Crohn’s disease,CD)临床疗效的影响。方法: 纳入 61 例接受 IFX 治疗的 CD 患者,根据年龄、广泛肠道病变、上消化道病变和肛周病变等高危因素的数目,将 CD 患者分为1个高危因素组(组1)、2个高危因素组(组2)及2个以上高危因素组(组3),并根据是否广泛肠道病变或合并肛周病变进一步分组,比较各组治疗后的临床应答率和黏膜愈合率,评估高危因素对IFX疗效的影响。结果:IFX治疗后第2、6周,组1临床应答率均高于组2及组3(P < 0.05),而3组第14周临床应答率及第38周黏膜愈合率差异无统计学意义。非广泛病变亚组第2 周(P =0.013)及第6周(P =0.021)临床应答率均高于广泛病变组,两组第14周临床应答率及第38周黏膜愈合率差异无统计学意义。无肛周病变组第2、6、14周临床应答率及第38周黏膜愈合率较合并肛周病变组有增高趋势,但差异均无统计学意义。 结论:高危因素越少的CD患者可能越早获得临床应答,但高危因素可能并不影响CD患者的最终临床应答率及肠道黏膜愈合率。

    Abstract

    Objective:To evaluate the effect of high⁃risk factors on infliximab(IFX)efficacy in patients with Crohn’s disease(CD). Methods:Sixty ⁃ one patients with CD who received IFX treatment(09/2012⁃05/2019)were recruited. We performed a retrospective study comparing IFX efficacy in patients with one(group 1),two(group 2)and more than two high⁃risk factors(group 3). Patients were also subdivided according to extensive intestine lesions and perianal lesions. The rate of clinical response/mucosal healing was used as evaluation index. Results:At week 2 and week 6,group 1 achieved higher clinical response rate than group 2 and group 3(P < 0.05), while the clinical response rate at week 14 and the mucosal healing rate at week 38 among groups were not significantly different. Patients without extensive intestine lesions achieved higher clinical response rate than those with extensive intestine lesions at week 2 (P =0.013)and week 6(P =0.021),while the clinical response rate at week 14 and the mucosal healing rate at week 38 were not significantly different between groups with extensive intestine lesions or not(P > 0.05). Patients with perianal lesions or not had no significant difference on the clinical response rate and mucosal healing rate after treatment(P > 0.05). Conclusion:Patients with fewer high ⁃ risk factors may achieve clinical response earlier,but high ⁃ risk factors may not affect the final clinical response and mucosal healing rate in patients with CD.

  • 克罗恩病(Crohn’s disease,CD)是一种病因不明的消化道慢性炎症性疾病,可发生于消化道的任何部位,常为缓解期和活动期交替[1-2]。传统治疗药物包括糖皮质激素、5⁃氨基水杨酸制剂及免疫抑制剂。然而,传统药物治疗只有约50%的CD患者可获得缓解,且常伴随不良反应[3]。因此,寻找更安全有效的药物至关重要。

  • 在过去几年中,肿瘤坏死因子⁃α(tumor necrosis factor α,TNF⁃α)已被证实在CD发病机制中发挥重要作用[4]。英夫利西单抗(infliximab,IFX)是一种针对TNF⁃α的单克隆抗体,可诱导和维持CD患者缓解,促进黏膜愈合[5-6]。但CD患者对IFX的治疗反应存在不同。

  • 既往研究显示具有广泛肠道病变(肠道累积受累>100cm)、发病年龄轻(<40岁)、合并上消化道病变、肛周病变以及首次发病即需要激素治疗等特点的CD患者常预后不良[7-9]。本研究旨在探讨IFX在具有不同高危因素的CD患者中的应答及疗效反应,有助于为CD患者选择个性化治疗方案。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 纳入2012年9月—2019年5月于南京医科大学第一附属医院消化科接受IFX治疗的61例CD患者为研究对象。纳入标准:①根据炎症性肠病诊断与治疗的共识意见(2012年·广州)诊断为CD患者[10];② 有完整病历记录;③无过敏反应;④疾病活动指数评分(Crohn’s disease activity index,CDAI)>150,基线内镜检查有溃疡;⑤第38周完成了内镜复查;⑥ 初次使用IFX。排除标准:①联合用药;②因严重不良事件终止IFX治疗。所有患者在第0、2、6周按5mg/kg IFX剂量诱导缓解,随后每8周接受1次IFX作为维持治疗。在第0、38周对患者进行内镜复查。本研究通过南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会审核,所有研究对象均知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 记录患者一般资料(年龄、性别、病程、疾病类型、确诊年龄、病变部位、疾病行为、临床症状);记录基线及第38周肠镜结果。

  • CD临床分型参照蒙特利尔分型标准[10]:①按确诊年龄(A)分为A1型,≤16岁;A2型,17~40岁;A3型,>40岁。②按病变部位(L)分为回肠末端型 (L1)、结肠型(L2)、回结肠型(L3)、上消化道型(L4) (不含L1~L3),若同时累及上消化道和L1~L3,归为L1~L3。③按疾病行为(B)分为非狭窄非穿透型 (B1)、狭窄型(B2)、穿透型(B3)。肛周病变(P)对疾病行为进行补充。④按CDAI分型,<150分为缓解期,≥150分为活动期,CDAI的计算参照Best克罗恩病活动指数计算法[10]

  • 疗效评估:采用临床应答率和内镜下黏膜愈合率作为评估IFX疗效的指标。临床应答分别在初始治疗后第2、6、14周进行评估,临床应答定义为CDAI评分较基线降低至少100分。基线内镜检查有溃疡的患者在IFX首次治疗后第38周再次接受内镜复查,内镜下黏膜愈合的定义为所有溃疡消失[10]

  • 本研究评估了发病年龄轻、广泛肠道病变(肠道损伤累积长度>100cm)、合并上消化道病变和肛周病变这4种高危因素对IFX疗效的影响。根据患者合并的高危因素数目,将CD患者分为1个高危因素组(组1)、2个高危因素组(组2)以及2个以上高危因素组(组3)。由于所有患者年龄均小于40岁且只有8例患者同时合并上消化道病变,因此亚组分析中只评估广泛肠道病变和肛周病变2个高危因素的影响。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 应用SPSS 21.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料符合正态分布用均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,组间比较采用t检验或方差分析(ANOVA);若不符合正态分布用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,组间比较采用Mann⁃Whitney U 检验或Kruskal⁃Wallis H 检验。计数资料用频数(百分率)表示,组间比较采用Fisher’s确切概率法或χ2 检验。P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 一般资料

  • 本研究共纳入61例接受IFX治疗的CD患者,平均确诊年龄为(23.08±6.28)岁,其中男47例,女14例,符合CD好发于青年期,且男性多于女性的特征;其中病变局限在回肠末端(37.7%)或回肠、结肠同时受累(55.7%)的患者比例较高,而单独累及结肠的患者比例较低(6.6%)。合并肛周病变的CD患者比例较高(47.5%)(表1)。

  • 2.2 IFX治疗后的临床应答及黏膜愈合情况

  • 根据合并高危因素的数目将CD患者分为具有1个高危因素组(组1)、2个高危因素组(组2)及2个以上高危因素组(组3),3组患者年龄、性别、病程无统计学差异(P> 0.05)。

  • IFX治疗后第2周3组临床应答率分别为68.4%、31.8%、35.0%,治疗后第6周3组临床应答率分别为94.7%、68.2%、65.0%,在治疗后第2周及第6周组1临床应答率均明显高于组2及组3(P< 0.05)。与组1比较,组2、组3的第14周临床应答率及第38周黏膜愈合率呈降低趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05,表2)。

  • 表1 基线临床特征

  • Table1 Basic characteristics of all patients

  • 2.3 广泛肠道病变对IFX临床疗效的影响

  • 根据是否存在广泛肠道病变,将61例CD患者分为广泛病变(n=29)和非广泛病变(n=32)组。两组患者确诊年龄、性别、病程无统计学差异(P> 0.05,表3)。

  • 非广泛病变组患者接受IFX治疗后第2周 (59.4%vs.27.6%)及第6周(87.5%vs.62.2%)临床应答率均高于广泛病变组,差异均有统计学意义 (P< 0.05),而第14周时,两组临床应答率差异没有统计学意义(P> 0.05)。在第38周时,非广泛病变组获得黏膜愈合的患者比例较广泛病变组有增加的趋势(50.0%vs.34.5%),但差异无统计学意义 (P> 0.05,表3)。

  • 2.4 肛周病变对IFX临床疗效的影响

  • 根据是否存在肛周病变,将CD患者分为合并肛周病变组(n=28)和无肛周病变组(n=32)。两组确诊年龄、性别及病程无统计学差异(P> 0.05)。

  • IFX治疗后,与合并肛周病变组相比,无肛周病变组患者第2周(48.5%vs.39.3%)、第6周(81.8%vs.67.9%)、第14周(90.9%vs.85.7%)临床应答率及第38周(48.5%vs.35.7%)黏膜愈合率均有增高趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05,表4)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 我国CD的发病率和患病率呈逐年上升趋势[11]。既往CD的治疗目标为症状缓解,抗肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)制剂对CD患者具有诱导和维持临床缓解、促进黏膜愈合、降低住院率及手术率的作用[612-13]

  • 既往研究提示,合并肛周病变等高危因素的CD患者预后不良,且合并高危因素越多,对预后不良的预测价值越高[10]。本研究比较了合并不同数目高危因素的CD患者对IFX的疗效,结果显示IFX治疗后第2、6周,合并1个高危因素组临床应答率高于合并2个及以上高危因素组,且合并高危因素越少的患者,第14周临床应答率及第38周黏膜愈合率均有增高趋势,与既往研究结果相似。

  • 表2 3组的人口统计学特征、临床应答率、黏膜愈合率

  • Table2 Comparison of basic characteristics and the rate of clinical response/mucosal healing in three groups

  • 与组1比较,* P< 0.05。

  • 表3 广泛病变及非广泛病变组人口统计学特征、临床应答率、黏膜愈合率

  • Table3 Comparison of basic characteristics and the rate of clinical response/mucosal healing in groups with/without exten⁃ sive intestine lesions

  • 表4 肛周病变及无肛周病变组人口统计学特征、临床应答率、黏膜愈合率

  • Table4 Comparison of basic characteristics and the rate of clinical response/mucosal healing in groups with/without peri⁃ anal lesions

  • 在法国的一项研究中,发病年龄小于40岁、初次发作即需用激素治疗、合并肛周病变与CD预后不良相关[8]。在另一项研究中,初次发作即需用激素治疗、合并肛周病变同样与CD预后不良相关,此研究结果还显示,与孤立性结肠或孤立性小肠病变相比,回结肠病变与预后不良明显相关,提示CD患者病变范围也与疾病预后相关[7]。本研究单独分析了广泛肠道受累及肛周病变对IFX治疗CD的影响。无肛周病变的CD患者,IFX治疗后第2、6、14周的临床应答率及第38周的黏膜愈合率,与合并肛周病变组相比均有降低趋势,但无统计学差异,提示肛周病变与IFX疗效存在关联,但肛周病变并不影响IFX治疗的临床应答及黏膜愈合。根据肠道累及范围分组比较,在IFX治疗后第2、6周,广泛肠道病变组临床应答率低于非广泛病变组,在第14周时两组临床应答率无统计学差异,在第38周时,广泛肠道病变组的黏膜愈合率与非广泛病变组相比有降低趋势,但差异无统计学意义。因此,广泛肠道病变的CD患者可能比局限肠道病变的患者更晚获得临床应答,但总体临床应答率与黏膜愈合率均无明显差异。

  • 影响IFX治疗CD疗效的因素众多,既往研究发现可能的影响因素包括疾病和临床相关因素(性别、年龄、体重、吸烟、病程、病变部位、疾病行为、疾病活动度、合并症)、血液和粪便指标(C反应蛋白、粪钙卫蛋白、血红蛋白、中性粒细胞⁃淋巴细胞比率、白蛋白)、免疫原性(ANCA、抗药抗体等)、既往治疗方案、药物基因组学、微生物和代谢标志物(胆汁酸、氨基酸和脂质途径的改变)[18] 以及血液和粪便衍生的参数等,尽管大量研究发现了影响IFX疗效的因素,但目前没有一种决定性的预测指标[14-17]。因此,结合诸多影响IFX疗效因素,建立预测IFX疗效的模型,为个性化治疗提供有效工具,可能成为未来研究的重点[18]。本研究评估了与CD特征相关的4个高危因素,其他危险因素如吸烟、初次发病即使用激素、抗TNF谷浓度、既往手术史等均未纳入研究。

  • 总之,影响IFX治疗CD疗效的因素众多,且存在争议,本研究评估CD患者合并高危因素的数目及疾病特征(病变范围和肛周病变)对IFX治疗后的临床应答及黏膜愈合情况的影响,发现合并高危因素多、广泛肠道受累及肛周病变的CD患者,IFX治疗后第2、6、14周的临床应答率及第38周的黏膜愈合率有降低趋势,可为综合评估CD患者疾病状态、预测IFX疗效提供参考。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LO B,VESTER ⁃ANDERSEN M K,VIND I,et al.Chan ⁃ ges in disease behaviour and location in patients with Crohn’s disease after seven years of follow ⁃up:a Danish population ⁃ based inception cohort[J].J Crohns Colitis,2018,12(3):265-272

    • [2] 刘笑,方淼,王方,等.克罗恩病营养支持治疗进展[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(12):1874-1878,1884

    • [3] SANDBORN W J.Current directions in IBD therapy:what goals are feasible with biological modifiers?[J].Gastroen⁃ terology,2008,135(5):1442-1447

    • [4] CHOWERS Y,ALLEZ M.Efficacy of anti⁃TNF in Crohn’ s disease:how does it work?[J].Curr Drug Targets,2010,11(2):138-142

    • [5] HENDLER S,COHEN B L,COLOMBEL J F,et al.High⁃ dose infliximab therapy in Crohn’s disease:clinical expe⁃ rience,safety,and efficacy[J].J Crohns Colitis,2015,9(3):266-275

    • [6] DANESE S,COLOMBEL J F,REINISCH W,et al.Re⁃ view article:infliximab for Crohn’s disease treatment ⁃ shifting therapeutic strategies after 10 years of clinical ex⁃ perience[J].Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2011,33(8):857-869

    • [7] LOLY C,BELAICHE J,LOUIS E.Predictors of severe Crohn’s disease[J].Scand J Gastroenterol,2008,43(8):948-954

    • [8] BEAUGERIE L,SEKSIK P,NION⁃LARMURIER I,et al.Predictors of Crohn’s disease[J].Gastroenterology,2006,130(3):650-656

    • [9] 杨荣萍,高翔,何瑶,等.克罗恩病预后不良预测因素的研究[J].胃肠病学,2012,17(3):151-155

    • [10] 胡品津.炎症性肠病诊断与治疗的共识意见(2012年· 广州)[J].中华内科杂志,2012,17(10):818-831

    • [11] ZENG Z,ZHU Z,YANG Y,et al.Incidence and clinical characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease in a deve ⁃ loped region of Guangdong Province,China:a prospective population ⁃ based study[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2013,28(7):1148-1153

    • [12] BENMASSAOUD A,AL⁃TAWEEL T,SASSON M S,et al.Comparative effectiveness of infliximab versus adalimum⁃ ab in patients with biologic ⁃ naïve Crohn’s disease[J].Dig Dis Sci,2018,63(5):1302-1310

    • [13] OUSSALAH A,DANESE S,PEYRIN⁃BIROULET L.Effi⁃ cacy of TNF antagonists beyond one year in adult and pe⁃ diatric inflammatory bowel diseases:a systematic review [J].Curr Drug Targets,2010,11(2):156-175

    • [14] ATREYA R,NEURATH M F,SIEGMUND B.Personaliz⁃ ing treatment in IBD:hype or reality in 2020?can we pre⁃ dict response to anti ⁃ TNF?[J].Front Med(Lausanne),2020,7:517

    • [15] GONCZI L,VEGH Z,GOLOVICS P A,et al.Prediction of short ⁃ and medium ⁃term efficacy of biosimilar infliximab therapy.Do trough levels and antidrug antibody levels or clinical and biochemical markers play the more important role?[J].J Crohns Colitis,2017,11(6):697-705

    • [16] KENNEDY N A,HEAP G A,GREEN H D,et al.Predic⁃ tors of anti ⁃TNF treatment failure in anti ⁃TNF ⁃naive pa⁃ tients with active luminal Crohn’s disease:a prospective,multicentre,cohort study[J].Lancet Gastroenterol Hepa⁃ tol,2019,4(5):341-353

    • [17] LOPETUSO L R,GERARDI V,PAPA V,et al.Can we predict the efficacy of anti ⁃TNF ⁃α agents?[J].Int J Mol Sci,2017,18(9):1973

    • [18] HLAVATY T,FERRANTE M,HENCKAERTS L,et al.Predictive model for the outcome of infliximab therapy in Crohn’s disease based on apoptotic pharmacogenetic in⁃ dex and clinical predictors[J].Inflamm Bowel Dis,2007,13(4):372-379

  • 参考文献

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    • [4] CHOWERS Y,ALLEZ M.Efficacy of anti⁃TNF in Crohn’ s disease:how does it work?[J].Curr Drug Targets,2010,11(2):138-142

    • [5] HENDLER S,COHEN B L,COLOMBEL J F,et al.High⁃ dose infliximab therapy in Crohn’s disease:clinical expe⁃ rience,safety,and efficacy[J].J Crohns Colitis,2015,9(3):266-275

    • [6] DANESE S,COLOMBEL J F,REINISCH W,et al.Re⁃ view article:infliximab for Crohn’s disease treatment ⁃ shifting therapeutic strategies after 10 years of clinical ex⁃ perience[J].Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2011,33(8):857-869

    • [7] LOLY C,BELAICHE J,LOUIS E.Predictors of severe Crohn’s disease[J].Scand J Gastroenterol,2008,43(8):948-954

    • [8] BEAUGERIE L,SEKSIK P,NION⁃LARMURIER I,et al.Predictors of Crohn’s disease[J].Gastroenterology,2006,130(3):650-656

    • [9] 杨荣萍,高翔,何瑶,等.克罗恩病预后不良预测因素的研究[J].胃肠病学,2012,17(3):151-155

    • [10] 胡品津.炎症性肠病诊断与治疗的共识意见(2012年· 广州)[J].中华内科杂志,2012,17(10):818-831

    • [11] ZENG Z,ZHU Z,YANG Y,et al.Incidence and clinical characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease in a deve ⁃ loped region of Guangdong Province,China:a prospective population ⁃ based study[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2013,28(7):1148-1153

    • [12] BENMASSAOUD A,AL⁃TAWEEL T,SASSON M S,et al.Comparative effectiveness of infliximab versus adalimum⁃ ab in patients with biologic ⁃ naïve Crohn’s disease[J].Dig Dis Sci,2018,63(5):1302-1310

    • [13] OUSSALAH A,DANESE S,PEYRIN⁃BIROULET L.Effi⁃ cacy of TNF antagonists beyond one year in adult and pe⁃ diatric inflammatory bowel diseases:a systematic review [J].Curr Drug Targets,2010,11(2):156-175

    • [14] ATREYA R,NEURATH M F,SIEGMUND B.Personaliz⁃ ing treatment in IBD:hype or reality in 2020?can we pre⁃ dict response to anti ⁃ TNF?[J].Front Med(Lausanne),2020,7:517

    • [15] GONCZI L,VEGH Z,GOLOVICS P A,et al.Prediction of short ⁃ and medium ⁃term efficacy of biosimilar infliximab therapy.Do trough levels and antidrug antibody levels or clinical and biochemical markers play the more important role?[J].J Crohns Colitis,2017,11(6):697-705

    • [16] KENNEDY N A,HEAP G A,GREEN H D,et al.Predic⁃ tors of anti ⁃TNF treatment failure in anti ⁃TNF ⁃naive pa⁃ tients with active luminal Crohn’s disease:a prospective,multicentre,cohort study[J].Lancet Gastroenterol Hepa⁃ tol,2019,4(5):341-353

    • [17] LOPETUSO L R,GERARDI V,PAPA V,et al.Can we predict the efficacy of anti ⁃TNF ⁃α agents?[J].Int J Mol Sci,2017,18(9):1973

    • [18] HLAVATY T,FERRANTE M,HENCKAERTS L,et al.Predictive model for the outcome of infliximab therapy in Crohn’s disease based on apoptotic pharmacogenetic in⁃ dex and clinical predictors[J].Inflamm Bowel Dis,2007,13(4):372-379