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通讯作者:

方超,E⁃mail:fangchaonjmu@hotmail.com;

吕纯业,chunyel@163.com

中图分类号:R735.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)08-1128-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210804

参考文献 1
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参考文献 8
NAREN D,YAN T,GONG Y,et al.High Wilms’tumor 1 associating protein expression predicts poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia and regulates m(6)A methylation of MYC mRNA[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2020,147(1):33-47
参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
BHARDWAJ A,SINGH S,SRIVASTAVA S K,et al.Res⁃ toration of PPP2CA expression reverses epithelial⁃to⁃mes⁃ enchymal transition and suppresses prostate tumour growth and metastasis in an orthotopic mouse model[J].Br J Cancer,2014,110(8):2000-2010
参考文献 16
DUONG F H T,DILL M T,MATTER M S,et al.Protein phosphatase 2A promotes hepatocellular carcinogenesis in the diethylnitrosamine mouse model through inhibition of p53[J].Carcinogenesis,2013,35(1):114-122
参考文献 17
HE L,LI H,WU A,et al.Functions of N6 ⁃ methyl⁃ adenosine and its role in cancer[J].Mol Cancer,2019,18(1):176
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HUANG J,CHEN Z,CHEN X,et al.The role of RNA ⁃ methyladenosine methyltransferase in cancers[J].Mol Ther Nucleic Acids,2021,23:887-896
参考文献 19
TANG J,WANG F,CHENG G,et al.Wilms’tumor 1⁃as⁃ sociating protein promotes renal cell carcinoma prolifera⁃ tion by regulating CDK2 mRNA stability[J].J Exp Clin Cancer Res,2018,37(1):40
参考文献 20
XIE W,LIU N,WANG X,et al.Wilms’tumor 1⁃associat⁃ ed protein contributes to chemo ⁃ resistance to cisplatin through the wnt/β⁃catenin pathway in endometrial cancer [J].Front Oncol,2021,11:598344
参考文献 21
JO H J,SHIM H E,HAN M E,et al.WTAP regulates mi⁃ gration and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma cells[J].J Gastroenterol,2013,48(11):1271-1282
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨蛋白磷酸酶2A催化亚基Cα(PP2Acα)的抑制是否会影响胃癌细胞的恶性表型,以及维尔姆肿瘤1相关蛋白(Wilms’tumour 1⁃associating protein,WTAP)在这一进展中的表达。方法:使用癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas, TCGA)数据库分别比较PP2Acα编码基因(PPP2CA)、WTAP基因在胃癌组织与正常胃黏膜组织中的表达量;使用KM⁃plot网站 (http://kmplot.com/analysis/)分析PPP2CA、WTAP与胃癌预后的关系;使用慢病毒介导的短发卡RNA(short hairpin RNA,shRNA) 在胃癌细胞中敲减PPP2CA,从而抑制PP2Acα的表达;随后提取RNA、蛋白分别进行定量逆转录PCR(quantitative reverse tran⁃ scription PCR,RT⁃qPCR)、蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot),检测PPP2CA、WTAP的mRNA水平及蛋白的表达;最后在离体与活体层面观察抑制PP2Acα对于胃癌细胞恶性表型的影响。结果:抑制PP2Acα后,胃癌细胞发生上皮间质转化(epithelial⁃mesen⁃ chymal transition,EMT)形态改变,且增殖、迁移与侵袭能力均得到了增强,并伴随着WTAP蛋白及mRNA水平的显著升高。结论:抑制PP2Acɑ促进胃癌细胞的恶性表型,可能是通过上调WTAP的表达水平实现的。

    Abstract

    Objective:This stndy aims to investigate whether the inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit Cα (PP2Acα)affects the malignant phenotype of gastric cancer cells and the expression of Wilms tumor 1 related protein(WTAP)in this progression. Methods:The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)database was used to compare the expression of PP2Acα coding gene (PPP2CA)and WTAP in gastric cancer and normal tissues adjacent to the cancer;the KM ⁃ plot website was used to analyze the relationship between PPP2CA,WTAP and the prognosis of gastric cancer;lentivirus⁃mediated short hair Card RNA(shRNA)was used to inhibit the expression of PP2Acα in gastric cancer cells,and then RNA and protein for PCR and WB were extracted to detect the mRNA and protein levels of PPP2CA/PP2Acα and WTAP,respecfively;finally,the influences of PP2Acα inhibition on gastric cancer cells phenotype were detected in vitro and in vivo. Results:After inhibiting PP2Acα,it was found that the proliferation,migration and invasion capabilities of gastric cancer cells were enhanced with epithelial ⁃ mesenchymal transition(EMT),accompanied by a significant increase in the protein levels of WTAP. Conclusion:Inhibition of PP2Acɑ promotes the malignant phenotype of gastric cancer cells,which may be achieved by upregulating the levels of WTAP.

    关键词

    胃癌PP2AcɑPPP2CAWTAP

    Keywords

    gastric cancerPP2AcɑPPP2CAWTAP

  • 丝氨酸/苏氨酸磷酸酶2A(protein phosphatase2A,PP2A)作为人体细胞中占比最高的磷酸酶,在恶性肿瘤的发生和转移过程中发挥重要的作用,通常被作为一种抑癌因子进行研究[1]。流行病学调查显示,作为PP2A核心基础的催化亚基α亚型PP2Acɑ,其编码基因PPP2CA突变与胃癌发生相关[2]

  • N6⁃甲基腺苷(N6⁃methyladenosine,m6A)修饰是细胞中最为重要且保守的RNA修饰[3]。生物信息学研究表明,作为m6A甲基转移酶复合物的桥接蛋白WTAP,其高表达与胃癌的不良预后密切相关[4]

  • PP2A可以通过抑制细胞 ⁃ 髓细胞症病毒性癌基因(cellular⁃myelocytomatosis viral oncogene,c⁃Myc)、 B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病⁃2基因(B⁃cell leukemia/lym⁃ phoma2,BCL)等癌基因或者癌蛋白的表达[5-7],从而发挥抑癌作用;WTAP却往往会上调癌基因或者癌蛋白的水平[8-11]。二者在恶性肿瘤中均扮演重要角色,但作用大相径庭,而且在胃癌中均无相关基础研究,并缺乏相互关系的探索。因此,本文着重于研究抑制PP2Acα是否会影响胃癌细胞的恶性表型,以及在此过程中WTAP的表达。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • 人胃癌细胞系BGC⁃823(人胃腺癌细胞,低分化,上海碧云天生物公司);慢病毒(上海凯基生物公司);结晶紫染液(上海碧云天生物公司);PCR引物(南京金斯瑞生物公司);划痕小室(易必迪公司,德国);侵袭小室(康宁公司,美国);RNA抽提试剂盒(离心柱式,上海碧云天生物公司);RT⁃qPCR试剂盒(南京诺唯赞生物公司);抗PP2A ⁃Cα/β抗体 (Santa Cruz公司,美国);抗WTAP抗体(Proteintech公司,美国);抗β⁃actin抗体(Santa Cruz公司,美国); 二抗(Rockland公司,美国)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 细胞培养

  • 人胃癌细胞系BGC⁃823,在补充有10%胎牛血清和1%青霉素/链霉素的培养基中培养。各组细胞均在37℃、5%CO2加湿培养箱中培养。

  • 1.2.2 慢病毒介导的shRNA转染细胞

  • 根据BGC⁃823的感染复数值(multiplicity of in⁃ fection,MOI),BGC⁃823细胞的MOI值为100,用慢病毒介导的shRNA转染胃癌细胞,敲减PPP2CA基因,进而抑制PP2Acα的表达。转染48h后收获细胞。然后用嘌呤霉素筛选出阳性表达的细胞,嘌呤霉素筛选浓度为2 μg/mL。实验所用shRNA序列如下: sh ⁃ PPP2CA ⁃1,5′ ⁃GATCCGTGGAACTTGACGATA⁃ CTCTAACTCGAGTTAGAGTATCGTCAAGTTCCATT⁃ TTTT⁃3′;sh⁃PPP2CA⁃2,5′⁃GATCCGCAGATCTTCT⁃ GTCTACATGGTTCAAGAGACCATGTA ⁃ GACAGAA⁃ GATCTGCTTTTTTG⁃3′;sh⁃PPP2CA⁃3,5′⁃GATCCG⁃ GCAAATCACCAGATACAAATTTCAAGAG ⁃ AATTT⁃ GTATCTGGTGATTTGCCTTTTTTG⁃3′。

  • 1.2.3 定量逆转录PCR

  • 使用RNA抽提试剂盒(离心柱式)从培养的胃癌细胞中分离总RNA,然后使用Hiscrip®RT试剂盒,按照手册将1 μg总RNA反转录为cDNA。使用分光光度计测量RNA的浓度。用荧光定量PCR试剂盒在ABI StepOnePlusTM 实时PCR系统上进行qPCR实验。引物序列如下:GAPDH,5′⁃GGAGC⁃ GAGATCCCTCCAAAAT ⁃3′(正向引物),5′⁃GGCT⁃ GTTGTCATACTTCTCATGG⁃3′(反向引物);WTAP, 5′⁃CTTCCCAAGAAGGTTCGATTGA⁃3′(正向引物), 5′ ⁃ TCAGACTCTCTTAGGCCAGTTAC ⁃ 3′(反向引物);PPP2CA,5′⁃CAAAAGAATCCAACGTGCAAG⁃ AG⁃3(′ 正向引物),5′⁃CGTTCACGGTAACGAACCTT⁃ 3(′ 反向引物)。

  • 1.2.4 蛋白免疫印迹分析

  • 将蛋白酶抑制剂混合物的裂解缓冲液、1% 磷酸酶抑制剂混合物加入胃癌细胞中,冰上裂解30min,提取蛋白质。使用蛋白定量试剂盒(BCA法)对各组蛋白浓度进行检测。在进行Western blot实验之前,将5×SDS⁃PAGE蛋白上样缓冲液按比例加入蛋白裂解物,煮沸10min后放入-20℃冰箱保存。取蛋白提取物(30~50 μg)用于预制胶电泳,电泳结束后用PVDF膜进行转膜,然后用5%脱脂奶粉溶液室温下封闭1h。TBST轻微漂洗封闭液后与稀释后的一抗(β⁃actin、PP2Acα、WTAP一抗的稀释比例均为1∶1 000)在4℃下孵育过夜,第2天与相应稀释后的二抗(二抗稀释比例为1∶10 000)在室温下孵育1h,最后在暗室中滴加适量显影液后进行曝光条带。

  • 1.2.5 克隆形成

  • 将稳定转染的胃癌细胞以每孔1 000个细胞的密度接种到6孔板中,并培养2~3周,弃去培养基, PBS洗涤2遍,然后将形成的细胞团用4%多聚甲醛固定15min,最后结晶紫染色20min。拍摄细胞团成像,并用Image J 1.8.0软件计数细胞团数。所有实验均一式3份进行,并重复至少3遍。

  • 1.2.6 细胞划痕实验

  • 配置胃癌细胞悬液,将每组细胞悬液稀释成5× 105 个/mL。将上述细胞悬液加入ibidi双孔小室中,每个小室加入70 μL细胞悬液,细胞贴壁后用无菌镊子取出小室,并加入2mL完全培养基,在0、12和24h时间点,观察细胞并使用配有照相机的倒置显微镜捕获图像。

  • 1.2.7 细胞侵袭实验

  • 使用24孔铺胶侵袭小室进行细胞侵袭测定,收获稳定转染胃癌细胞,并以1×105 个/mL的密度悬浮在无FBS的DMEM培养基中。接下来,将200 μL的细胞悬液加到上室中,同时将500 μL的含有10% FBS的DMEM添加到底部小室中。于细胞培养箱中培养24h后,用棉签除去上室中未迁移的细胞,并将过滤器底部侵袭的细胞在4%的低聚甲醛中于室温固定5min。PBS洗涤后,用结晶紫染色,并在相差显微镜下在5个随机选择的视野中以×10的放大倍数(物镜)进行计数。

  • 1.2.8 裸鼠成瘤实验

  • 本动物实验伦理由南京医科大学实验动物中心批准(IACUC⁃2103060)。为了建立胃癌细胞的异种移植模型,从南京医科大学动物实验中心购买裸鼠(雌性,4周龄)。在注射之前,在以下标准条件下,将小鼠在无特定病原体的环境中饲养1周:光照/黑暗周期12h,温度25℃,湿度40%~60%,灭菌食物和高压蒸馏水。用100 μL的PBS重悬各组胃癌细胞(细胞数量均为5×106 个),分别皮下注射到每只小鼠的腋下(每组n=4)。4周后,对小鼠实施安乐死,并对肿瘤称重。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 所有定量数据均表示为平均数±标准差(x- ± s)。使用t检验分析正态分布数据之间的统计学差异。P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。统计分析使用的软件包括Image J 1.8.0,GraphPad Prism 8。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 PPP2CA、WTAP在胃癌组织中表达异常,二者均与胃癌预后相关

  • 通过癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome At⁃ las,TCGA)数据库(https://www.cancer.gov)比较胃癌组织及癌旁正常胃黏膜组织中的PP2Acα编码基因PPP2CA和WTAP的mRNA表达水平,发现PPP2CA在胃癌组织中明显下降(P=0.037;图1A),而WTAP在胃癌组织中显著上升(P<10-12,图1B)。通过KM⁃plot网站(http://kmplot.com/analysis/)进行生存率分析,结果显示PPP2CA高表达组、WTAP低表达组的预后显著优于各自的对照组(图1C、D)。以上结果表明PPP2CA在胃癌组织中表达明显下降,而WTAP在胃癌组织中却显著升高,且二者均与胃癌的预后密切相关。

  • 图1 PPP2CA、WTAP在胃癌中的表达及其与胃癌预后的关系

  • Fig.1 The expression of PPP2CA and WTAP in gastric cancer and their relationship with the prognosis of gastric cancer

  • 2.2 抑制PP2Acα可导致WTAP的mRNA及蛋白水平升高

  • 为了探究PP2Acα与WTAP之间的关系,通过慢病毒介导的shRNA敲减胃癌细胞BGC ⁃823中的PPP2CA,抑制PP2Acα的表达。慢病毒转染48h后,对荧光表达较强的Control组、shRNA1组、shRNA3组(图2A)进行嘌呤毒素筛选,获得了稳定低表达PP2Acα的胃癌细胞。并在mRNA及蛋白水平验证敲减成功(图2B、C)。对稳定转染的胃癌细胞进行RT⁃qPCR、Western blot实验,发现抑制PP2Acα后,胃癌细胞BGC⁃823中的WTAP的mRNA及蛋白水平均明显升高(图2B、C)。

  • 图2 在骨癌细胞BGC⁃823中抑制PP2Acα对WTAP表达的影响

  • Fig.2 Inhibition of PP2ACα could influence WTAP levels in gastric cancer cell BGC⁃823

  • 2.3 体外实验表明抑制PP2Acα促进胃癌细胞的增殖、迁移与侵袭

  • 为了探究抑制PP2Acα对胃癌细胞的影响,在离体条件下进行了多种表型实验。抑制PP2Acα 后,胃癌细胞出现明显的上皮间充质转化(EMT)特征,即细胞形态向梭形改变,同时细胞之间变得松散 (图3A);克隆形成实验(图3B)发现shRNA1、shRNA3组的增殖能力均较Control组明显上升(P< 0.01)。以相同的细胞密度在ibidi小室内铺板,于贴壁后的0h、12h、24h观察划痕愈合情况,发现shRNA1组、 shRNA3组的愈合能力在12h时已显著快于Control组(图3C);且Tanswell侵袭实验也发现在培养24h后,实验组的侵袭能力明显强于对照组(P< 0.01,图3D)。上述表型实验证明了抑制PP2Acα可以促进胃癌细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭能力。

  • 2.4 在体实验表明抑制PP2Acα促进胃癌细胞的增殖

  • 将稳定转染的胃癌细胞接种到4周龄雌性裸鼠的腋下(n=4)。4周后,处死所有裸鼠,并分离出肿瘤。结果表明,实验组肿瘤体积较对照组明显增加 (P< 0.01,图4)。裸鼠成瘤实验表明在活体层面,抑制PP2Acα可以促进胃癌细胞的增殖。

  • 2.5 探究PP2Acα与WTAP二者之间的联系

  • 通过蛋白互作功能富集分析网站STRING (https://string⁃db.org/),查询PP2Acα与WTAP二者之间的联系。发现PP2Acɑ通过整合因子复合体亚基5(integrator complex subunit 5,INTS5)、RNA聚合酶Ⅱ亚基2(RNA polymerase Ⅱ subunit B,POLR2B) 与WTAP建立联系(图5A)。但是数据库显示的证据不足以明确PP2Acɑ通过INTS5、POLR2B调控WTAP的表达或功能。为了明确PP2Acɑ与WTAP之间的调控关系,又通过磷酸化位点网站Phospho⁃ site(http://www.phosphosite.org)查询WTAP的磷酸化修饰情况,发现WTAP的氨基酸序列存在大量磷酸化位点(图5B)。这也意味着WTAP上的磷酸化修饰可能会受到PP2Acα的调控,进而影响WTAP的功能与表达。

  • 3 讨论

  • PP2A全酶是由结构亚基A(65kDa),调节亚基B(50~130kDa)和催化亚基C(36kDa)组成的异源三聚体。催化亚基C为PP2A全酶的核心结构,具有2个亚型:PP2Acα(由PPP2CA基因编码)和PP2Acβ(由PPP2CB基因编码),PP2Acα的比例远高于PP2Acβ(约9倍)[12]。因此,PP2Acα的异常表达会导致PP2A全酶活性降低,影响体内磷酸化稳态的维持,进而诱导或促进各种恶性肿瘤的发生和发展[13]

  • 图3 体外实验抑制PP2Acα对胃癌细胞BGC⁃823恶性表型的影响

  • Fig.3 Inhibition of PP2ACα could affect malignant phenotypes of gastric cancer BGC⁃823cells in vitro

  • 图4 在体实验抑制PP2Acα对胃癌细胞增殖能力的影响

  • Fig.4 Inhibition of PP2Acα on the proliferation of gas⁃ tric cancer cells in vivo

  • 临床研究发现PP2Acɑ的低表达与直肠癌的T、 N、M分期相关,且PP2Acɑ低表达患者的预后更差[14]; PP2Acɑ表达的恢复可逆转EMT,并抑制前列腺肿瘤的生长和转移[15];在肝癌细胞中,PP2Acɑ可以抑制P53引起的癌细胞凋亡,促进肝癌细胞的增殖[16]。但PP2Acɑ 在胃癌中的作用却鲜有报道,通过Pubmed数据库检索,PP2Acɑ与胃癌的相关研究仅有1篇文章,2017年Huang等[2] 发现PPP2CA的遗传变异与中国人群胃癌的患病风险相关。但胃癌恶性表型的针对性研究,并未有PP2Acɑ的相关报道,其具体机制仍需进一步研究。

  • WTAP作为m6A甲基转移酶复合物中的桥接蛋白,具有稳定METTL3、METTL14的作用[17]。这一基础使得WTAP可参与细胞的许多生命过程,例如选择性剪接,X染色体失活和细胞周期调控[18]。正因为这样,WTAP的表达失调可以促进多种恶性肿瘤的发展。例如,过表达WTAP可通过稳定周期蛋白依赖性激酶2(cyclin dependent kinase2,CDK2)转录本,进而促进肾细胞癌的进展[19];其也可通过Wnt/β⁃catein信号通路来增强子宫内膜癌的抗药性[20]; 还可通过刺激转移相关标志物基质金属蛋白酶7(matrix metallopeptidase7,MMP7)和基质金属蛋白酶28(matrix metallopeptidase7,MMP28)的表达来增强胆管癌的侵袭性[21]。所以,WTAP的表达水平与胃癌进展的关系也是值得深入研究的,但目前仅有生物信息学文章支持WTAP的高表达与胃癌进展相关,相关的基础实验仍然缺乏。

  • 图5 探究PP2Acα与WTAP二者之间的联系

  • Fig.5 Explore the relationship between PP2ACα and WTAP

  • 因此,本研究初步探究了PP2Acɑ失调与胃癌进展的联系,以及在这一过程中WTAP表达水平的变化。本研究中,通过慢病毒介导的shRNA抑制胃癌细胞中PP2Acɑ的表达,随后进行的细胞体外实验表明,胃癌细胞的形态出现EMT典型特征,并且增殖、迁移与侵袭能力均得到增强;裸鼠层面的活体实验,也证明了抑制PP2Acɑ可以促进胃癌细胞的增殖;RT⁃qPCR、WB实验表明,WTAP的mRNA与蛋白水平均显著升高。基于上述讨论及实验结果,推测,抑制PP2Acɑ促进胃癌细胞的恶性表型,可能是通过上调WTAP的表达水平实现的。

  • 为了探究PP2Acɑ与WTAP之间的调控关系,笔者首先通过蛋白互作功能富集分析网站STRING,查询这两种蛋白之间的联系。发现PP2Acɑ通过INTS5、POLR2B与WTAP建立联系。但是数据库显示的证据不足以明确PP2Acɑ通过INTS5、POLR2B调控WTAP的表达或功能。为了明确PP2Acɑ与WTAP之间的调控关系,笔者又通过Phosphosite网站查询WTAP的磷酸化修饰情况,发现WTAP的氨基酸序列存在大量磷酸化位点。这表明WTAP的功能会受到磷酸化修饰的影响,而磷酸化修饰往往伴随蛋白质稳定性的改变,最终导致蛋白总量的变化。PP2Acɑ对于体内磷酸化稳态的维持必不可少,其表达失调会对蛋白的表达和功能产生重要影响,这或许可以解释本研究中出现的结果,即在胃癌细胞中抑制PP2Acɑ可导致WTAP的表达上升,但这一机制需要后续的实验深入探究加以完善。

  • 综上,通过本研究,发现抑制PP2Acɑ可以促进胃癌的增殖、迁移与侵袭,并且在这一过程中WTAP的表达显著上调。这些结果将有助于进一步对胃癌的深入研究,并对胃癌诊疗具有重要意义。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] O’CONNOR C M,PERL A,LEONARD D,et al.Thera⁃ peutic targeting of PP2A[J].Int J Biochem Cell Biol,2018,96:18293

    • [2] HUANG T T,HE K,MAO Y,et al.Genetic variants in PPP2CA are associated with gastric cancer risk in a Chi⁃ nese population[J].Sci Rep,2017,7(1):11499

    • [3] DENG X,SU R,WENG H,et al.RNA N 6 ⁃ methyl⁃ adenosine modification in cancers:current status and per⁃ spectives[J].Cell Research,2018,28(5):507-517

    • [4] LI H,SU Q,LI B,et al.High expression of WTAP leads to poor prognosis of gastric cancer by influencing tumour⁃ associated T lymphocyte infiltration[J].J cell mol med,2020,24(8):4452-4465

    • [5] ARNOLD H K,SEARS R C.A tumor suppressor role for PP2A⁃B56alpha through negative regulation of c⁃Myc and other key oncoproteins[J].Cancer Metastasis Rev,2008,27(2):147-158

    • [6] PIPPA R,ODERO M D.The Role of MYC and PP2A in the Initiation and progression of myeloid leukemias[J].Cells,2020,9(3):544

    • [7] RUVOLO P P.The Interplay between PP2A and microR⁃ NAs in leukemia[J].Front Oncol,2015,5:43

    • [8] NAREN D,YAN T,GONG Y,et al.High Wilms’tumor 1 associating protein expression predicts poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia and regulates m(6)A methylation of MYC mRNA[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2020,147(1):33-47

    • [9] LI B Q,LIANG Z Y,SEERY S,et al.WT1 associated pro⁃ tein promotes metastasis and chemo ⁃ resistance to gem⁃ citabine by stabilizing Fak mRNA in pancreatic cancer [J].Cancer Lett,2019,451:48-57

    • [10] YU H L,MA X D,TONG J F,et al.WTAP is a prognostic marker of high⁃grade serous ovarian cancer and regulates the progression of ovarian cancer cells[J].Onco Targets Ther,2019,12:6191-201

    • [11] CHO S,LEE G,PICKERING B F,et al.mTORC1 pro⁃ motes cell growth via mA ⁃ dependent mRNA degradation [J].Mol Cell,2021,S1097⁃2765(21)00178-7

    • [12] FOWLE H,ZHAO Z,GRANA X.PP2A holoenzymes,sub⁃ strate specificity driving cellular functions and deregula⁃ tion in cancer[J].Adv Cancer Res,2019,144:55-93

    • [13] LI L,FANG C,XU D,et al.Cardiomyocyte specific dele⁃ tion of PP2A causes cardiac hypertrophy[J].A J Transl Res,2016,8(4):1769-1779

    • [14] YONG L,YUFENG Z,GUANG B.Association between PPP2CA expression and colorectal cancer prognosis tu⁃ mor marker prognostic study[J].Int J Surg,2018,59:80-89

    • [15] BHARDWAJ A,SINGH S,SRIVASTAVA S K,et al.Res⁃ toration of PPP2CA expression reverses epithelial⁃to⁃mes⁃ enchymal transition and suppresses prostate tumour growth and metastasis in an orthotopic mouse model[J].Br J Cancer,2014,110(8):2000-2010

    • [16] DUONG F H T,DILL M T,MATTER M S,et al.Protein phosphatase 2A promotes hepatocellular carcinogenesis in the diethylnitrosamine mouse model through inhibition of p53[J].Carcinogenesis,2013,35(1):114-122

    • [17] HE L,LI H,WU A,et al.Functions of N6 ⁃ methyl⁃ adenosine and its role in cancer[J].Mol Cancer,2019,18(1):176

    • [18] HUANG J,CHEN Z,CHEN X,et al.The role of RNA ⁃ methyladenosine methyltransferase in cancers[J].Mol Ther Nucleic Acids,2021,23:887-896

    • [19] TANG J,WANG F,CHENG G,et al.Wilms’tumor 1⁃as⁃ sociating protein promotes renal cell carcinoma prolifera⁃ tion by regulating CDK2 mRNA stability[J].J Exp Clin Cancer Res,2018,37(1):40

    • [20] XIE W,LIU N,WANG X,et al.Wilms’tumor 1⁃associat⁃ ed protein contributes to chemo ⁃ resistance to cisplatin through the wnt/β⁃catenin pathway in endometrial cancer [J].Front Oncol,2021,11:598344

    • [21] JO H J,SHIM H E,HAN M E,et al.WTAP regulates mi⁃ gration and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma cells[J].J Gastroenterol,2013,48(11):1271-1282

  • 参考文献

    • [1] O’CONNOR C M,PERL A,LEONARD D,et al.Thera⁃ peutic targeting of PP2A[J].Int J Biochem Cell Biol,2018,96:18293

    • [2] HUANG T T,HE K,MAO Y,et al.Genetic variants in PPP2CA are associated with gastric cancer risk in a Chi⁃ nese population[J].Sci Rep,2017,7(1):11499

    • [3] DENG X,SU R,WENG H,et al.RNA N 6 ⁃ methyl⁃ adenosine modification in cancers:current status and per⁃ spectives[J].Cell Research,2018,28(5):507-517

    • [4] LI H,SU Q,LI B,et al.High expression of WTAP leads to poor prognosis of gastric cancer by influencing tumour⁃ associated T lymphocyte infiltration[J].J cell mol med,2020,24(8):4452-4465

    • [5] ARNOLD H K,SEARS R C.A tumor suppressor role for PP2A⁃B56alpha through negative regulation of c⁃Myc and other key oncoproteins[J].Cancer Metastasis Rev,2008,27(2):147-158

    • [6] PIPPA R,ODERO M D.The Role of MYC and PP2A in the Initiation and progression of myeloid leukemias[J].Cells,2020,9(3):544

    • [7] RUVOLO P P.The Interplay between PP2A and microR⁃ NAs in leukemia[J].Front Oncol,2015,5:43

    • [8] NAREN D,YAN T,GONG Y,et al.High Wilms’tumor 1 associating protein expression predicts poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia and regulates m(6)A methylation of MYC mRNA[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2020,147(1):33-47

    • [9] LI B Q,LIANG Z Y,SEERY S,et al.WT1 associated pro⁃ tein promotes metastasis and chemo ⁃ resistance to gem⁃ citabine by stabilizing Fak mRNA in pancreatic cancer [J].Cancer Lett,2019,451:48-57

    • [10] YU H L,MA X D,TONG J F,et al.WTAP is a prognostic marker of high⁃grade serous ovarian cancer and regulates the progression of ovarian cancer cells[J].Onco Targets Ther,2019,12:6191-201

    • [11] CHO S,LEE G,PICKERING B F,et al.mTORC1 pro⁃ motes cell growth via mA ⁃ dependent mRNA degradation [J].Mol Cell,2021,S1097⁃2765(21)00178-7

    • [12] FOWLE H,ZHAO Z,GRANA X.PP2A holoenzymes,sub⁃ strate specificity driving cellular functions and deregula⁃ tion in cancer[J].Adv Cancer Res,2019,144:55-93

    • [13] LI L,FANG C,XU D,et al.Cardiomyocyte specific dele⁃ tion of PP2A causes cardiac hypertrophy[J].A J Transl Res,2016,8(4):1769-1779

    • [14] YONG L,YUFENG Z,GUANG B.Association between PPP2CA expression and colorectal cancer prognosis tu⁃ mor marker prognostic study[J].Int J Surg,2018,59:80-89

    • [15] BHARDWAJ A,SINGH S,SRIVASTAVA S K,et al.Res⁃ toration of PPP2CA expression reverses epithelial⁃to⁃mes⁃ enchymal transition and suppresses prostate tumour growth and metastasis in an orthotopic mouse model[J].Br J Cancer,2014,110(8):2000-2010

    • [16] DUONG F H T,DILL M T,MATTER M S,et al.Protein phosphatase 2A promotes hepatocellular carcinogenesis in the diethylnitrosamine mouse model through inhibition of p53[J].Carcinogenesis,2013,35(1):114-122

    • [17] HE L,LI H,WU A,et al.Functions of N6 ⁃ methyl⁃ adenosine and its role in cancer[J].Mol Cancer,2019,18(1):176

    • [18] HUANG J,CHEN Z,CHEN X,et al.The role of RNA ⁃ methyladenosine methyltransferase in cancers[J].Mol Ther Nucleic Acids,2021,23:887-896

    • [19] TANG J,WANG F,CHENG G,et al.Wilms’tumor 1⁃as⁃ sociating protein promotes renal cell carcinoma prolifera⁃ tion by regulating CDK2 mRNA stability[J].J Exp Clin Cancer Res,2018,37(1):40

    • [20] XIE W,LIU N,WANG X,et al.Wilms’tumor 1⁃associat⁃ ed protein contributes to chemo ⁃ resistance to cisplatin through the wnt/β⁃catenin pathway in endometrial cancer [J].Front Oncol,2021,11:598344

    • [21] JO H J,SHIM H E,HAN M E,et al.WTAP regulates mi⁃ gration and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma cells[J].J Gastroenterol,2013,48(11):1271-1282