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通讯作者:

李春坚,E⁃mail:lijay@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R541.4

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)08-1178-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210811

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参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 20
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参考文献 21
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参考文献 23
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨氯吡格雷低反应(clopidogrel low response,CLR)与正常反应的冠心病(coronary artery disease,CAD)患者血小板miRNA表达谱的差异。方法:连续入选78例接受氯吡格雷治疗(负荷剂量300 mg,维持剂量75 mg/d)至少5 d的冠心病患者,通过光学血小板聚集仪检测所有患者二磷酸腺苷诱导的血小板聚集率(platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphos⁃ phate,PLADP),PLADP大于上四分位数的19例患者为CLR组,小于下四分位数的19例患者为对照组。提取所有入选患者纯化血小板中的总RNA,将上述两组患者的总RNA分别混为2个总RNA池,通过RNA变性电泳质检后,采用高通量测序筛选两组患者血小板 miRNA 的差异表达谱。通过靶基因预测软件 TargetScan、miRanda、PITA 和 miRWalk 对差异 miRNA 的功能进行预测。结果:两组患者临床基线资料无统计学意义。CLR组PLADP显著高于对照组(P < 0.0001)。通过RNA变性电泳检测两组总RNA未见明显降解。高通量测序发现95种血小板miRNA表达上存在显著差异,其中显著性下调且差异倍数>2的拷贝数前20 位miRNA依次是hsa⁃miR⁃300、hsa⁃miR⁃151b、hsa⁃miR⁃1299等。通过至少2个靶基因预测软件印证8个miRNA(hsa⁃miR⁃ 188⁃5p、hsa⁃miR⁃6874⁃3p、hsa⁃miR⁃218⁃5p、hsa⁃miR⁃3150b⁃3p、hsa⁃miR⁃1288⁃3p、hsa⁃miR⁃1299、hsa⁃miR⁃6862⁃5p、hsa⁃miR⁃4421) 对血小板聚集关键蛋白有调控作用。结论:CLR患者中存在血小板miRNA的显著下调,本研究筛选出8个对血小板聚集关键蛋白可能有调控作用的miRNA,可能成为个体化抗血小板治疗提供新的干预手段。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to detect the differential expression profile of platelet miRNAs(miRNA)in patients with coronary artery disease(CAD)and clopidogrel low response(CLR). Methods:A total of 78 CAD patients with clopidogrel treatment (loading dose 300 mg and maintenance dose 75 mg/d)at least 5 days were consecutively enrolled. Adenosine diphosphate(ADP) induced platelet aggregation(PLADP)was tested by light transmittance aggregation(LTA). Nineteen patients whose PLADP were at upper quartile were defined as CLR group,while another nineteen patients at lower quartile were selected as control. The total RNA of leukocyte depleted platelet(LDP)were extracted from each of the selected patients,and the extracted total RNA from the two groups were mixed into two RNA pools respectively. After two RNA pools were qualified by RNA denaturation electrophoresis,the differential expression profiles of platelet miRNAs were screened by high ⁃throughput sequencing. The target gene predicting software including TargetScan,miRanda,PITA and miRWalk were adopted to explore the miRNAs that modulate the key protein in the process of platelet aggregation. Results:Baseline clinical characteristics of the two groups showed no significant difference. The PLADP level of the CLR group was significantly higher than that of the control group(P < 0.0001). The total RNA pools of the two groups were detected by RNA denaturation electrophoresis and no significant degradation was found. 95 platelet miRNAs were differently expressed by high ⁃ throughput sequencing between the two groups,among which 20 miRNAs(hsa⁃miR⁃300,hsa⁃miR⁃151b,hsa⁃miR⁃1299,et al)were 2⁃ fold down⁃regulated in CLR patients,and 8 miRNAs(hsa⁃miR⁃188⁃5p、hsa⁃miR⁃6874⁃3p、hsa⁃miR⁃218⁃5p、hsa⁃miR⁃3150b⁃3p、hsa⁃ miR ⁃1288⁃3p、hsa ⁃miR ⁃1299、hsa ⁃miR ⁃6862⁃5p、hsa ⁃miR ⁃4421)were identified by at least two target gene predicting software as having regulatory effects on key proteins associated with platelet aggregation. Conclusion:There is a significant downregulation of platelet miRNAs in CLR patients. We successfully screen 8 miRNAs that could modulate the key protein in the process of platelet aggregation,which is warrant to be investigated in future study.

  • 抗血小板治疗是冠心病(coronary artery dis⁃ ease,CAD)药物治疗的基石。作为二磷酸腺苷(ade⁃ nosine diphosphate,ADP)受体拮抗剂,氯吡格雷被广泛应用于急性冠脉综合征(acute coronary syn⁃ drome,ACS)或冠状动脉支架植入后的CAD患者[1-2]。但研究发现,氯吡格雷的抗血小板疗效存在显著的个体差异,20%以上的患者在服用常规剂量的氯吡格雷时血小板聚集功能未被有效抑制[3],称为氯吡格雷低反应性(clopidogrel low response,CLR)或氯吡格雷抵抗(clopidogrel resistance,CR)[4]。研究显示,CLR患者的支架内血栓、心肌梗死和全因死亡的风险显著增加[5]

  • microRNA(miRNA)是一类长18~22nt的非编码RNA,其可通过与靶信使核糖核酸(messenger RNA,mRNA)特异性结合,在转录后水平调控靶基因的表达。Nagalla等[6] 发现健康志愿者中血小板高反应组与正常反应组间血小板miRNA存在表达差异,miRNA可以通过与mRNA结合来调控血小板蛋白的表达,从而影响血小板活性。本研究旨在通过筛查CLR患者血小板miRNA表达的差异,探寻对血小板聚集关键蛋白(P2Y12受体、Gi2α蛋白、血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体)可能有调控作用的miRNA,为个体化抗血小板治疗提供新的靶标。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 连续入选2015年4月—8月在南京医科大学第一附属医院心血管内科经常规氯吡格雷治疗(负荷剂量300mg,维持剂量75mg/d)至少5d的CAD患者78例。入选标准:①年龄18~80岁;②入院诊断为急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)、不稳定型心绞痛(unstable angina pectoris,UA)或稳定型心绞痛(stable angina pectoris,SA);③签署知情同意书。排除标准:①氯吡格雷过敏或不耐受者; ② 高出血风险患者(如血小板计数<80×109/L、活动性消化性溃疡、近期脑外伤史等);③ 计划服用华法林或可能干扰氯吡格雷[如细胞色素P450 3A(cyto⁃ chrome P450 3A,CYP3A)抑制剂或CYP3A诱导剂等]抗血小板疗效的药物。本研究已在clinicaltrials.gov网站注册,ID号:NCT02447809。

  • 光学血小板聚集仪(light transmittance ag⁃ gregometry,LTA;540VS,Chronolog公司,美国),全自动血液分析仪(XS⁃500i,Sysmex公司,日本),高速离心机(Centrifuge5810R)、移液枪(Eppendorf公司,德国),反应杯、搅拌磁棒(Chronolog公司,美国),漩涡震荡仪(上海青浦泸西仪器厂),pH计(上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司),去离子水制水设备(Mer⁃ ck Millipore公司,德国),电泳仪(Bio⁃Rad公司,美国),凝胶成像系统(上海天能科技有限公司),Agi⁃ lent 2200TapeStation(Agilent Technologies公司,美国),Qubit 2.0(Life Technologies公司,美国),Hiseq 2500(Illumina公司,美国),台式低温高速离心机、分光光度计、水浴锅(Thermo Fisher Scientific公司,美国),磁珠分选磁铁架(Miltenyi Biotec公司,德国),电子天平(Mettler Toledo公司,瑞士),净化工作台(苏州安泰空气技术有限公司),制冰机(SANYO公司,日本),Illumina Hiseq 2500测序仪(Illumina公司,美国)。

  • TRIzol(Invitrogen公司,美国),mirVanaTM miR⁃ NA Isolation Kit(Life Technologies公司,美国), CD45MicroBeads,human(Miltenyi Biotec公司,德国),Small RNA Sample Prep Kit(Illumina公司,美国),终浓度为5 μmol/L的ADP(Chronolog公司,美国),氢氧化钠、盐酸、冰醋酸(上海凌峰化学试剂有限公司),乙二胺四乙酸、琼脂糖、MOPS、PBS粉剂 (合肥Biosharp公司),枸橼酸钠(西陇化工股份有限公司),无水乙醇、甲醛(上海国药集团化学试剂有限公司),DEPC水(Invitrogen公司,美国),甲酰胺 (上海麦克林生化科技有限公司),5mL枸橼酸钠1∶ 9抗凝的采血管(BD公司,美国),CD45抗体、LD磁珠分选柱(Miltenyi Biotec公司,德国),0.22 μm无菌滤器(Merck Millipore公司,德国)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 血小板聚集率测定

  • 在患者服用氯吡格雷后2.5h,用含3.2%枸橼酸钠抗凝管采集肘静脉血样8mL,并于标本采集后2h内完成LTA法血小板聚集功能检测,具体方法如下:在常温下将采集的血标本以200 g离心8min,用移液枪缓慢抽取离心后血标本的上清液以获取富血小板血浆(platelet rich plasma,PRP);用全自动血液分析仪检测PRP中的血小板计数;将吸取PRP后剩余的血样常温下以2 460 g离心10min,用移液枪缓慢抽取血标本的上清液以获取贫血小板血浆 (platelet poor plasma,PPP);用PPP作为稀释液将PRP中的血小板浓度稀释至250×109/L(如PRP中的血小板浓度在250×109/L以下,则无需稀释);向PRP中加入2.5 μL终浓度为5 μmol/L的ADP,测定8min最大血小板聚集率。

  • 参照CREST研究,将ADP诱导的血小板聚集率 (platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphos⁃ phate,PLADP)大于上四分位数定义为氯吡格雷低反应性[7],小于下四分位数者设为对照组。

  • 1.2.2 血小板纯化与RNA提取及变性电泳

  • 在患者进行冠状动脉造影时,经鞘管采集15mL动脉血于枸橼酸钠抗凝管,以200 g离心10min,移取上层PRP,用免疫磁珠法分选白细胞与血小板比例低于1∶5 000 000的纯化血小板(具体操作参考CD45MicroBeads LD磁珠分选柱的说明书)。用TRIzol裂解上述纯化血小板,再用mirVanaTM miR⁃ NA Isolation Kit提取裂解后血小板中的总RNA(具体操作参考TRIzol及mirVanaTMmiRNA Isolation Kit说明书),最终将每份样本的总RNA溶解于20 μL无RNase的的DEPC水中置-80℃冰箱储存。通过Nanodrop分光光度计检测每个样本总RNA的浓度及260nm/280nm的吸光度(OD)比值,确认每个总RNA样本的OD比值均在1.8~2.0之间。按上述分组结果,将氯吡格雷低反应组和对照组患者的总RNA分别混为2个RNA池。分别从2组RNA池中取RNA样本1.5 μg,按照相应配比加入10×MOPS、甲醛、甲酰胺并混匀,用1%琼脂糖凝胶进行变性电泳。

  • 1.2.3 测序文库的构建及测序

  • 每例样本取1.5 μg总RNA行15%尿素聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,电泳后对18~32nt片段进行切割、洗脱、纯化回收。采用Small RNA Sample Prep Kit(Il⁃ lumina,美国)构建小RNA文库。纯化后的小RNA序列采用T4RNA连接酶将接头引物分别连接至2个文库的序列5′端和3′端,逆转录合成cDNA第一链, PCR建立小RNA文库。利用Illumina HiSeq 2500测序平台对该文库进行高通量测序。

  • 1.2.4 小RNA数据处理和信息分析

  • 测序所得长度为51nt的小RNA序列通过去接头、去除低质量和污染序列,最终获得18~32nt的高质量小RNA序列。统计小RNA的种类、数量及长度分布,初步判断小RNA质量。采用mirdeep2软件将所得小RNA序列与参考基因组进行比对分析,再将匹配序列分别与GenBank和Rfam 10.0数据库进行对比,筛选出miRNA序列并分类注释,分析其表达情况。

  • 1.2.5 miRNA差异表达分析

  • 将样本中的miRNA表达量标准化为TPM(tags per million),应用EdgeR软件对2对样本已知miR⁃ NA表达差异分析统计。将“差异倍数”绝对值≥2且 P< 0.05的miRNA定义为差异表达的miRNA。差异倍数=Log2(氯吡格雷低反应组miRNA标准化的表达量/对照组miRNA标准化的表达量)。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 计量资料经正态检验符合正态分布者采用均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,两组计量资料的比较采用独立样本的 t 检验;不符合正态性分布者用中位数与四分位数[MP25P75)]表示,组间比较采用非参数检验中的秩和检验;计数资料以百分率表示,计数资料比较采用χ2 检验或Fisher’s精确检验。所有数据采用SPSS 20.0统计学处理,P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 临床基线资料及患者分组

  • 根据入选患者的PLADP 结果计算出四分位数 P25=19.5%,P75=48.5%。选取PLADP>48.5%的氯吡格雷低反应性患者19例为低反应组,为了更明显地筛选出血小板miRNA表达谱的差异,将PLADP< 19.5%的19例患者设为对照组。两组患者的临床基线特征包括年龄、性别、体重指数、临床诊断、既往史及合并用药等均无统计学差异(表1)。两组患者住院期间的生化指标包括红细胞计数、白细胞计数、尿素氮、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、射血分数等亦无显著的统计学差异(表2)。

  • 2.2 住院期间的血小板聚集率

  • 氯吡格雷低反应组和对照组的PLADP 分别为54.8%±5.3%vs.13.3%±4.4%,组间存在统计学差异 (P< 0.000 1,图1)。

  • 2.3 血小板总RNA的变性电泳

  • 经Nanodrop分光光度计检测,氯吡格雷低反应组的血小板总RNA池OD值为2.0,浓度为30.3ng/μL。对照组的血小板总RNA池OD比值为1.9,浓度为41.8ng/μL。从RNA变性电泳图可以看出血小板总RNA中miRNA分布区的条带清晰,无明显降解 (图2)。

  • 2.4 两组患者血小板miRNA表达谱差异

  • 通过高通量测序发现两组患者有95种血小板miRNA表达上存在显著差异,其中显著性下调的、差异倍数>2、拷贝数前20位的miRNA依次是hsa⁃ miR⁃300、hsa⁃miR⁃151b、hsa⁃miR⁃1299、hsa⁃miR⁃16⁃ 1⁃3p、hsa ⁃miR ⁃3150b ⁃3p、hsa ⁃miR ⁃548am ⁃3p、hsa ⁃ miR⁃1260a、hsa⁃let⁃7f⁃2⁃3p、hsa⁃miR⁃4755⁃3p、hsa⁃ miR⁃3144⁃3p、hsa⁃miR⁃5004⁃3p、hsa⁃miR⁃6862⁃5p、 hsa⁃miR⁃1288⁃3p、hsa⁃miR⁃4661⁃5p、hsa⁃miR⁃4479、hsa⁃miR⁃4421、hsa⁃miR⁃6788⁃3p、hsa⁃miR⁃188⁃5p、 hsa⁃miR⁃6874⁃3p、hsa⁃miR⁃218⁃5p(表3)。

  • 表1 患者临床基线特征

  • Table1 Baseline clinical characteristics of the patients

  • 2.5 靶基因预测

  • 通过靶基因预测软件TargetScan、miRanda、PI⁃TA和miRWalk对上述显著性下调的、差异倍数>2、拷贝数前20位miRNA的靶基因进行预测,并从中筛选出至少被2个靶基因预测软件预测对血小板聚集关键蛋白(P2Y12受体、Gi2α蛋白、血小板糖蛋白 Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体)可能有调控作用的miRNA;结果发现血小板miRNAs中的hsa⁃miR⁃188⁃5p、hsa⁃miR⁃6874⁃ 3p对P2Y12受体基因的表达可能具有调控作用;hsa⁃ miR⁃218⁃5p、hsa⁃miR⁃3150b⁃3p、hsa⁃miR⁃1288⁃3p、 hsa⁃miR⁃1299、hsa⁃miR⁃6862⁃5p对Gi2α蛋白基因的表达可能具有调控作用;hsa⁃miR⁃6862⁃5p、hsa⁃miR⁃ 188⁃5p、hsa⁃miR⁃4421对血小板糖蛋白Ⅲa受体基因的表达可能具有调控作用;对于血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb受体,结果未发现同时被至少被2个靶基因预测软件预测到的交集miRNA(表4)。

  • 表2 患者住院期间的生化指标

  • Table2 Biochemical indexes of the patients during hospitalization

  • 图1 两组患者血小板聚集率

  • Fig.1 Platelet aggregation in the two groups

  • 图2 血小板总RNA的变性电泳图

  • Fig.2 Denaturation electrophoresis of platelet total RNA

  • 3 讨论

  • 目前,阿司匹林与氯吡格雷双联抗血小板治疗被广泛应用于ACS患者[18-10],较之新一代ADP受体拮抗剂替格瑞洛,氯吡格雷在年龄≥75岁的老年患者、肾功能不全、血小板计数偏低等特殊ACS患者中使用更为安全[11]。但研究发现在服用氯吡格雷常规剂量的患者中CLR发生率>20%[12],且CLR患者血栓事件发生率显著增高[5]。研究发现CLR与细胞色素P450 2C19(cytochrome P450 2C19,CYP2C19)基因多态性、糖尿病、吸烟、肥胖、肾功能不全、血清碱性磷酸酶、血尿酸等多种因素相关[13-18],但基因变异等已知因素仅可解释约12%的个体反应差异,探讨CLR的未知相关因素一直是近年来的研究热点。

  • 表3 大于2倍拷贝数下调的miRNA(前20位)

  • Table3 2⁃fold down⁃regulated miRNAs(top 20)

  • 表4 血小板miRNA靶基因预测

  • Table4 Target gene prediction of platelet miRNA

  • Chen等[19] 发现与健康对照相比,支架植入术后接受抗血小板治疗(阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷或替格瑞洛或西洛他唑)的患者中miR⁃365⁃3p表达水平与抗血小板治疗的反应性相关;Chen S等通过检测血管舒张刺激磷蛋白计算血小板反应指数来评价健康对照与介入治疗术后冠心病患者对氯吡格雷的反应性,发现miRNA⁃26a与氯吡格雷低反应性相关[20];Nagalla等[6] 发现在血小板高反应与正常反应的健康人中有74种血小板miRNA存在表达水平的差异,并发现miR⁃200b、miR⁃495和miR⁃107可通过特异性识别各自的靶mRNA来调控血小板相应蛋白的表达。因入选对象、血小板miRNA提取方法、血小板功能检测方法、miRNA测序方法等存在差异,上述不同研究筛选出的与血小板反应性相关的血小板miRNA不尽相同。

  • 本研究通过如下方面在一定程度上避免了相关偏倚对实验结果造成的影响:①参考相关研究共入选38例CAD患者[6],氯吡格雷低反应组与对照组患者的临床基线特征与生化指标均无显著的统计学差异。②采取了免疫磁珠法高效地纯化血小板后,提取的血小板miRNA又经Nanodrop分光光度计及变性电泳质控。③采用的光比浊法血小板功能检测可特异性地反映ADP通道被抑制的水平[21],是目前血小板聚集功能检测的“金标准”[22],也是国际相关共识推荐的检测方法之一[23]。 POPULAR研究比较了光比浊法、VerifyNow P2Y12、Plateletworks、 IMPACT⁃R、PFA⁃100、改良PFA P2Y共6种血小板功能检测方法,结果提示,光比浊法是对临床终点有预测价值的3种血小板功能检测方法之一[24]。④ 选取的Illumina HiSeq 2500测序平台是一个功能强大的高通量测序系统,可获得高质量数据,是目前高通量测序领域主导的检测方法之一[25]

  • 与对照组相比,CLR患者中有95种血小板miR⁃ NA表达上存在显著差异;通过查询靶基因预测软件TargetScan、miRanda、PITA和miRWalk,筛选出了至少被2个靶基因预测软件预测对血小板聚集关键蛋白(P2Y12受体、Gi2α蛋白、血小板糖蛋白IIb/IIIa受体)可能有调控作用的miRNA。在这些miRNA中,已有研究证实miR⁃218⁃5p与凝血功能相关,但具体机制还有待进一步研究[26]。这些差异表达的miRNAs有望成为血小板反应性特异性生物学标志物,也可能用于预测作用于相同位点的新型抗血小板药物的反应性。

  • 综上所述,本研究通过高通量测序探讨了CLR的CAD患者血小板miRNA的表达差异,并筛选出了8个对血小板聚集关键蛋白可能有调控作用的miR⁃ NA。随着血小板miRNA对血小板和其他细胞(包括血管内皮细胞、心肌细胞等)以及lncRNA(long non ⁃coding RNA)、circRNA、miRNA、mRNA之间的调控网络的进一步完善,miRNA在抗栓治疗中的调控作用可能会为个体化抗血小板治疗提供新的干预手段,值得进一步深入研究。

  • 参考文献

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    • [3] 孔德玉,陈俊,李春坚,等.冠心病患者阿司匹林与氯吡格雷抵抗发生情况的调查研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2013,33(6):788-791

    • [4] AL⁃HUSEIN B A,AL⁃AZZAM S I,ALZOUBI K H,et al.Investigating the effect of demographics,clinical charac⁃ teristics,and polymorphism of MDR ⁃ 1,CYP1A2,CYP3A4,and CYP3A5 on clopidogrel resistance[J].J Car Pharmacol,2018,72(6):396-302

    • [5] STUCKEY T D,KIRTANE A J,BRODIE B R,et al.Im⁃ pact of aspirin and clopidogrel hyporesponsiveness in pa⁃ tients treated with drug⁃eluting stents:2⁃year results of a prospective,multicenter registry study[J].JACC Cardio⁃ vasc Interv,2017,10(16):1607-1617

    • [6] NAGALLA S,SHAW C,KONG X,et al.Platelet microR⁃ NA⁃mRNA coexpression profiles correlate with platelet re⁃ activity[J].Blood,2011,117(19):5189-5197

    • [7] GURBEL P A,BLIDEN K P,SAMARA W,et al.Clopido⁃ grel effect on platelet reactivity in patients with stent thrombosis:results of the CREST Study[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2005,46(10):1827-1832

    • [8] MARCO R,CARLO P,JEAN ⁃ PHILIPPE C,et al.2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST ⁃ segment elevation:Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without persistent ST ⁃ segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC)[J].Eur Heart J,2016,37(3):267-315

    • [9] 中华医学会心血管病学分会,中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会.急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死诊断和治疗指南(2019)[J].中华心血管病杂志,2019,10(47):766-783

    • [10] 中华医学会心血管病学分会,中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会.非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征诊断和治疗指南(2016)[J].中华心血管病杂志,2017,45(5):359-376

    • [11] 中国医师协会心血管内科医师分会血栓防治专业委员会,中华医学会心血管病学分会介入心脏病学组,中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会.急性冠状动脉综合征特殊人群抗血小板治疗中国专家建议[J].中华心血管病杂志,2018,46(4):255-266

    • [12] GURBEL P A,BLIDEN K P,HIATT B L,et al.Clopido⁃ grel for coronary stenting:response variability,drug resis⁃ tance,and the effect of pretreatment platelet reactivity [J].Circulation(Baltimore),2003,107(23):2908-2913

    • [13] ZHUO Z L,XIAN H P,LONG Y,et al.Association be⁃ tween CYP2C19 and ABCB1 polymorphisms and clopido⁃ grel resistance in clopidogrel ⁃ treated Chinese patients [J].Anatol J Cardiol,2018,19(2):123-129

    • [14] NAKAGAWA I,PARK H S,YOKOYAMA S,et al.Influ⁃ ence of diabetes mellitus and cigarette smoking on vari⁃ ability of the clopidogrel ⁃ induced antiplatelet effect and efficacy of active management of the target P2Y12 reac⁃ tion unit range in patients undergoing neurointerventional procedures[J].J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2016,25(1):163-71

    • [15] DOGAN A,KAHRAMAN S,USTA E,et al.Effect of obe⁃ sity and serum leptin level on clopidogrel resistance[J].Turk Kardiyoloji Dernegi arsivi:Turk Kardiyoloji Derneginin yayin organidir,2016,44(7):548-53

    • [16] WU Y,SONG Y,PAN Y,et al.High on⁃clopidogrel plate⁃ let reactivity and chronic kidney disease:a meta⁃analysis of literature studies[J].Scand Cardiovasc J,2019,53(2):55-61

    • [17] YE Y,ZHAO X,TU C,et al.Elevated serum levels of al⁃ kaline phosphatase and the risk of low responsiveness to clopidogrel[J].Int Heart J,2020,;61(6):1135-1141

    • [18] WANG J,ABDUS S,TAN C,et al.Serum uric acid level negatively correlated with the prevalence of clopidogrel low response in patients undergoing antiplatelet treatment with aspirin and clopidogrel[J].Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis,2020,30(12):2215-2220

    • [19] CHEN Y C,LIN F Y,LIN Y W,et al.Platelet microRNA 365⁃3p expression correlates with high on⁃treatment plate⁃ let reactivity in coronary artery disease patients[J].Car⁃ diovasc Drug Ther,2019,33(2):129-137

    • [20] XUE H,CHEN H,GU J,et al.Expression of miRNA⁃26a in platelets is associated with clopidogrel resistance fol⁃ lowing coronary stenting[J].Exp Ther Med,2016,12(1):518-524

    • [21] DUNNE E,EGAN K,MCFADDEN S,et al.Platelet aggre⁃ gation in response to ADP is highly variable in normal do⁃ nors and patients on anti ⁃ platelet medication[J].Clin Chem Lab Med,2016,54(7):1269-1273

    • [22] HVAS A M,FAVALORO E J.Platelet function analyzed by light transmission aggregometry[J].Methods Mol Biol⁃ ogy,2017,1646:321-331

    • [23] BONELLO L,TANTRY U S,MARCUCCI R,et al.Con⁃ sensus and future directions on the definition of high on ⁃ treatment platelet reactivity to adenosine diphosphate[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2010,56(12):919-933

    • [24] BREET N J,VAN WERKUM J W,BOUMAN H J,et al.Comparison of platelet function tests in predicting clinical outcome in patients undergoing coronary stent implanta⁃ tion[J].JAMA,2010,303(8):754-762

    • [25] YOSHINAGA Y,DAUM C,HE G,et al.Genome sequenc⁃ ing[J].Methods Mol Biol,2018,1775:37-52

    • [26] PERGOLI L,CANTONE L,FAVERO C,et al.Extracellu⁃ lar vesicle ⁃packaged miRNA release after short ⁃term ex⁃ posure to particulate matter is associated with increased coagulation[J].Part Fibre Toxicol,2017,14(1):32

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 张新超,于学忠,陈凤英,等.急性冠脉综合征急诊快速诊治指南(2019)[J].临床急诊杂志,2019,20(4):253-262

    • [2] 中华医学会心血管病学分会介入心脏病学组,中国医师协会心血管内科医师分会血栓防治专业委员会,中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会.中国经皮冠状动脉介入治疗指南(2016)[J].中华心血管病杂志,2016,44(5):382-400

    • [3] 孔德玉,陈俊,李春坚,等.冠心病患者阿司匹林与氯吡格雷抵抗发生情况的调查研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2013,33(6):788-791

    • [4] AL⁃HUSEIN B A,AL⁃AZZAM S I,ALZOUBI K H,et al.Investigating the effect of demographics,clinical charac⁃ teristics,and polymorphism of MDR ⁃ 1,CYP1A2,CYP3A4,and CYP3A5 on clopidogrel resistance[J].J Car Pharmacol,2018,72(6):396-302

    • [5] STUCKEY T D,KIRTANE A J,BRODIE B R,et al.Im⁃ pact of aspirin and clopidogrel hyporesponsiveness in pa⁃ tients treated with drug⁃eluting stents:2⁃year results of a prospective,multicenter registry study[J].JACC Cardio⁃ vasc Interv,2017,10(16):1607-1617

    • [6] NAGALLA S,SHAW C,KONG X,et al.Platelet microR⁃ NA⁃mRNA coexpression profiles correlate with platelet re⁃ activity[J].Blood,2011,117(19):5189-5197

    • [7] GURBEL P A,BLIDEN K P,SAMARA W,et al.Clopido⁃ grel effect on platelet reactivity in patients with stent thrombosis:results of the CREST Study[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2005,46(10):1827-1832

    • [8] MARCO R,CARLO P,JEAN ⁃ PHILIPPE C,et al.2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST ⁃ segment elevation:Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without persistent ST ⁃ segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC)[J].Eur Heart J,2016,37(3):267-315

    • [9] 中华医学会心血管病学分会,中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会.急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死诊断和治疗指南(2019)[J].中华心血管病杂志,2019,10(47):766-783

    • [10] 中华医学会心血管病学分会,中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会.非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征诊断和治疗指南(2016)[J].中华心血管病杂志,2017,45(5):359-376

    • [11] 中国医师协会心血管内科医师分会血栓防治专业委员会,中华医学会心血管病学分会介入心脏病学组,中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会.急性冠状动脉综合征特殊人群抗血小板治疗中国专家建议[J].中华心血管病杂志,2018,46(4):255-266

    • [12] GURBEL P A,BLIDEN K P,HIATT B L,et al.Clopido⁃ grel for coronary stenting:response variability,drug resis⁃ tance,and the effect of pretreatment platelet reactivity [J].Circulation(Baltimore),2003,107(23):2908-2913

    • [13] ZHUO Z L,XIAN H P,LONG Y,et al.Association be⁃ tween CYP2C19 and ABCB1 polymorphisms and clopido⁃ grel resistance in clopidogrel ⁃ treated Chinese patients [J].Anatol J Cardiol,2018,19(2):123-129

    • [14] NAKAGAWA I,PARK H S,YOKOYAMA S,et al.Influ⁃ ence of diabetes mellitus and cigarette smoking on vari⁃ ability of the clopidogrel ⁃ induced antiplatelet effect and efficacy of active management of the target P2Y12 reac⁃ tion unit range in patients undergoing neurointerventional procedures[J].J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2016,25(1):163-71

    • [15] DOGAN A,KAHRAMAN S,USTA E,et al.Effect of obe⁃ sity and serum leptin level on clopidogrel resistance[J].Turk Kardiyoloji Dernegi arsivi:Turk Kardiyoloji Derneginin yayin organidir,2016,44(7):548-53

    • [16] WU Y,SONG Y,PAN Y,et al.High on⁃clopidogrel plate⁃ let reactivity and chronic kidney disease:a meta⁃analysis of literature studies[J].Scand Cardiovasc J,2019,53(2):55-61

    • [17] YE Y,ZHAO X,TU C,et al.Elevated serum levels of al⁃ kaline phosphatase and the risk of low responsiveness to clopidogrel[J].Int Heart J,2020,;61(6):1135-1141

    • [18] WANG J,ABDUS S,TAN C,et al.Serum uric acid level negatively correlated with the prevalence of clopidogrel low response in patients undergoing antiplatelet treatment with aspirin and clopidogrel[J].Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis,2020,30(12):2215-2220

    • [19] CHEN Y C,LIN F Y,LIN Y W,et al.Platelet microRNA 365⁃3p expression correlates with high on⁃treatment plate⁃ let reactivity in coronary artery disease patients[J].Car⁃ diovasc Drug Ther,2019,33(2):129-137

    • [20] XUE H,CHEN H,GU J,et al.Expression of miRNA⁃26a in platelets is associated with clopidogrel resistance fol⁃ lowing coronary stenting[J].Exp Ther Med,2016,12(1):518-524

    • [21] DUNNE E,EGAN K,MCFADDEN S,et al.Platelet aggre⁃ gation in response to ADP is highly variable in normal do⁃ nors and patients on anti ⁃ platelet medication[J].Clin Chem Lab Med,2016,54(7):1269-1273

    • [22] HVAS A M,FAVALORO E J.Platelet function analyzed by light transmission aggregometry[J].Methods Mol Biol⁃ ogy,2017,1646:321-331

    • [23] BONELLO L,TANTRY U S,MARCUCCI R,et al.Con⁃ sensus and future directions on the definition of high on ⁃ treatment platelet reactivity to adenosine diphosphate[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2010,56(12):919-933

    • [24] BREET N J,VAN WERKUM J W,BOUMAN H J,et al.Comparison of platelet function tests in predicting clinical outcome in patients undergoing coronary stent implanta⁃ tion[J].JAMA,2010,303(8):754-762

    • [25] YOSHINAGA Y,DAUM C,HE G,et al.Genome sequenc⁃ ing[J].Methods Mol Biol,2018,1775:37-52

    • [26] PERGOLI L,CANTONE L,FAVERO C,et al.Extracellu⁃ lar vesicle ⁃packaged miRNA release after short ⁃term ex⁃ posure to particulate matter is associated with increased coagulation[J].Part Fibre Toxicol,2017,14(1):32