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通讯作者:

陈蒙,E⁃mail:chenmeng0916@163.com

中图分类号:R725.6

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)08-1214-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210817

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参考文献 15
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:研究维生素D辅助治疗儿童支气管哮喘的临床疗效,以及患儿体内维生素D水平与哮喘的各种生物学指标的相关性。方法:收集本院279例首次诊断为支气管哮喘的儿童作为研究对象,检测患儿首次就诊时各种临床指标和相关生物学指标,根据初始维生素D水平对所有研究对象进行分组并比较。将血清维生素D水平低下的患儿随机分为试验组与对照组,在哮喘常规治疗的基础上,试验组加用维生素D 400~800 IU/d口服,比较两组患儿1年中哮喘急性发作的人数比例、症状的控制水平分级、降阶治疗不顺利次数的差异。结果:维生素D水平低下组平均血嗜酸细胞比例明显高于正常组患儿[(4.46± 3.92)% vs.(3.46±2.61)%,P < 0.05)]。随访1年期间,试验组患儿治疗过程中哮喘急性发作比例、哮喘控制水平分级及降阶治疗不顺利次数较对照组均无明显改善,甚至在治疗 3 个月内,试验组患儿出现哮喘急性发作人数的比例明显高于对照组 [37.3% vs. 12.5%,P < 0.05)]。结论:在支气管哮喘儿童中,维生素D水平低下的儿童可能更容易过敏。维生素D辅助治疗儿童支气管哮喘对哮喘症状的控制无明显效果,甚至可能有增加哮喘急性发作的风险。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of vitamin D in the adjuvant treatment of bronchial asthma in children. To investigate the correlation between vitamin D levels and various biological indicators of asthma in children with bronchial asthma. Methods:279 children with initial diagnosis of bronchial asthma were recruited as study subjects. Various clinical and biological indicators were detected at the first visit of children. All subjects were grouped and compared according to the initial vitamin D level. Then,children with low serum vitamin D level were randomly divided into the treatment group and the control group. On the basis of the conventional treatment for asthma,the treatment group was given vitamin D supplementation of 400⁃800 IU/ day orally,and the differences between the two groups in the proportion of patients with acute asthma attacks,the level of asthma control and the number of unsuccessful step ⁃ down treatment were compared. Results:The mean proportion of eosinophil in the low vitamin D group was significantly higher than that of the normal group[(4.46±3.92)% vs.(3.46±2.61)%,P < 0.05)]. During the 1⁃year follow ⁃up,the proportion of acute asthma attacks,the level of asthma control and the number of unsuccessful step ⁃ down treatments in the experimental group were not significantly improved compared with those in the control group. Even within 3 months of treatment,the proportion of children in the experimental group with acute asthma attacks was significantly higher than that in the control group [37.3% vs. 12.5%,P < 0.05]. Conclusion:Among children with bronchial asthma,children with low vitamin D levels may be more susceptible to allergies. Vitamin D supplementation in children with bronchial asthma has no significant effect on asthma symptom control and may even increase the risk of acute asthma attacks.

  • 支气管哮喘是以气道慢性炎症和气道高反应性为表现的异质性疾病,是最常见的儿童慢性疾病。目前治疗支气管哮喘的药物仍以吸入性糖皮质激素为首选[1],但是激素有抑制儿童的生长发育、抑制免疫力和引起骨质疏松等不良反应,并且部分严重哮喘患儿对激素治疗存在耐药[1]。维生素D是一种脂溶性维生素,其常见作用是促进钙磷吸收、新骨生成和钙化,是既安全又经济且很容易摄取的营养物质。近年来维生素D骨代谢之外的作用受到重视,越来越多的研究发现,维生素D受体在多种免疫细胞中表达,如树突状细胞、巨噬细胞、B淋巴细胞及T淋巴细胞等,维生素D可作用于先天免疫系统和适应性免疫系统中多种细胞[2-5],并且可作用于气道中各种细胞[6-7],但补充维生素D在哮喘治疗中的作用尚无定论,国内类似临床研究较少,本研究将以支气管哮喘儿童为研究对象,分析维生素D水平与哮喘儿童的肺功能、临床指标和生物学指标的相关性,并进行维生素D辅助治疗哮喘的效果评价。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 选取2018年5月—2019年6月本院哮喘及呼吸科门诊首次诊断为支气管哮喘的儿童作为研究对象,纳入标准:①符合2016年《儿童支气管哮喘诊断与防治指南》诊断标准[8],本研究的入组患儿均达到反复喘息伴咳嗽发作≥3次,对支气管舒张剂治疗有效;②年龄在1~14岁(含1、14岁);③患儿家长依从性较好,有条件随访,能配合有关检查及治疗。排除标准:①诊断为咳嗽变异性哮喘患者(因其症状不典型,早期确诊困难);②患有其他系统严重或慢性疾病的患儿;③近2个月有服用维生素D及类似药物病史。收集患儿初次就诊时的25羟基维生素D[25(OH)D]值、皮肤点刺试验(1岁以上)、血嗜酸性粒细胞数、血总免疫球蛋白E(immunoglob⁃ ulin E,IgE)、血清过敏原特异性IgE抗体、呼出气一氧化氮(fractional exhaled nitric oxide,FeNO)水平、肺功能指标第一秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1)、用力肺活量(forced vi⁃ tal capacity,FVC)、血清白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)⁃ 5、IL⁃10及对患儿进行儿童哮喘症状控制水平分级,以血清25(OH)D≥75nmol/L为维生素水平正常,<75nmol/L为维生素水平低下,其中50~75nmol/L为维生素D不足,<50nmol/L为维生素D水平缺乏[9-10],根据初始维生素D水平将所有研究对象分为维生素D水平低下组(<75nmol/L)与维生素D水平正常组(75~250nmol/L),再将维生素D水平低下患儿随机(按照首诊的单双日随机分配)分为试验组与对照组,两组患儿性别、有无过敏性鼻炎史、病程、初始维生素D水平及年龄差异无统计学意义 (P> 0.05)。本研究经南京市儿童医院伦理委员会审批同意(审批号:202008065⁃1)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 所有患者按照《儿童支气管哮喘诊断与防治指南(2016年版)》[8] 进行长期或按需使用吸入性糖皮质激素治疗,所有入组患儿初始维生素D均> 12.5nmol/L,不存在维生素D严重缺乏,实验组辅以口服维生素D滴剂(400IU/次,每日1次;若初始维生素D<30nmol/L,则800IU/次,每日1次)治疗,定期监测患儿血清维生素D水平,如果血清维生素D水平正常则停止口服维生素D滴剂,如果血清维生素D水平仍低于正常则继续口服维生素D滴剂。

  • 试验组及对照组患儿首诊3个月起电话随访,分别观察并记录试验组及对照组患儿治疗后第3、 6、12个月以内的哮喘控制水平分级、治疗期间哮喘急性发作≥1次的人数、哮喘用药降阶治疗不顺利次数(固定剂量维持3个月后由于哮喘复发或肺功能异常不能减量的次数)。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 使用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计学分析,计量资料均以均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,两组间均数比较先行方差齐性检验,方差齐用t检验,方差不齐用t’检验,两组间样本率的比较采用χ2 检验,相关性分析采用Pearson相关分析方法。P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 本研究共纳入患儿279例,其中维生素D水平低下组149例,维生素D水平正常组130例。在维生素D水平低下组中,随机分为试验组和对照组,因部分患儿症状缓解后自动停止治疗,排除哮喘规范治疗少于3个月病例及失去联系病例后,共有99例,其中试验组有67例,对照组32例。

  • 2.1 入组时维生素D水平低下组与维生素D水平正常组比较

  • 2.1.1 基本资料情况

  • 279例中,平均年龄(4.74±2.29)岁,年龄范围 (1.2~14.0)岁,维生素D正常组[初始血清25(OH) D≥75nmol/L]有130例(46.6%),维生素D不足[初始血清25(OH)D 50~75nmol/L]有87例(31.2%),维生素D缺乏[初始血清25(OH)D<50nmol/L]有62例 (22.2%)。维生素D水平低下组共149例,其中男性患儿112例,占75.2%,平均年龄(5.30±2.42)岁,年龄范围(1.3~14.0)岁,平均维生素D水平为(52.22± 13.03)nmol/L,维生素D水平正常组共130例,其中男性患儿90例,占69.5%,平均年龄(4.10±1.94)岁,年龄范围(1.2~12.8)岁,平均维生素D水平为(96.67 ± 17.16)nmol/L,两组性别比例差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05),维生素D水平低下组平均年龄明显大于维生素D水平正常组,差异有统计学意义(P< 0.001)。

  • 2.1.2 血嗜酸细胞比例、肺功能(FEV1/Pred、FEV1/FVC)、FeNO、IgE、IL⁃5、IL⁃10等比较

  • 维生素D水平低下组平均血嗜酸细胞比例明显高于维生素D水平正常组患儿,差异有统计学意义 (P=0.017),两组患儿入组时肺功能(FEV1/Pred、FEV1/FVC)、FeNO、IgE水平、IL⁃5、IL⁃10差异均无统计学意义(P> 0.05),完成肺功能检查的4岁及以上患儿共有158例,平均年龄(5.92±2.09)岁,年龄范围 (4.0~14.0)岁,其中维生素D水平低下组100例,维生素D水平正常组58例,两组年龄及性别比例差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05,表1)。

  • 2.1.3 血过敏原及皮肤点刺尘螨阳性率比较

  • 维生素D水平低下组血过敏原尘螨阳性率为50.3%,皮肤点刺尘螨阳性率为51.6%,血过敏原或皮肤点刺尘螨阳性率为53.1%;维生素D水平正常组血过敏原尘螨阳性率为44.0%,皮肤点刺尘螨阳性率为56.1%,血过敏原或皮肤点刺尘螨阳性率为47.2%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05,表2)。

  • 2.1.4 治疗前血清维生素D水平与血清IgE水平、年龄相关性分析

  • 所有入组患儿治疗前血清维生素D水平与血清IgE水平Pearson相关系数r=-0.098,P=0.114>0.05,不存在相关性,血清维生素D水平与年龄Pearson系数r=-0.339,P< 0.001,存在显著相关性。

  • 表1 两组FeNO、肺功能、炎症指标等比较

  • Table1 Comparison of FeNO,lung function and inflammation indicators between the two groups

  • 表2 两组血过敏原及皮肤点刺尘螨阳性率比较

  • Table2 Comparison of positive rates of dust mites in blood allergens and skin speckle between the two groups

  • 2.2 试验组与对照组临床疗效的比较

  • 2.2.1 两组基本资料

  • 本研究入组99例,试验组67例,平均年龄 (5.41±2.60)岁,年龄范围(1.3~14.0)岁,其中6岁以下患儿45例,6~12岁20例,12岁以上2例,对照组32例,平均年龄(5.26±2.20)岁,年龄范围(2.0~11.9) 岁,其中6岁以下26例,6~12岁6例,12岁以上0例,因有患儿症状缓解后自动停止治疗,部分病例治疗疗程不完整,哮喘治疗疗程满6个月76例,哮喘治疗疗程满12个月43例,按治疗疗程分层分析比较,两组初始维生素D水平、性别比例、过敏性鼻炎史阳性率、病程时间及年龄等差异均无统计学意义(P> 0.05,表3)。

  • 2.2.2 两组治疗过程中哮喘急性发作比例比较

  • 治疗3个月后,试验组出现哮喘急性发作≥1次的患儿比例明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义 (P< 0.05),治疗6个月及12个月后,比较两组患儿出现哮喘急性发作≥1次的人数比例,差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05,表4)。

  • 表3 试验组和对照组基本资料

  • Table3 Clinical characteristics of treatment group and control group

  • 表4 两组治疗过程中出现哮喘急性发作≥1次的人数比较

  • Table4 Comparison of the number of patients with acute asthma attacks at least one time during treat⁃ ment between the two groups

  • 2.2.3 两组治疗过程中哮喘控制水平分级比较

  • 两组治疗3、6及12个月后的平均哮喘控制水平分级比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05,表5)。

  • 2.2.4 两组治疗过程中降阶治疗不顺利次数比较

  • 两组患儿治疗3、6及12个月后平均哮喘用药降阶治疗不顺利次数比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05,表6)。

  • 2.5 维生素D补充治疗后情况

  • 试验组患儿维生素D补充疗程3~12个月不等,平均(5.04±3.21)个月,共23例复查维生素D,其中19例血清维生素D水平较前升高,10例维生素D水平达到正常,4例血清维生素D水平较前变化不大或稍有下降,没有患儿出现维生素D过量。

  • 表5 两组哮喘控制水平分级比较

  • Table5 Comparison of the level of asthma control be⁃ tween the two groups

  • 表6 两组治疗过程中降阶治疗不顺利次数比较

  • Table6 Comparison of the number of unsuccessful step ⁃ down treatments between the two groups

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究显示在279例新发哮喘儿童中,维生素D不足与缺乏占病例总数一半以上,其中维生素D不足占总体31.2%,维生素D缺乏占总体22.2%,在2010—2012年中国国家营养与健康调查中,调查结果显示中国儿童和青少年的维生素D水平低于50nmol/L的比例高达53.2%[11],本研究中入组的支气管哮喘儿童情况与其调查结果相近。两组儿童在性别上无统计学差异,维生素D水平低下组平均年龄明显大于维生素D水平正常组,随着年龄增加,维生素D水平明显降低,这与2010—2012年中国儿童青少年维生素D营养状况调查结果相符[11],维生素D缺乏存在显著年龄差异,这可能与我国维生素D补充及维生素D缺乏的防治主要针对3岁以下儿童有关,本研究结果显示维生素D补充在年长儿童中仍是必要的。

  • 本研究比较了维生素D水平正常组及维生素D水平低下组哮喘患儿首次就诊时肺功能、FeNO、 IgE、外周血嗜酸细胞比例、血清IL⁃5和IL⁃10等差异,通常认为在辅助型T细胞2(T helper 2cell,Th2) 相关性哮喘炎症反应中IL⁃5水平升高,而IL⁃10则可以抑制其部分炎症通路[12]。本研究中维生素D水平低下的支气管哮喘患儿血嗜酸细胞比例明显高于维生素D水平正常患儿,差别有统计学意义(P< 0.05),其他指标则不存在统计学差异,有研究发现,在成人人群中,维生素D水平与嗜酸性粒细胞计数呈负相关[13],另一项研究提示在维生素D水平较低的婴儿中,血嗜酸性粒细胞增多症较常见[14],在一项成人双盲、随机、安慰剂对照试验中,补充维生素D可减轻非特应性哮喘合并严重嗜酸粒细胞性气道炎症患者的嗜酸粒细胞性气道炎症[15],但也有研究发现,在哮喘儿童中维生素D水平与气道反应性,气道炎症和过敏程度之间没有相关性[16],补充维生素D治疗后嗜酸性粒细胞计数没有明显变化[17]。本研究提示维生素D水平与支气管哮喘患儿血嗜酸细胞水平可能存在相关性。

  • 在本研究中,两组间血过敏原及皮肤点刺尘螨阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义,将入组患儿血清维生素D水平与血清IgE水平行Pearson相关分析结果示不存在相关性。一项动物研究建立了由屋尘螨诱发过敏性气道炎症的小鼠模型,发现与对照组相比25(OH)D水平没有明显差异[18];在一项哮喘患儿维生素D水平与哮喘控制状况关系研究中发现,血清IgE水平与血清维生素D水平无相关性[19];但也有研究发现,哮喘患儿的血清维生素D水平与IgE呈显著负相关[20-21];在一项成人临床试验中,在哮喘常规治疗的基础上加用1,25二羟基维生素D3[1, 25(OH)2D3]治疗6个月后,试验组血清IgE水平明显降低[22]。研究结果尚存在不一致性,仍需开展进一步的基础及临床试验明确维生素D在IgE介导过敏反应中的作用。

  • 本研究发现在治疗3个月后,试验组哮喘患儿的出现哮喘急性发作人数显著高于对照组,这提示维生素D的补充治疗不仅对哮喘的控制无效果,可能还存在增加哮喘急性发作次数的风险,维生素D辅助治疗哮喘可能对哮喘控制存在负面影响。这与既往多数国内外临床及基础研究不一致,一项关于伊朗儿童哮喘治疗的临床试验发现,补充维生素D可以改善FEV1、FVC及FEV1/FVC等指标[23],在哮喘常规治疗的基础上加用维生素D可减少哮喘急性发作、改善肺功能以及减少吸入性激素的使用[24-26]。但也有一项研究发现在接受维生素D的补充治疗后,哮喘患儿在哮喘控制水平及肺功能等方面并无显著差异,并且肺功能中FEV1指标显著下降[27]。在患有哮喘及维生素D不足的成人中,补充维生素D3,不能延长首次出现哮喘治疗失败及加重的时间[28-29]

  • 有研究发现在哮喘合并过敏性鼻炎时,补充维生素D辅助治疗哮喘无明显积极作用,并且有可能增加鼻炎及哮喘加重风险[30],本研究中哮喘合并过敏性鼻炎患者共计57例,占总样本57.6%,按照有无过敏性鼻炎史分层分析,治疗3个月后,过敏性鼻炎史阴性的试验组平均哮喘发作次数仍显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P< 0.05)。

  • 儿童支气管哮喘与维生素D的相关性尚未明确,维生素D受体广泛表达于免疫系统各种细胞中,维生素D的免疫调节作用不可忽视[31],本研究收集的哮喘有关指标中,维生素D水平低下的支气管哮喘患儿血嗜酸细胞比例明显高于维生素D水平正常患儿,但未发现维生素D水平与支气管哮喘儿童的其他炎症介质、FeNO以及肺功能等指标存在相关性,血清维生素D水平与哮喘中的作用机制仍需进一步的研究。在本研究中,使用维生素D辅助治疗的哮喘患儿3个月内哮喘急性发作的风险增加,本研究的结果将指导临床医师在儿童支气管哮喘的临床治疗中,应在综合评估患儿的病情后,谨慎使用维生素D。

  • 本次临床试验仍存在局限性,样本量较少,血清维生素D水平的最佳测量方法尚未统一,季节、地区、光照时间及食物摄入等可导致维生素D水平差异,哮喘表型存在多样型,不同患儿的最佳维生素D补充剂量无法确定等,且不同医生对于哮喘治疗方案存在主观差异以及患儿家长的主观意愿可能影响哮喘治疗方案,需要进行更严谨、更精细的设计,并进行高质量的大样本多中心研究来进一步验证该结果。同时可行动物实验探寻维生素D影响哮喘的作用机制。

  • 综上所述,在支气管哮喘儿童中,维生素D水平低下的儿童可能更容易过敏。维生素D水平与血IgE水平、炎症因子、FeNO以及肺功能等指标无显著相关性。维生素D辅助治疗儿童支气管哮喘对哮喘症状的控制无明显效果,甚至可能有增加哮喘急性发作的风险。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] GINA Science Committee.Global strategy for asthma man⁃ agement and prevention[EB/OL].https://ginasthma.org/wp ⁃ content/uploads/2020/06/GINA ⁃ 2020 ⁃ report_20_06_ 04⁃1⁃wms.pdf,2020-02-12

    • [2] BARRAGAN M,GOOD M,KOLLS J K.Regulation of dendritic cell function by Vitamin D[J].Nutrients,2015,7(9):8127-8151

    • [3] MIRZAKHANI H,AL⁃GARAWI A,WEISS S T,et al.Vi⁃ tamin D and the development of allergic disease:how im⁃ portant is it?[J].Clin Exp Allergy,2015,45(1):114-125

    • [4] MARTIN H.Vitamin D and the intracrinology of innate immunity[J].Mol Cell Endocrinol,2010,321(2):103-111

    • [5] 陈雪,陈蒙.维生素D与儿童支气管哮喘[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(3):454-460

    • [6] HALL S C,FISCHER K D,AGRAWAL D.K.The impact of vitamin D on asthmatic human airway smooth muscle [J].Expert Rev Respir Med,2016,10(2):127-135

    • [7] BERRAIES A,HAMZAOUI K,HAMZAOUI A.Link be⁃ tween vitamin D and airway remodeling[J].J Asthma Al⁃ lergy,2014,7(4):23-30

    • [8] 中华医学会儿科学分会呼吸学组,《中华儿科杂志》编辑委员会.儿童支气管哮喘诊断与防治指南(2016 年版)[J].中华儿科杂志,2016,54(3):167-181

    • [9] 郑双双,詹建英,朱冰泉,等.中国儿童维生素D营养状况流行病学研究进展[J].中华儿科杂志,2019,57(3):232-234

    • [10] HOSSEIN ⁃ NEZHAD A,HOLICK M F.Vitamin D for health:a global perspective[J].Mayo Clin Proc,2013,88(7):720-755

    • [11] YICHUN H,JING C,RUI W,et al.Vitamin D nutritional status and its related factors for Chinese children and ado⁃ lescents in 2010⁃2012[J].Nutrients,2017,9(9):1024

    • [12] ATSUSHI K.Group 2 innate lymphoid cells in airway dis⁃ eases[J].Chest,2019,156(1):141-149

    • [13] FILHO J T D S,DE ANDRADE A S,RIBEIRO F M,et al.Impact of vitamin D deficiency on increased blood eo⁃ sinophil counts[J].Hematol oncol Stem Cell Ther,2018,11(1):25-29

    • [14] MÄÄTTÄ A M,KOTANIEMI ⁃ SYRJÄNEN A,MALM⁃ STRÖM K,et al.Vitamin D,high ⁃ sensitivity C ⁃ reactive protein,and airway hyperresponsiveness in infants with recurrent respiratory symptoms[J].Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol,2017,119(3):227-231

    • [15] DE GROOT J C,VAN ROON E N H,STORM H,et al.Vi⁃ tamin D reduces eosinophilic airway inflammation in non⁃ atopic asthma[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2015,135(3):670-675

    • [16] DABBAH H,BAR Y R,LIVNAT G,et al.Bronchial reac⁃ tivity,inflammatory and allergic parameters,and vitamin D levels in children with asthma[J].Respir Care,2015,60(8):1157-1163

    • [17] BAR YOSEPH R,LIVNAT G,SCHNAPP Z,et al.The ef⁃ fect of vitamin D on airway reactivity and inflammation in asthmatic children:a double⁃blind placebo⁃controlled trial [J].Pediatric Pulmonol,2015,50(8):747-753

    • [18] CHEN L,PERKS K L,STICK S M,et al.House dust mite induced lung inflammation does not alter circulating vita⁃ min D levels[J].PLoS one,2014,9(11):e112589

    • [19] BUGADZE L,MANJAVIDZE N,JORJOLIANI L.Asthma control status and lung function in relation to vitamin D level in children with bronchial asthma[J].Georgian Med News,2018(283):115-118

    • [20] MOHAMMADZADEH I,DARVISH S,QUJEQ D,et al.Association of serum 25 ⁃ OH vitamin D with serum IgE and the pediatric asthma severity score in patients with pediatric asthma.[J].Allergy asthma proc,2020,41(2):126-133

    • [21] BATMAZ S B,ARIKOČLU T,TAMER L,et al.Seasonal variation of asthma control,lung function tests and aller⁃ gic inflammation in relation to vitamin D levels:a prospec⁃ tive annual study[J].Postepy Dermatol Alergol,2018,35(1):99-105

    • [22] RAMOS ⁃ MARTÍNEZ E,LÓPEZ ⁃ VANCELL M R,FERNÁNDEZ D E,et al.Reduction of respiratory infec⁃ tions in asthma patients supplemented with vitamin D is related to increased serum IL⁃10 and IFNγ levels and cat⁃ helicidin expression.[J].Cytokine,2018,108:239-246

    • [23] KALMARZI R,AHMADI S,RAHEHAGH R,et al.The effect of vitamin D supplementation on clinical outcomes of asthmatic children with vitamin D insufficiency[J].En⁃ docr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets,2020,20(1):149-155

    • [24] BARIS S,KIYKIM A,OZEN A,et al.Vitamin D as an ad⁃ junct to subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy in asthmat⁃ ic children sensitized to house dust mite[J].Allergy,2014,69(2):246-253

    • [25] YADAV M,MITTAL K.Effect of Vitamin D supplementa⁃ tion on moderate to severe bronchial asthma[J].Indian J Pediatr,2014,81(7):650-654

    • [26] JOLLIFFE D A,GREENBERG L,HOOPER R L,et al.Vitamin D supplementation to prevent asthma exacerba⁃ tions:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis of individual participant data[J].Lancet Respir Med,2017,5(11):881-890

    • [27] KERLEY C P,HUTCHINSON K,CORMICAN L,et al.Vitamin D3 for uncontrolled childhood asthma:A pilot study[J].Pediatr Allergy Immunol,2016,27(4):404-412

    • [28] CASTRO M,KING T S,KUNSELMAN S J,et al.Effect of vitamin D3 on asthma treatment failures in adults with symptomatic asthma and lower vitamin D levels:the VI⁃ DA randomized clinical trial[J].JAMA,2014,311(20):2083-2091

    • [29] MARTINEAU A R,MACLAUGHLIN B D,HOOPER R L,et al.Double⁃blind randomised placebo⁃controlled trial of bolus ⁃ dose vitamin D3 supplementation in adults with asthma(ViDiAs)[J].Thorax,2015,70(5):451-457

    • [30] JIAO J,KING T S,MCKENZIE M,et al.Vitamin D3 ther⁃ apy in patients with asthma complicated by sinonasal dis⁃ ease:secondary analysis of the vitamin D add⁃on therapy enhances corticosteroid responsiveness in asthma trial [J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2016,138(2):589-592

    • [31] BOOTH D R,DING N,PARNELL G P,et al.Cistromic and genetic evidence that the vitamin D receptor mediates susceptibility to latitude ⁃dependent autoimmune diseases [J].Genes Immun,2016,17(4):213-219

  • 参考文献

    • [1] GINA Science Committee.Global strategy for asthma man⁃ agement and prevention[EB/OL].https://ginasthma.org/wp ⁃ content/uploads/2020/06/GINA ⁃ 2020 ⁃ report_20_06_ 04⁃1⁃wms.pdf,2020-02-12

    • [2] BARRAGAN M,GOOD M,KOLLS J K.Regulation of dendritic cell function by Vitamin D[J].Nutrients,2015,7(9):8127-8151

    • [3] MIRZAKHANI H,AL⁃GARAWI A,WEISS S T,et al.Vi⁃ tamin D and the development of allergic disease:how im⁃ portant is it?[J].Clin Exp Allergy,2015,45(1):114-125

    • [4] MARTIN H.Vitamin D and the intracrinology of innate immunity[J].Mol Cell Endocrinol,2010,321(2):103-111

    • [5] 陈雪,陈蒙.维生素D与儿童支气管哮喘[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(3):454-460

    • [6] HALL S C,FISCHER K D,AGRAWAL D.K.The impact of vitamin D on asthmatic human airway smooth muscle [J].Expert Rev Respir Med,2016,10(2):127-135

    • [7] BERRAIES A,HAMZAOUI K,HAMZAOUI A.Link be⁃ tween vitamin D and airway remodeling[J].J Asthma Al⁃ lergy,2014,7(4):23-30

    • [8] 中华医学会儿科学分会呼吸学组,《中华儿科杂志》编辑委员会.儿童支气管哮喘诊断与防治指南(2016 年版)[J].中华儿科杂志,2016,54(3):167-181

    • [9] 郑双双,詹建英,朱冰泉,等.中国儿童维生素D营养状况流行病学研究进展[J].中华儿科杂志,2019,57(3):232-234

    • [10] HOSSEIN ⁃ NEZHAD A,HOLICK M F.Vitamin D for health:a global perspective[J].Mayo Clin Proc,2013,88(7):720-755

    • [11] YICHUN H,JING C,RUI W,et al.Vitamin D nutritional status and its related factors for Chinese children and ado⁃ lescents in 2010⁃2012[J].Nutrients,2017,9(9):1024

    • [12] ATSUSHI K.Group 2 innate lymphoid cells in airway dis⁃ eases[J].Chest,2019,156(1):141-149

    • [13] FILHO J T D S,DE ANDRADE A S,RIBEIRO F M,et al.Impact of vitamin D deficiency on increased blood eo⁃ sinophil counts[J].Hematol oncol Stem Cell Ther,2018,11(1):25-29

    • [14] MÄÄTTÄ A M,KOTANIEMI ⁃ SYRJÄNEN A,MALM⁃ STRÖM K,et al.Vitamin D,high ⁃ sensitivity C ⁃ reactive protein,and airway hyperresponsiveness in infants with recurrent respiratory symptoms[J].Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol,2017,119(3):227-231

    • [15] DE GROOT J C,VAN ROON E N H,STORM H,et al.Vi⁃ tamin D reduces eosinophilic airway inflammation in non⁃ atopic asthma[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2015,135(3):670-675

    • [16] DABBAH H,BAR Y R,LIVNAT G,et al.Bronchial reac⁃ tivity,inflammatory and allergic parameters,and vitamin D levels in children with asthma[J].Respir Care,2015,60(8):1157-1163

    • [17] BAR YOSEPH R,LIVNAT G,SCHNAPP Z,et al.The ef⁃ fect of vitamin D on airway reactivity and inflammation in asthmatic children:a double⁃blind placebo⁃controlled trial [J].Pediatric Pulmonol,2015,50(8):747-753

    • [18] CHEN L,PERKS K L,STICK S M,et al.House dust mite induced lung inflammation does not alter circulating vita⁃ min D levels[J].PLoS one,2014,9(11):e112589

    • [19] BUGADZE L,MANJAVIDZE N,JORJOLIANI L.Asthma control status and lung function in relation to vitamin D level in children with bronchial asthma[J].Georgian Med News,2018(283):115-118

    • [20] MOHAMMADZADEH I,DARVISH S,QUJEQ D,et al.Association of serum 25 ⁃ OH vitamin D with serum IgE and the pediatric asthma severity score in patients with pediatric asthma.[J].Allergy asthma proc,2020,41(2):126-133

    • [21] BATMAZ S B,ARIKOČLU T,TAMER L,et al.Seasonal variation of asthma control,lung function tests and aller⁃ gic inflammation in relation to vitamin D levels:a prospec⁃ tive annual study[J].Postepy Dermatol Alergol,2018,35(1):99-105

    • [22] RAMOS ⁃ MARTÍNEZ E,LÓPEZ ⁃ VANCELL M R,FERNÁNDEZ D E,et al.Reduction of respiratory infec⁃ tions in asthma patients supplemented with vitamin D is related to increased serum IL⁃10 and IFNγ levels and cat⁃ helicidin expression.[J].Cytokine,2018,108:239-246

    • [23] KALMARZI R,AHMADI S,RAHEHAGH R,et al.The effect of vitamin D supplementation on clinical outcomes of asthmatic children with vitamin D insufficiency[J].En⁃ docr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets,2020,20(1):149-155

    • [24] BARIS S,KIYKIM A,OZEN A,et al.Vitamin D as an ad⁃ junct to subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy in asthmat⁃ ic children sensitized to house dust mite[J].Allergy,2014,69(2):246-253

    • [25] YADAV M,MITTAL K.Effect of Vitamin D supplementa⁃ tion on moderate to severe bronchial asthma[J].Indian J Pediatr,2014,81(7):650-654

    • [26] JOLLIFFE D A,GREENBERG L,HOOPER R L,et al.Vitamin D supplementation to prevent asthma exacerba⁃ tions:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis of individual participant data[J].Lancet Respir Med,2017,5(11):881-890

    • [27] KERLEY C P,HUTCHINSON K,CORMICAN L,et al.Vitamin D3 for uncontrolled childhood asthma:A pilot study[J].Pediatr Allergy Immunol,2016,27(4):404-412

    • [28] CASTRO M,KING T S,KUNSELMAN S J,et al.Effect of vitamin D3 on asthma treatment failures in adults with symptomatic asthma and lower vitamin D levels:the VI⁃ DA randomized clinical trial[J].JAMA,2014,311(20):2083-2091

    • [29] MARTINEAU A R,MACLAUGHLIN B D,HOOPER R L,et al.Double⁃blind randomised placebo⁃controlled trial of bolus ⁃ dose vitamin D3 supplementation in adults with asthma(ViDiAs)[J].Thorax,2015,70(5):451-457

    • [30] JIAO J,KING T S,MCKENZIE M,et al.Vitamin D3 ther⁃ apy in patients with asthma complicated by sinonasal dis⁃ ease:secondary analysis of the vitamin D add⁃on therapy enhances corticosteroid responsiveness in asthma trial [J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2016,138(2):589-592

    • [31] BOOTH D R,DING N,PARNELL G P,et al.Cistromic and genetic evidence that the vitamin D receptor mediates susceptibility to latitude ⁃dependent autoimmune diseases [J].Genes Immun,2016,17(4):213-219