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通讯作者:

陈平圣,E⁃mail:chenps@seu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R631

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)09-1289-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210903

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参考文献 14
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨活性维生素D3(vitamin D3,Vit D3)对内毒素(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及机制。方法:将40只雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分成4组:对照组、Vit D3组、模型组(LPS组)和治疗组(LPS+ Vit D3组),每组 10只。模型组和治疗组给予15 mg/kg LPS腹腔注射建立脓毒血症小鼠急性肝损伤模型。Vit D3组和治疗组小鼠在注射LPS后即刻(0 h)、8 h、16 h,给予Vit D3(2.5 μg/kg)灌胃,对照组和模型组给予等体积生理盐水灌胃。24 h后水合氯醛麻醉处死小鼠, 收集小鼠的血液和肝脏用于后续实验。结果:与模型组比较,Vit D3可降低血清和肝脏丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotrans⁃ ferase,ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)水平,提高肝组织抗氧化酶活性,减轻肝脏病理改变。 与模型组相比,Vit D3降低了血清中肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor⁃α,TNF⁃α)和白细胞介素⁃1(interleukin⁃1,IL⁃1)的水平。此外,与模型组相比,Vit D3下调了肝组织中IL⁃1β、TNF⁃α、NF⁃κB p65 和 NF⁃κB p50的表达,上调了肝组织中核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor⁃erythroid 2p45⁃relatec factor 2,Nrf2)、血红素加氧酶⁃1(heme oxygenase⁃1,HO⁃1)和维生素D受体(vitamin D receptor,VDR)的表达。结论:Vit D3对LPS诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤具有保护作用,这一效果可能部分是VDR通路抑制氧化应激和炎症所致。

    Abstract

    Objective:The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of of vitamin D3(Vit D3)on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)⁃induced liver injury in mice. Methods:Forty C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups(n= 10)as follows:control group,vitamin D3 group(Vit D3),model group(LPS),and treatment group(LPS+Vit D3). Acute liver injury of mice in model group and treatment group was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of 15 mg/kg LPS. Mice in Vit D3 group and treatment group were given 2.5 μg/kg vitamin D3 at the time points of 0 h,8 h,16 h after LPS injection,while mice in the control and model groups were treated with an equivalent volume of 0.9% sodium chloride solution. After 24 h,all mice were anesthetized with chloral hydrate. Blood and livers of mice were collected for subsequent experiments. Results:Vitamin D3 decreased the levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)in serum,increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the liver tissues compared with those in the model group and attenuated liver pathologic changes. In addition,vitamin D3 downregulated the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor⁃α(TNF⁃α),interleukin ⁃1β(IL⁃1β)compared with those in the model group. Meanwhile, vitamin D3 downregulated the protein expression of IL⁃1β,TNF⁃α,NF⁃κB p65 and NF⁃κB p50,upregulated the expression of nuclear factor⁃erythroid 2p45⁃related factor 2(Nrf2),heme oxygenase⁃1(HO⁃1)and vitamin D receptor(VDR)in liver tissues compared with those in the model group. Conclusion:Vitamin D3 showed a protective effect against LPS ⁃induced acute liver injury in mice,which may be partly due to the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation via the VDR pathway

  • 脓毒血症是一种由病原菌、创伤、外科感染等因素引起的全身性炎症反应综合征(systemic in⁃ flammative reaction syndrome,SIRS),其特点是对感染性损伤的全身炎症反应。这一过程往往导致广泛的组织损伤和多器官功能障碍,而急性肝损伤 (acute liver injury,ALI)是其最常见的并发症[1-2]。既往研究表明,内毒素脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)是引起急性肝损伤的主要因素[3],LPS可以显著上调炎性细胞因子的表达,如肿瘤坏死因子α (tumor necrosis factor α,TNF⁃α)和白细胞介素⁃1β (interleukin⁃1β,IL⁃1β),而这些细胞因子会引起严重的肝组织损伤[4-5]。此外,氧化应激也被认为在ALI的发生发展中起到重要作用[6]。肝脏中活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的过量产生会破坏细胞的结构和功能完整性,导致广泛的肝细胞破坏[7]。到目前为止,仍旧缺乏治疗ALI的有效手段。因此,阐明ALI的病理机制,是亟待解决的问题。

  • 活性维生素D3(vitamin D3,Vit D3)是一种脂溶性维生素,1,25(OH)2 D3是其活性形式[8-9]。研究表明,Vit D3的缺乏与脓毒症的病死率和机械性通气的持续时间显著相关[10-11]。既往研究发现1,25(OH)2D3的生物学效应主要是由维生素D受体(vitamin D re⁃ ceptor,VDR)介导,VDR在许多细胞中表达,包括巨噬细胞、心肌细胞、血管平滑肌细胞、内皮细胞等; 而Vit D3通过VDR调控细胞增殖、抗炎、抗氧化等信号通路[12]。大量研究证实Vit D3对ALI具有治疗作用,而其潜在机制尚不清楚[13-14]

  • 因此,本研究旨在阐明Vit D3对LPS诱导小鼠ALI的保护机制,为临床治疗ALI提供新思路。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • Vit D3(罗盖全J20150011,罗氏公司,美国), LPS(L2630,Sigma公司,美国)。抗血红素加氧酶⁃1 (heme oxygenase ⁃1,HO ⁃1)抗体(BM4010)、核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor⁃erythroid 2p45⁃related factor 2,Nrf2)抗体(PB9290)、抗VDR抗体(BA2877⁃ 2)、抗TNF⁃α抗体(A00002⁃5)(武汉博士德生物公司);抗NF ⁃ κB p65抗体(8242)、抗IL ⁃ 1β 抗体 (12703)、抗Lamin A/C抗体(4777)、抗鼠二抗 (7076)、抗兔二抗(7074)(Cell Signaling Technology公司,美国);抗NF⁃κB p50抗体(ab131546,Abcam公司,美国)。TNF⁃α ELISA试剂盒(EK0525,武汉博士德生物),IL⁃1β ELISA试剂盒(ab100705,Ab⁃ cam公司,美国)。丙二醛测定试剂盒(malondialde⁃ hyde,MDA,A003⁃1⁃2)、超氧化物歧化酶测定试剂盒 (superoxide dismutase,SOD,A001⁃3⁃2)、谷胱甘肽S转移酶试剂盒(glutathione S transferase,GST,A004⁃1 ⁃ 1)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathione reductase,GR, A062⁃1⁃1)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxi⁃ dase,GPX,A005⁃1⁃2)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT, A007⁃1⁃1)(南京建成生物工程研究所)。光学显微镜(Olympus BX41)及透射电镜(TEM,HT7700) (Olympus公司,日本)。

  • 6~8周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠,体重20~25g(合格证号:201716345,常州卡文斯实验动物有限公司)。动物饲养于东南大学医学院实验动物中心动物房,温度22~24℃,湿度为40%~70%,光照明暗各12h,换气次数为10~20次/h。饲料为鼠灭菌饲料,购自东南大学医学院实验动物中心,符合GB ⁃ 15921.2⁃2014标准。饮水为经121℃、30min灭菌自来水,由动物经饮水瓶自由摄取。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 模型建立及分组

  • 预先配制LPS浓度为1.0mg/mL。将40只雄性C57BL/6小鼠按体重随机分为对照组、Vit D3组、模型组(LPS组)和治疗组(LPS+ Vit D3组),每组10只。小鼠给予15mg/kg LPS腹腔注射建立脓毒血症小鼠ALI模型。造模即刻、造模后8h、16h,Vit D3组和LPS+ Vit D3组再给予2.5 μg/kg Vit D3灌胃,对照组和LPS组则给予等体积生理盐水灌胃[15]

  • 1.2.2 标本收集

  • 造模后24h处死小鼠。小鼠采用4%水合氯醛腹腔注射麻醉。仰位固定,用一次性注射器(2mL) 心尖取血,室温下3 000r/min离心10min后取上清液送医院检验科检测肝肾功能,包括丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、血肌酐(creatinine, Scr)水平。开腹取肝,约2/3肝固定于4%甲醛溶液中做肝脏病理光镜及免疫组化检查,1/3肝组织置于-80℃冰箱保存备用,另取小块肝组织置于2.5%戊二醛溶液中固定,备电镜检查。

  • 1.2.3 肝脏病理检查

  • 4%甲醛固定的部分肝组织,经清洗、梯度酒精脱水、浸蜡、包埋等步骤后,制成石蜡块;再用切片机切出厚度为4 μm切片,摊片、烤片,后按常规操作行HE染色。光镜下观察肝组织损伤程度和炎症反应。

  • 1.2.4 肝脏电镜检查

  • 小鼠肝脏分离,用生理盐水清洗,切成小块 (1mm3),立即固定在含2.5%戊二醛溶液中,后固定在1%锇酸溶液中。然后,在梯度酒精中连续脱水。用丙酮代替乙醇后,将组织嵌入环氧树脂中并切成超薄切片。切片用醋酸铀和柠檬酸铅双染色,电镜观察。

  • 1.2.5 MDA水平及SOD、GST、GR、GPX、CAT活性检测。

  • 将肝组织于冷生理盐水中匀浆,按照厂家提供的实验步骤采用比色法测定MDA水平和SOD、 GST、GR、GPX、CAT活性。

  • 1.2.6 ELISA法检测小鼠血清TNF⁃α、IL⁃1β含量

  • 按照厂家提供的步骤采用ELISA法测定血清TNF⁃α、IL⁃1β水平。

  • 1.2.7 免疫组化检测相关蛋白表达

  • 将肝组织石蜡切片经常规脱蜡和复水处理后,用微波法进行抗原修复。以3%过氧化氢甲醇溶液处理切片灭活内源性过氧化物酶后,以10%胎牛血清封阻30min;分别加入各种一抗,TNF⁃α抗体(1∶ 100)及IL⁃1β抗体(1∶100),孵育过夜;PBS冲洗3次,每次3min,后加入二抗,孵育15min;PBS冲洗3次,每次3min,加入DAB显色;PBS冲洗后,以苏木素复染,自然风干后封片观察。

  • 1.2.8 Western blot检测相关蛋白表达

  • 取适量的肝组织,冰上匀浆,使用蛋白提取试剂盒提取蛋白,Bradford法测定蛋白浓度。每孔上样100 μg蛋白,12%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(SDS⁃PAGE)电泳分离,将蛋白转移至PVDF膜上,5%脱脂奶粉封闭2h,一抗孵育,4℃过夜,次日室温孵育HRP标记的二抗1h。化学发光法显示结果,压片曝光,显影定影,采用凝胶成像分析系统拍照,Bio⁃Rad Quantity one version 4.6.7软件对相应条带进行灰度分析。

  • 1.2.9 实时荧光定量PCR检测VDR mRNA的水平

  • 取适量的肝组织加入TRIzol匀浆提取总mRNA,核酸分析仪检测样本中mRNA的质量;对检测合格的样本进行逆转录;按实时荧光定量试剂盒说明书依次添加试剂后进行扩增,条件为95℃ 30s; 95℃ 5s,61℃ 31s,循环40次;95℃ 15s,60℃ 60s, 95℃ 15s。使用2-ΔΔCt 法分析所得数据。小鼠VDR引物序列,上游5′⁃CACAAGACCTACGACC⁃CCAC⁃ 3′,下游5′⁃CATCATGTCCAGTGAGGGGG⁃3′。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 20.0统计软件进行分析,实验结果采用均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,采用单因素方差分析,多个样本之间的两两比较采用Dunnett’s t 检验, P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 Vit D3显著改善肝脏损伤

  • Vit D3处理显著改善小鼠的生存率(图1A)。与对照组相比,LPS组血清ALT和AST的水平显著增加(P< 0.01,图1B、C)。而Vit D3处理后,这一改变得到逆转。HE染色被用来评估肝损伤程度。对照组和Vit D3组肝组织结构完整清晰,而LPS组的肝组织结构混乱,炎细胞浸润显著增多,而这些变化被Vit D3所抑制(图1D)。Vit D3处理后小鼠的肾功能也得到保护(表1)。

  • 2.2 Vit D3通过Nrf2/HO⁃1通路改善肝细胞氧化损伤

  • 镜下可以观察到对照组、Vit D3组肝细胞中正常的线粒体形态,而LPS组线粒体肿胀明显,甚至可以观察到线粒体空泡变性,线粒体嵴消失,Vit D3治疗显著抑制了这些变化(图2A)。进一步对MDA和抗氧化酶活性的检测发现,与对照组和Vit D3组相比,LPS组MDA水平显著增加(P< 0.01),SOD、GST、 GR、GPX和CAT的活性显著下降(P< 0.01),而这一LPS诱导的氧化损伤被Vit D3所逆转(P< 0.01,图2B~G)。Nrf2/HO⁃1通路在氧化损伤中起到重要作用,进一步研究发现,与LPS组相比,LPS+Vit D3组Nrf2和HO⁃1的表达显著增加(P< 0.01,图2H~J)。

  • 2.3 Vit D3处理减少炎症损伤

  • 炎性细胞因子,如TNF⁃α、IL⁃1β在LPS诱导的ALI起到关键作用。与LPS组相比,血清TNF⁃α和IL⁃ 1β的水平在Vit D3处理后显著下调(P< 0.01,图3A、B),而肝组织中TNF⁃α和IL⁃1β的蛋白水平与血清中一致(图3C~F)。结果显示,在LPS处理后,肝组织中NF⁃κB p65和p50显著升高(P< 0.01),而Vit D3处理逆转了这一改变(P< 0.01,图3G~I)。

  • 2.4 Vit D3治疗对肝脏核VDR水平的影响

  • 如前文所述,Vit D3主要通过VDR发挥作用,因此进一步探究了VDR的表达水平。与对照组相比,LPS组VDR表达显著减少(P< 0.01),Vit D3处理后,VDR表达水平上调(P< 0.01,图4)。

  • 3 讨论

  • ALI是一种病死率高、危及生命的临床综合征[1]。Vit D3具有多种药理作用,例如抗氧化、抗炎等[16]。本研究揭示了Vit D3对LPS诱导的ALI具有保护作用,Vit D3处理可以显著改善LPS诱导的肝损伤,减少氧化应激,降低炎症水平。这些发现表明Vit D3是一种有吸引力的治疗ALI的药物。

  • 图1 Vit D3对LPS诱导急性肝损伤血清转氨酶水平及组织病理学改变的影响

  • Fig.1 The effect of Vit D3on serum transaminase level and histopathological changes in LPS⁃induced acute liver injury

  • 表1 各组小鼠体重及肾功能

  • Table1 The body weight and kidney function in each group

  • LPS是革兰阴性细菌所分泌内毒素的主要成分,可通过刺激包括巨噬细胞在内的免疫细胞释放炎症因子,从而使肝细胞发生凋亡与坏死,LPS诱导的ALI动物模型被广泛使用,用于探讨和评价肝保护剂的疗效[17-18]。本研究中LPS注射导致小鼠血清ALT和AST水平升高,肝脏发生病理改变,提示LPS引起了肝脏损伤。与此同时,Vit D3处理显著降低了血清AST和ALT水平,缓解了系统炎症水平,抑制了肝脏氧化损伤和炎症。同时本研究发现,Vit D3处理后,Scr和BUN水平显著下降,这与之前的研究一致,说明了Vit D3对LPS诱导的急性肾损伤具有显著的保护作用[15]。这些结果表明,Vit D3的保护机制可能并非是器官特异性的,而是涉及不同器官间广泛存在的抗损伤通路。

  • 肝损伤的发生与炎症细胞因子的产生密切相关,既往研究表明,LPS诱导的肝损伤涉及炎症反应[19]。 LPS激活炎症细胞,如Kupffer细胞等,释放过量的促炎细胞因子,如TNF⁃α 和IL⁃1β,而这些促炎细胞因子的释放是触发炎症反应的关键步骤[20-21]。因此,本研究测定了血清和肝脏组织中TNF⁃α 和IL⁃ 1β 的水平,结果显示Vit D3明显抑制LPS诱导的TNF⁃α 和IL⁃1β上调。

  • NF⁃κB广泛参与了炎症反应,一旦被LPS激活, IκB磷酸化和降解,释放NF ⁃κB进入细胞核调节TNF⁃α等炎性细胞因子的表达。最近的一项研究证实,NF⁃κB通路在LPS诱导ALI中起到重要作用[15]。因此,我们研究了Vit D3对NF⁃κB激活的影响。结果表明,服用Vit D3显著抑制了NF⁃κB p65和p50蛋白的表达,从而提示Vit D3对ALI的炎症抑制可能是通过抑制NF⁃κB通路实现的。

  • 氧化应激引起的ROS产生和线粒体功能障碍是LPS诱导ALI的另一可能机制[22]。氧化应激被认为在ALI的发展过程中发挥了重要的病理生理作用[23]。既往研究证实,Nrf2在诱导抗氧化酶如SOD、GST、GR、GPX、CAT对抗氧化应激中发挥重要作用,同样的,HO⁃1的表达受转录因子Nrf2控制,近期研究表明Nrf2信号通路在LPS诱导的ALI中发挥保护作用[24-25]。本研究结果显示,Vit D3增加了Nrf2和HO⁃1的表达,降低了肝组织MDA水平,提高了SOD、GST、GR、CAT和GPX等酶的活性,减轻了LPS诱导的肝脏线粒体损伤。

  • 图2 Vit D3对LPS诱导急性肝损伤线粒体损伤和氧化应激的影响

  • Fig.2 Effects of Vit D3on mitochondrial injury and oxidative stress induced by LPS in acute liver injury

  • 图3 Vit D3对LPS诱导急性肝损伤炎症反应的影响

  • Fig.3 Effects of Vit D3on LPS⁃induced acute liver injury

  • 本研究结果揭示了,在LPS诱导的ALI模型中, Vit D3具有抗氧化和抗炎作用,然而其潜在机制尚不清楚。众所周知,Vit D3的效用主要由VDR介导[10],而研究表明,VDR在炎症和氧化应激调控中发挥重要作用。据此我们推测,在LPS诱导的ALI中,Vit D3的保护作用主要是由VDR介导的。本研究结果提示,与对照组相比,LPS组肝组织中VDR的蛋白表达显著下降,Vit D3处理后,VDR表达明显上调。因此,本研究初步证实了使用Vit D3是治疗ALI行之有效的办法,并且从炎症和氧化应激两个方面初步解析了其作用机制。

  • 图4 各组小鼠肝组织中VDR表达比较

  • Fig.4 Comparison of VDR expression in liver tissues of mice in each group

  • 综上所述,Vit D3能显著抑制血清中ALT和AST的水平,并能显著抑制组织病理学改变,此外, Vit D3可以抑制氧化应激和炎症,而这一效果可能由VDR通路介导。这些结果都表明,Vit D3可能成为治疗急性脓毒血症肝损伤的候选药物。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] MONTRIEF T,KOYFMAN A,LONG B.Acute liver fail⁃ ure:A review for emergency physicians[J].Am J Emerg Med,2019,37(2):329-337

    • [2] 姚传霞,王怡雯,龚丹丹,等.人源抗TLR4抗体IgG2对对乙酰氨基酚诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(5):645-651

    • [3] WEN J,LIN H,ZHAO M,et al.Piceatannol attenuates D⁃ GalN/LPS ⁃ induced hepatoxicity in mice:Involvement of ER stress,inflammation and oxidative stress[J].Int Im⁃ munopharmacol,2018,64:131-139

    • [4] GEHRKE N,HÖVELMEYER N,WAISMAN A,et al.He⁃ patocyte⁃specific deletion of IL1⁃RI attenuates liver inju⁃ ry by blocking IL⁃1 driven autoinflammation[J].J Hepa⁃ tol,2018,68(5):986-995

    • [5] HE Y,FENG D,LI M,et al.Hepatic mtDNA ⁃TLR9⁃mi⁃ croRNA⁃223 forms a negative feedback loop to limit neu⁃ trophil over ⁃ activation and acetaminophen hepatotoxicity [J].Hepatology,2017,66(1):220-234

    • [6] CHENG Q,LI C,YANG C F,et al.Methyl ferulic acid at⁃ tenuates liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation through the TGF⁃β1/Smad and NOX4/ROS pathways[J].Chem Biol Interact,2019,299:131-139

    • [7] WANG Y,WANG J L,MA H C,et al.Mesenchymal stem cells increase heme oxygenase 1 ⁃ activated autophagy in treatment of acute liver failure[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2019,508(3):682-689

    • [8] JONES G,STRUGNELL S A,DELUCA H F.Current un⁃ derstanding of the molecular actions of vitamin D[J].Physiol Rev,1998,78(4):1193-1231

    • [9] 秦如洁,刘梅,徐小炮,等.2型糖尿病患者血清25⁃羟维生素D3水平与颈动脉硬化的相关性分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(11):1633-1638.

    • [10] KEARNS M D,ALVAREZ J A,SEIDEL N,et al.Impact of vitamin D on infectious disease[J].Am J Med Sci,2015,349(3):245-262

    • [11] ALIZADEH N,KHALILI H,MOHAMMADI M,et al.Se⁃ rum vitamin D levels at admission predict the length of in⁃ tensive care unit stay but not in⁃hospital mortality of criti⁃ cally ill surgical patients[J].J Res Pharm Pract,2015,4(4):193-198

    • [12] HOLICK M F.Vitamin D deficiency[J].N Engl J Med,2007,357(3):266-281

    • [13] MA D,ZHANG R N,WEN Y,et al.1,25(OH)(2)D(3)⁃ induced interaction of vitamin D receptor with p50 sub⁃ unit of NF ⁃κB suppresses the interaction between KLF5 and p50,contributing to inhibition of LPS⁃induced macro⁃ phage proliferation[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2017,482(2):366-374

    • [14] BRAUN A,CHANG D,MAHADEVAPPA K,et al.Asso⁃ ciation of low serum 25⁃hydroxyvitamin D levels and mor⁃ tality in the critically ill[J].Crit Care Med,2011,39(4):671-677

    • [15] XU S,CHEN Y H,TAN Z X,et al.Vitamin D3 pretreat⁃ ment regulates renal inflammatory responses during lipo⁃ polysaccharide⁃induced acute kidney injury[J].Sci Rep,2015,5:18687

    • [16] DOSSI C G,GONZÁLEZ⁃MAÑÁN D,ROMERO N,et al.Anti⁃oxidative and anti⁃inflammatory effects of Rosa Mos⁃ queta oil supplementation in rat liver ischemia⁃reperfusion [J].Food Funct,2018,9(9):4847-4857

    • [17] TSAI T H,TAM K,CHEN S F,et al.Deletion of caveolin⁃1 attenuates LPS/GalN⁃induced acute liver injury in mice [J].J Cell Mol Med,2018,22(11):5573-5582

    • [18] 尹超云,潘雅妮,刘彬,等.丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠对LPS引起的HUVEC功能异常和凋亡调控作用的研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(11):1590-1596

    • [19] ZHANG L,GAO J,TANG P,et al.Nuciferine inhibits LPS ⁃induced inflammatory response in BV2 cells by activat⁃ ing PPAR⁃γ[J].Int Immunopharmacol,2018,63:9-13

    • [20] NEUMAN M G,MAOR Y,NANAU R M,et al.Alcoholic liver disease:role of cytokines[J].Biomolecules,2015,5(3):2023-2034

    • [21] MINOGUE A M.Role of infiltrating monocytes/macro⁃ phages in acute and chronic neuroinflammation:Effects on cognition,learning and affective behaviour[J].Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry,2017,79(Pt A):15-18

    • [22] SONG Z H,TONG G,XIAO K,et al.L⁃cysteine protects intestinal integrity,attenuates intestinal inflammation and oxidant stress,and modulates NF ⁃κB and Nrf2 pathways in weaned piglets after LPS challenge[J].Innate Immun,2016,22(3):152-161

    • [23] JY P,PARK S D,KOH Y J,et al.Aqueous extract of dip⁃ sacus asperoides suppresses lipopolysaccharide ⁃stimulat⁃ ed inflammatory responses by inhibiting the ERK1/2 sig⁃ naling pathway in RAW 264.7 macrophages[J].J Ethno⁃ pharmacol,2019,231:253-261

    • [24] OKADA K,WARABI E,SUGIMOTO H,et al.Nrf2 inhibits hepatic iron accumulation and counteracts oxidative stress⁃ induced liver injury in nutritional steatohepatitis[J].J Gastroenterol,2012,47(8):924-935

    • [25] ZHAO C,ZHANG Y,LIU H,et al.Fortunellin protects against high fructose ⁃ induced diabetic heart injury in mice by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress via AMPK/Nrf ⁃ 2 pathway regulation[J].Biochem Bio⁃ phys Res Commun,2017,490(2):552-559

  • 参考文献

    • [1] MONTRIEF T,KOYFMAN A,LONG B.Acute liver fail⁃ ure:A review for emergency physicians[J].Am J Emerg Med,2019,37(2):329-337

    • [2] 姚传霞,王怡雯,龚丹丹,等.人源抗TLR4抗体IgG2对对乙酰氨基酚诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(5):645-651

    • [3] WEN J,LIN H,ZHAO M,et al.Piceatannol attenuates D⁃ GalN/LPS ⁃ induced hepatoxicity in mice:Involvement of ER stress,inflammation and oxidative stress[J].Int Im⁃ munopharmacol,2018,64:131-139

    • [4] GEHRKE N,HÖVELMEYER N,WAISMAN A,et al.He⁃ patocyte⁃specific deletion of IL1⁃RI attenuates liver inju⁃ ry by blocking IL⁃1 driven autoinflammation[J].J Hepa⁃ tol,2018,68(5):986-995

    • [5] HE Y,FENG D,LI M,et al.Hepatic mtDNA ⁃TLR9⁃mi⁃ croRNA⁃223 forms a negative feedback loop to limit neu⁃ trophil over ⁃ activation and acetaminophen hepatotoxicity [J].Hepatology,2017,66(1):220-234

    • [6] CHENG Q,LI C,YANG C F,et al.Methyl ferulic acid at⁃ tenuates liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation through the TGF⁃β1/Smad and NOX4/ROS pathways[J].Chem Biol Interact,2019,299:131-139

    • [7] WANG Y,WANG J L,MA H C,et al.Mesenchymal stem cells increase heme oxygenase 1 ⁃ activated autophagy in treatment of acute liver failure[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2019,508(3):682-689

    • [8] JONES G,STRUGNELL S A,DELUCA H F.Current un⁃ derstanding of the molecular actions of vitamin D[J].Physiol Rev,1998,78(4):1193-1231

    • [9] 秦如洁,刘梅,徐小炮,等.2型糖尿病患者血清25⁃羟维生素D3水平与颈动脉硬化的相关性分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(11):1633-1638.

    • [10] KEARNS M D,ALVAREZ J A,SEIDEL N,et al.Impact of vitamin D on infectious disease[J].Am J Med Sci,2015,349(3):245-262

    • [11] ALIZADEH N,KHALILI H,MOHAMMADI M,et al.Se⁃ rum vitamin D levels at admission predict the length of in⁃ tensive care unit stay but not in⁃hospital mortality of criti⁃ cally ill surgical patients[J].J Res Pharm Pract,2015,4(4):193-198

    • [12] HOLICK M F.Vitamin D deficiency[J].N Engl J Med,2007,357(3):266-281

    • [13] MA D,ZHANG R N,WEN Y,et al.1,25(OH)(2)D(3)⁃ induced interaction of vitamin D receptor with p50 sub⁃ unit of NF ⁃κB suppresses the interaction between KLF5 and p50,contributing to inhibition of LPS⁃induced macro⁃ phage proliferation[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2017,482(2):366-374

    • [14] BRAUN A,CHANG D,MAHADEVAPPA K,et al.Asso⁃ ciation of low serum 25⁃hydroxyvitamin D levels and mor⁃ tality in the critically ill[J].Crit Care Med,2011,39(4):671-677

    • [15] XU S,CHEN Y H,TAN Z X,et al.Vitamin D3 pretreat⁃ ment regulates renal inflammatory responses during lipo⁃ polysaccharide⁃induced acute kidney injury[J].Sci Rep,2015,5:18687

    • [16] DOSSI C G,GONZÁLEZ⁃MAÑÁN D,ROMERO N,et al.Anti⁃oxidative and anti⁃inflammatory effects of Rosa Mos⁃ queta oil supplementation in rat liver ischemia⁃reperfusion [J].Food Funct,2018,9(9):4847-4857

    • [17] TSAI T H,TAM K,CHEN S F,et al.Deletion of caveolin⁃1 attenuates LPS/GalN⁃induced acute liver injury in mice [J].J Cell Mol Med,2018,22(11):5573-5582

    • [18] 尹超云,潘雅妮,刘彬,等.丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠对LPS引起的HUVEC功能异常和凋亡调控作用的研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(11):1590-1596

    • [19] ZHANG L,GAO J,TANG P,et al.Nuciferine inhibits LPS ⁃induced inflammatory response in BV2 cells by activat⁃ ing PPAR⁃γ[J].Int Immunopharmacol,2018,63:9-13

    • [20] NEUMAN M G,MAOR Y,NANAU R M,et al.Alcoholic liver disease:role of cytokines[J].Biomolecules,2015,5(3):2023-2034

    • [21] MINOGUE A M.Role of infiltrating monocytes/macro⁃ phages in acute and chronic neuroinflammation:Effects on cognition,learning and affective behaviour[J].Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry,2017,79(Pt A):15-18

    • [22] SONG Z H,TONG G,XIAO K,et al.L⁃cysteine protects intestinal integrity,attenuates intestinal inflammation and oxidant stress,and modulates NF ⁃κB and Nrf2 pathways in weaned piglets after LPS challenge[J].Innate Immun,2016,22(3):152-161

    • [23] JY P,PARK S D,KOH Y J,et al.Aqueous extract of dip⁃ sacus asperoides suppresses lipopolysaccharide ⁃stimulat⁃ ed inflammatory responses by inhibiting the ERK1/2 sig⁃ naling pathway in RAW 264.7 macrophages[J].J Ethno⁃ pharmacol,2019,231:253-261

    • [24] OKADA K,WARABI E,SUGIMOTO H,et al.Nrf2 inhibits hepatic iron accumulation and counteracts oxidative stress⁃ induced liver injury in nutritional steatohepatitis[J].J Gastroenterol,2012,47(8):924-935

    • [25] ZHAO C,ZHANG Y,LIU H,et al.Fortunellin protects against high fructose ⁃ induced diabetic heart injury in mice by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress via AMPK/Nrf ⁃ 2 pathway regulation[J].Biochem Bio⁃ phys Res Commun,2017,490(2):552-559