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通讯作者:

张晶,E⁃mail:jzhang08@nju.edu.cn

中图分类号:R364.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)09-1310-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210906

参考文献 1
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参考文献 2
TZOUVELEKIS A,GOMATOU G,BOUROS E,et al.Common pathogenic mechanisms between idiopathic pul⁃ monary fibrosis and lung cancer[J].Chest,2019,156(2):383-391
参考文献 3
KANEMARU R,TAKAHASHI F,KATO M,et al.Dasat⁃inib suppresses TGFβ⁃mediated epithelial ⁃mesenchymal transition in alveolar epithelial cells and inhibits pulmo⁃ nary fibrosis[J].Lung,2018,196(5):531-541
参考文献 4
GOLAN⁃GERSTL R,WALLACH⁃DAYAN S B,ZISMAN P,et al.Cellular FLICE ⁃ like inhibitory protein deviates myofibroblast fas ⁃ induced apoptosis toward proliferation during lung fibrosis[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2012,47(3):271-279
参考文献 5
SI C,GROSHONG S D,FRANKEL S K,et al.Compart⁃ mentalized expression of c ⁃ FLIP in lung tissues of pa⁃ tients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2010,42(2):140-148
参考文献 6
LUEBKE T,SCHWARZ L,BEER Y Y,et al.c⁃FLIP and CD95 signaling are essential for survival of renal cell car⁃ cinoma[J].Cell Death Dis,2019,10(6):384
参考文献 7
LV X Q,QIAO X R,SU L,et al.Honokiol inhibits EMT⁃ mediated motility and migration of human non ⁃small cell lung cancer cells in vitro by targeting c ⁃ FLIP[J].Acta Pharmacol Sin,2016,37(12):1574-1586
参考文献 8
KIM Y,PARK H,JEOUNG D.CAGE,a cancer/testis anti⁃ gen,induces c⁃FLIP(L)and Snail to enhance cell motility and increase resistance to an anti ⁃ cancer drug[J].Bio⁃ technol Lett,2009,31(7):945-952
参考文献 9
LIU Y P,WAN J,LONG F,et al.circPVT1 facilitates in⁃ vasion and metastasis by regulating miR ⁃205⁃5p/c ⁃FLIP axis in osteosarcoma[J].Cancer Manag Res,2020,12(12):1229-1240
参考文献 10
SAITO A,HORIE M,MICKE P,et al.The role of TGF⁃β signaling in lung cancer associated with idiopathic pulmo⁃ nary fibrosis[J].Int J Mol Sci,2018,19(11):3611
参考文献 11
YOSHIMATSU Y,WAKABAYASHI I,KIMURO S,et al.TNF⁃α enhances TGF⁃β⁃induced endothelial⁃to⁃mesen⁃ chymal transition via TGF ⁃ β signal augmentation[J].Cancer Sci,2020,111(7):2385⁃2399
参考文献 12
FIORE A,UGEL S,DE SANCTIS F,et al.Induction of immunosuppressive functions and NF ⁃ κB by FLIP in monocytes[J].Nat Commun,2018,9(1):5193
参考文献 13
ZHANG J,CHEN Y,HUANG Q,et al.Nuclear localiza⁃ tion of c ⁃FLIP ⁃L and its regulation of AP ⁃1 activity[J].Int J Biochem Cell Biol,2009,41(8/9):1678-1684
参考文献 14
QIAO Y,QIAN Y,WANG J,et al.Melanoma cell adhe⁃ sion molecule stimulates YES ⁃ associated protein tran⁃ scription by enhancing CREB activity via c ⁃Jun/c ⁃Fos in hepatocellular carcinoma cells[J].Oncol Lett,2016,11(6):3702-3708
参考文献 15
ZHANG J,JIANG H Y,ZHANG L K,et al.C ⁃FLIP(L)modulated Wnt/β⁃Catenin activation via association with TIP49 protein[J].J Biol Chem,2017,292(6):2132-2142
参考文献 16
LI C,AO H,CHEN G,et al.The Interaction of CDH20 With β ⁃ catenin inhibits cervical cancer cell migration and invasion via TGF⁃β/Smad/SNAIL mediated EMT[J].Front Oncol,2020,9:1481
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:明确凋亡抑制蛋白c⁃FLIP(L)在肺纤维化过程中的作用,探究其异常表达参与肺纤维化发病的分子机制。方法:构建博来霉素诱导的小鼠肺纤维化模型,对正常鼠与模型鼠的肺组织切片进行HE和Masson染色观察病理变化,并采用免疫组化分析c⁃FLIP(L)及上皮⁃间质转化(epithelial⁃mesenchymal transition,EMT)标志分子E⁃cadherin的表达。构建表达c⁃FLIP(L) 的稳定细胞株,qRT⁃PCR检测EMT标志分子E⁃cadherin、N⁃cadherin及Vimentin的mRNA表达。采用转化生长因子(transform⁃ ing growth factor,TGF)⁃β1诱导细胞发生EMT,通过Smad报告基因检测和Western blot分析c⁃FLIP对TGF⁃β1诱导EMT发生的影响。结果:c⁃FLIP(L)表达水平在肺纤维化组织中明显升高,与E⁃cadherin表达呈负相关性。C⁃FLIP(L)能促进肺上皮细胞的 EMT表型,并促进TGF⁃β1诱导的Smad信号通路激活,而敲减c⁃FLIP(L)表达能阻滞TGF⁃β1诱导的EMT进程。结论:c⁃FLIP (L)在肺纤维化过程中高表达能促进EMT发生,是肺纤维化病程发展的促进因素之一。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to explore the effect of c ⁃ FLIP(L)in pulmonary fibrosis and its pathological mechanism. Methods:Based on bleomycin(BLM)induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in mice,the expressions of c⁃FLIP and E⁃cadherin were analyzed by IHC staining. Further investigations in A549 cells overexpressing c ⁃ FLIP(L),the expression levels of E ⁃ cadherin,N ⁃ cadherin and Vimentin mRNA were examined by qRT⁃PCR,and Smad activation induced by transforming growth factor(TGF)⁃β1 was detected by luciferase reporter assay and Western blot. Results:The increased c⁃FLIP expression was observed and associated with a decrease of E ⁃ cadherin expression. C ⁃ FLIP(L)overexpression resulted in the changes on E ⁃ cadherin,N ⁃ cadherin and Vimentin expressions in A549 cells. Furthemore,overexpression of c⁃FLIP(L)enhanced TGF⁃β⁃induced Smad activation,and knocking down c ⁃FLIP(L)blocked the TGF ⁃β1⁃induced EMT progress. Conclusion:C ⁃FLIP(L)may be a promoting factor in the development of fibrosis via regulating EMT progress.

    关键词

    肺纤维化EMTc⁃FLIPE⁃cadherin

  • 特发性肺纤维化(idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF)是困扰人类的一种顽症,被定义为一种病因不明、发病机制不清的弥散性肺间质疾病[1]。近年来,肺纤维化在国内外的发病率呈显著上升趋势,已成为全球范围内关注的健康问题。IPF预后差,患者5年存活率仅为20%,目前尚无治愈方法[2]。目前认为肺纤维化的发展主要分为2个阶段:①早期肺泡炎症阶段,肺部浸润细胞和间质细胞会分泌一系列细胞因子,如肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor, TNF)⁃α、趋化因子CXC等,促进炎性细胞进一步聚集;②后期纤维化阶段,活化的间质细胞(成纤维细胞和成肌纤维细胞)及炎症细胞会分泌生长因子 [如转化生长因子⁃β(transforming growth factor ⁃β,TGF⁃β)]和白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)等参与肺组织重构,导致肺纤维化的发生。

  • TGF⁃β被认为是肺纤维化进程中最重要的细胞因子,作为关键性的致纤维化因子参与肺纤维化的损伤和修复过程,并且它能诱导肺泡上皮细胞向间质细胞转化。研究发现,上皮⁃间质转化(epithelial⁃ mesenchymal transition,EMT)是肺纤维化发病机制中的一个关键步骤,肺上皮细胞发生EMT转化为成纤维样细胞是导致肺纤维化的重要原因[3]。文献报道在IPF患者的肺组织中检测到c⁃FLIP(L)蛋白的异常表达[4-5]。c⁃FLIP(L)具有caspase⁃8类似结构,由DED结构域和caspase样结构域组成,是一个无活性的蛋白酶样蛋白质。c⁃FLIP(L)作为caspase⁃8的抑制因子,能有效抑制死亡受体家族(death recep⁃ tor,DR)介导的细胞凋亡[6]。除了抗凋亡功能外, c⁃FLIP(L)还被报道参与了EMT介导的肿瘤细胞迁移与转移,如在人非小细胞肺癌细胞中,TNF⁃α和TGF⁃β信号能够上调c⁃FLIP(L)表达,与细胞迁移密切相关[7],黑色素瘤B16F10细胞中c⁃FLIP(L)高表达促进EMT关键分子Snail表达,增强细胞运动[8],以及环状RNAcircPVT1调控c ⁃FLIP表达,能增强EMT诱导骨肉瘤的侵袭转移[9]

  • 在肺纤维化过程中,c⁃FLIP(L)表达水平的变化影响了肺泡上皮细胞对凋亡的敏感性,那么它的表达是否还会影响肺上皮细胞发生EMT,成为肺纤维化发展的一个诱因呢?这是探究肺纤维化可能发病机制的新切入点,为靶向EMT的肺纤维化治疗提供新的潜在靶点。本研究通过建立博来霉素(bleomy⁃ cin,BLM)诱导的肺纤维化模型,探讨c⁃FLIP(L)表达与EMT发生及肺纤维化的相关性。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • C57BL/6小鼠,8周龄,雄性(体重18~20g),健康SPF级,购于南京大学模式动物研究所。人源肺癌上皮细胞株A549购自美国ATCC。FLIP⁃A549稳定表达细胞株为实验室保存。

  • 戊巴比妥钠(上海生工公司),BLM(化药株氏会社,日本),Masson染色试剂盒(福州迈新生物科技有限公司);FLIP抗体(3210s,C Signaling Technolo⁃ gyTM)、Vimentin抗体(BD 550513,BD PharmingenTM) 和E⁃Cadherin抗体(#610181,BD PharmingenTM)(上海优宁维生物科技股份有限公司);Smad⁃luc报告基因(上海吉满生物科技公司);FLIP siRNA(5′⁃GCA⁃GUCUGUUCAAGGAGCATT⁃3′)(上海吉玛制药技术有限公司)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 BLM诱导小鼠肺纤维化模型的建立及鉴定

  • C57BL/6小鼠采用随机法分为对照组、BLM组,每组6只。各组小鼠腹腔注射50 μL的3%戊巴比妥钠进行麻醉,仰卧固定在实验台上,将颈部皮肤钝性分离暴露出气管。注射针头沿气管轻轻注入0.1mL BLM(2.5mg/kg),对照组注入等量生理盐水,注射完成后采用医用缝合线进行气管及周围皮肤的缝合。造模后28d处死小鼠,取肺组织置于4%多聚甲醛固定,石蜡包埋后切片,按试剂盒说明进行Masson染色及HE染色,显微镜观察肺组织结构。

  • 1.2.2 免疫组化染色

  • 肺组织石蜡切片经60℃烤片、常规脱蜡,抗原修复,3%H2O2室温孵育15min等操作后进行封闭, 3%山羊血清室温封闭30min后,每张切片滴加适当浓度的一抗溶液50 μL,4℃过夜。次日,将切片PBST漂洗5min×3次,滴加50 μL聚合物增强剂(A剂),室温30min后PBST漂洗5min×3次。然后,滴加预备好的显色剂DAB工作液50 μL观察显色,用流水冲洗终止显色。最后,切片进行分化、脱水、透明等一系列处理后,滴入中性树脂进行固定封片,光学观察拍照。

  • 1.2.3 Western blot分析

  • 收集细胞样品收集细胞用预冷PBS洗两次,加入RIPA液(P0013,上海碧云天生物技术公司)裂解细胞,冰上放置20min后12 000r/min离心10min,收集上清。蛋白质定量后加入上样缓冲液煮沸5min。取适量点样进行10%SDS ⁃ PAGE凝胶电泳及转膜。样品膜进行5%脱脂奶粉溶液室温封闭1h,包被一抗溶液4℃过夜。次日PBST洗膜5min×4次,包被二抗溶液室温1h,PBST洗涤后滴加化学发光反应液,采用蛋白分析仪拍摄后进行结果分析。

  • 1.2.4 Q⁃PCR分析

  • 收取细胞,采用TRIzol法提取RNA,使用TaKaRa逆转录试剂盒(北京宝日医生物技术公司)获得DNA。根据实验需要,取适量上述逆转录后的cDNA配制20 μL体系,使用Real⁃time PCR仪进行PCR扩增,采用Quantitation⁃comparative CT(Livak) 法即ΔΔCT法测定进行数据分析。所有Q⁃PCR引物购于南京金斯瑞公司。E⁃cadherin引物:上游5′⁃TG⁃ CACCAACCCTCATGAGTG ⁃ 3′ 和下游5′ ⁃ GTCAG⁃ TATCAGCCGCTTTCAG⁃3′;N⁃cadherin引物:上游5′⁃GTCAGTATCAGCCGCTTTCAG ⁃ 3′ 和下游5′ ⁃ ATT⁃ GATGCTGACGATCCCAATGCC ⁃ 3′;Vimentin引物:上游5′ ⁃ TCAAGTCCAGCTGCCACTGTGATCA ⁃ 3′和下游5′⁃TGCAGGCTCAGATTCAGGA⁃3′;GAPDH引物:上游5′ ⁃GAGCAGGTCTTGGTATTCACG ⁃3′和下游5′⁃ CACCATCTTCCAGGAGCGAG⁃3′。

  • 1.2.5 Smad报告基因检测

  • A549细胞接种于24孔板,次日转染质粒DNA (含Smad⁃luc报告基因质粒和pRL质粒),24h后采用TGF⁃β1(10ng/mL)处理12h,吸弃培养液,PBS漂洗1次,然后每孔加入50 μL passive lysis buffer裂解20min,细胞裂解液转入EP管4℃下12 000r/min离心10min,取上清,采用双荧光素酶试剂盒(E1910, Promega公司,美国),按说明书操作,上样测定荧光素酶的活性。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS20.0软件进行结果分析,数据用均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较用SNK法,P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 c⁃FLIP(L)在肺纤维化中高表达与EMT相关

  • 采用BLM构建小鼠肺纤维化模型,造模28d后处死小鼠,制备肺组织切片进行HE染色和Masson染色(图1)。HE染色显示对照组肺泡结构呈现网孔状分布,而BLM组中肺泡结构遭到严重破坏,肺泡数量减少,形态不规则。Masson染色显示胶原沉积,它是成纤维细胞增生的指标。对照组Masson染色肺组织结构清晰,肺泡间隔未见增厚和纤维化表现,BLM组肺组织中可见大量胶原沉积,肺纤维化严重,说明造模成功。

  • E⁃Cadherin是EMT的特异性上皮标志物,主要表达在肺泡上皮细胞表面。采用免疫组化染色来验证c⁃FLIP(L)表达是否参与纤维化病程中EMT的发生。免疫组化染色结果显示,E⁃Cadherin在正常肺泡上皮细胞和柱状气管上皮细胞中大量表达, BLM组纤维化的肺组织中E⁃cadherin表达下调,而c⁃FLIP(L)染色结果与E⁃cadhesin变化相反,肺纤维化组织中c⁃FLIP(L)表达升高,并且在其相应深染位置上E⁃cadherin表现为低表达(图2A)。定量分析显示,BLM组与对照组比较,E⁃cadherin下调以及c⁃FLIP(L)上调,差异都有统计学意义(P< 0.01,n=3,图2B),这些关联提示c⁃FLIP(L)高表达参与肺纤维化过程中EMT的发生。

  • 图1 BLM构建肺纤维化模型的鉴定(×200)

  • Fig.1 Identification of pulmonary fibrosis model con⁃ structed by BLM(×200)

  • 2.2 C⁃FLIP(L)高表达促进细胞EMT表型

  • 为了确定c⁃FLIP(L)表达参与肺上皮细胞EMT的发生,在细胞水平上采用肺癌上皮细胞株A549为背景构建c⁃FLIP⁃A549稳定表达株,对其细胞形态学进行观察。与空载质粒构建的对照组相比,c⁃ FLIP⁃A549稳定株 #1和 #2细胞偏长梭形,细胞间黏附减少,显示出类EMT现象(图3A),其c⁃FLIP(L) 表达水平升高(图3B)。进一步对EMT标志分子E ⁃cadherin、N ⁃cadherin、Vimentin进行qRT ⁃PCR检测,结果显示c ⁃ FLIP ⁃ A549稳定株中E ⁃ cadherin mRNA表达下调而N⁃cadherin mRNA表达上调(P< 0.001,n=3),Vimentin mRNA相应升高(P< 0.05,n=3,图3C)。这些标志物的变化说明c⁃FLIP(L)高表达能促进EMT发生。

  • 2.3 c⁃FLIP(L)调控TGF⁃β1诱导的EMT

  • 采用TGF⁃β1诱导A549细胞EMT发生,检测c ⁃FLIP(L)高表达对TGF ⁃β1诱导EMT过程的影响。Smads是细胞内重要的TGF⁃β1信号转导和调节分子,报告质粒Smad ⁃luc的luciferase活性反映Smad通路的激活状态。在TGF⁃β1刺激下,c⁃FLIP (L)过表达细胞表现出更强的luciferase活性(P< 0.05,n=3,图4),说明Smad通路的激活程度高,表明c⁃FLIP表达能促进TGF⁃β1诱导的Smad信号通路的激活。

  • 为了进一步验证c⁃FLIP(L)调控EMT发生,采用c⁃FLIP siRNA干扰片段敲减内源性c⁃FLIP(L)的表达,结果显示FLIP⁃2siRNA干扰片段能有效敲减内源性c⁃FLIP(L)的表达水平(图5A)。接着,采用FLIP⁃2siRNA转染A549细胞培养24h后,加入20ng/mL TGF⁃β1诱导细胞EMT发生,Western blot检测EMT标志蛋白表达变化。对照组NC siRNA中TGF⁃β1诱导的E⁃cadherin表达显著下调及Vimentin表达水平上升(P< 0.001,n=3,图5B),而FLIP ⁃2siRNA有效抑制了TGF⁃β1诱导的EMT现象,抑制了E⁃cadherin蛋白水平的下调,也减弱了Vimentin表达水平的上调,说明下调c⁃FLIP(L)表达水平能阻滞EMT的进程。

  • 图2 免疫组化染色观察E⁃Cadherin及c⁃FLIP的表达分布

  • Fig.2 Expression and distribution of E⁃Cadherin and c⁃FLIP observed by immunohistochemical staining

  • 图3 c⁃FLIP(L)高表达能促进细胞发生EMT现象

  • Fig.3 Overexpresion of c⁃FLIP(L)promotes EMT⁃like phenotype

  • 3 讨论

  • 越来越多的数据表明,在肺纤维化发展中,EMT是成纤维细胞/肌成纤维细胞的一个重要来源[2]。来源于肺组织的上皮细胞进行体外培养时,在促纤维化因子TGF⁃β1的诱导下能够转化成间质细胞[10]。肺纤维化组织中TGF⁃β1高表达不仅能促进EMT发生,还能促进成纤维细胞过度增殖和分化,因此,TGF⁃β1是肺纤维化发生的关键因子。另有研究表明,炎性因子TNF⁃α能够促进TGF⁃β1诱导的EMT发展[11],但其作用机制并不清楚。本研究发现c⁃FLIP(L)能够促进TGF⁃β1诱导的EMT发生,而c⁃FLIP(L)是NF⁃κB的靶基因,能被TNF⁃α诱导上调,这一发现为TNF⁃α促TGF⁃β1诱导EMT发生提供了可能的分子机制。肺纤维化发展的早期是肺泡炎症,肺部浸润细胞和间质细胞分泌的主要细胞因子是TNF⁃α,在IPF患者的肺组织中检测到c⁃FLIP(L)蛋白的异常表达[4-5],综合这些报道,推测在肺纤维化过程中c⁃FLIP高表达与EMT发生密切相关,是调控肺纤维化发展的重要诱因之一。

  • 图4 c⁃FLIP(L)过表达增强TGF⁃β1诱导Smad通路的激活

  • Fig.4 c ⁃ FLIP(L) enhances the activation of Smad pathway induced by TGF⁃β1

  • 虽然C⁃FLIP(L)是重要的一种抗凋亡蛋白,但具有多种生物学功能。我们前期研究报道了c⁃FLIP(L) 能够进入细胞核参与AP⁃1转录活性调控[13]。而文献报道AP⁃1家庭成员c⁃Jun可以导致上皮细胞极性缺失,c⁃Fos可降低细胞间的粘连,JunD活性影响MMP表达,这些都与EMT关系密切[14]。此外,我们还发现c⁃FLIP(L)能进入胞核参与catenin/TCF转录复合物调控β⁃catenin下游靶基因的表达[15],而TGF⁃ β1信号能激活Wnt/catenin通路与Smad通路产生crosstalk促进EMT转化[16]。这些发现都为c⁃FLIP参与EMT发生提供了有力依据。

  • 图5 敲减c⁃FLIP(L)能够阻滞TGF⁃β1诱导的EMT发生

  • Fig.5 Knockdown of c⁃FLIP(L)inhibits the process of EMT induced by TGF⁃β1

  • 在BLM诱导的小鼠肺纤维化模型中,肺组织切片的免疫组化分析显示c⁃FLIP(L)高表达与E⁃cad⁃ herin低表达呈负相关,提示c⁃FLIP(L)参与了肺纤维化过程中的EMT发生。在细胞水平,进一步实验证明c ⁃ FLIP(L)高表达能够增强TGF⁃β1诱导的EMT进程。尽管c⁃FLIP(L)调控EMT的作用机制以及参与肺纤维化的作用机制还有待阐明,但本研究提出了肺纤维化中c⁃FLIP(L)的异常表达可能是IPF治疗的潜在靶点,从新的角度探究肺纤维化的发病机制,靶向EMT调控为缓解肺纤维化疾病进展提供新的可能途径。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] YOO H,JEONG B H,CHUNG M J,et al.Risk factors and clinical characteristics of lung cancer in idiopathic pulmo⁃ nary fibrosis:a retrospective cohort study[J].BMC Pulm Med,2019,19(1):149

    • [2] TZOUVELEKIS A,GOMATOU G,BOUROS E,et al.Common pathogenic mechanisms between idiopathic pul⁃ monary fibrosis and lung cancer[J].Chest,2019,156(2):383-391

    • [3] KANEMARU R,TAKAHASHI F,KATO M,et al.Dasat⁃inib suppresses TGFβ⁃mediated epithelial ⁃mesenchymal transition in alveolar epithelial cells and inhibits pulmo⁃ nary fibrosis[J].Lung,2018,196(5):531-541

    • [4] GOLAN⁃GERSTL R,WALLACH⁃DAYAN S B,ZISMAN P,et al.Cellular FLICE ⁃ like inhibitory protein deviates myofibroblast fas ⁃ induced apoptosis toward proliferation during lung fibrosis[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2012,47(3):271-279

    • [5] SI C,GROSHONG S D,FRANKEL S K,et al.Compart⁃ mentalized expression of c ⁃ FLIP in lung tissues of pa⁃ tients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2010,42(2):140-148

    • [6] LUEBKE T,SCHWARZ L,BEER Y Y,et al.c⁃FLIP and CD95 signaling are essential for survival of renal cell car⁃ cinoma[J].Cell Death Dis,2019,10(6):384

    • [7] LV X Q,QIAO X R,SU L,et al.Honokiol inhibits EMT⁃ mediated motility and migration of human non ⁃small cell lung cancer cells in vitro by targeting c ⁃ FLIP[J].Acta Pharmacol Sin,2016,37(12):1574-1586

    • [8] KIM Y,PARK H,JEOUNG D.CAGE,a cancer/testis anti⁃ gen,induces c⁃FLIP(L)and Snail to enhance cell motility and increase resistance to an anti ⁃ cancer drug[J].Bio⁃ technol Lett,2009,31(7):945-952

    • [9] LIU Y P,WAN J,LONG F,et al.circPVT1 facilitates in⁃ vasion and metastasis by regulating miR ⁃205⁃5p/c ⁃FLIP axis in osteosarcoma[J].Cancer Manag Res,2020,12(12):1229-1240

    • [10] SAITO A,HORIE M,MICKE P,et al.The role of TGF⁃β signaling in lung cancer associated with idiopathic pulmo⁃ nary fibrosis[J].Int J Mol Sci,2018,19(11):3611

    • [11] YOSHIMATSU Y,WAKABAYASHI I,KIMURO S,et al.TNF⁃α enhances TGF⁃β⁃induced endothelial⁃to⁃mesen⁃ chymal transition via TGF ⁃ β signal augmentation[J].Cancer Sci,2020,111(7):2385⁃2399

    • [12] FIORE A,UGEL S,DE SANCTIS F,et al.Induction of immunosuppressive functions and NF ⁃ κB by FLIP in monocytes[J].Nat Commun,2018,9(1):5193

    • [13] ZHANG J,CHEN Y,HUANG Q,et al.Nuclear localiza⁃ tion of c ⁃FLIP ⁃L and its regulation of AP ⁃1 activity[J].Int J Biochem Cell Biol,2009,41(8/9):1678-1684

    • [14] QIAO Y,QIAN Y,WANG J,et al.Melanoma cell adhe⁃ sion molecule stimulates YES ⁃ associated protein tran⁃ scription by enhancing CREB activity via c ⁃Jun/c ⁃Fos in hepatocellular carcinoma cells[J].Oncol Lett,2016,11(6):3702-3708

    • [15] ZHANG J,JIANG H Y,ZHANG L K,et al.C ⁃FLIP(L)modulated Wnt/β⁃Catenin activation via association with TIP49 protein[J].J Biol Chem,2017,292(6):2132-2142

    • [16] LI C,AO H,CHEN G,et al.The Interaction of CDH20 With β ⁃ catenin inhibits cervical cancer cell migration and invasion via TGF⁃β/Smad/SNAIL mediated EMT[J].Front Oncol,2020,9:1481

  • 参考文献

    • [1] YOO H,JEONG B H,CHUNG M J,et al.Risk factors and clinical characteristics of lung cancer in idiopathic pulmo⁃ nary fibrosis:a retrospective cohort study[J].BMC Pulm Med,2019,19(1):149

    • [2] TZOUVELEKIS A,GOMATOU G,BOUROS E,et al.Common pathogenic mechanisms between idiopathic pul⁃ monary fibrosis and lung cancer[J].Chest,2019,156(2):383-391

    • [3] KANEMARU R,TAKAHASHI F,KATO M,et al.Dasat⁃inib suppresses TGFβ⁃mediated epithelial ⁃mesenchymal transition in alveolar epithelial cells and inhibits pulmo⁃ nary fibrosis[J].Lung,2018,196(5):531-541

    • [4] GOLAN⁃GERSTL R,WALLACH⁃DAYAN S B,ZISMAN P,et al.Cellular FLICE ⁃ like inhibitory protein deviates myofibroblast fas ⁃ induced apoptosis toward proliferation during lung fibrosis[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2012,47(3):271-279

    • [5] SI C,GROSHONG S D,FRANKEL S K,et al.Compart⁃ mentalized expression of c ⁃ FLIP in lung tissues of pa⁃ tients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2010,42(2):140-148

    • [6] LUEBKE T,SCHWARZ L,BEER Y Y,et al.c⁃FLIP and CD95 signaling are essential for survival of renal cell car⁃ cinoma[J].Cell Death Dis,2019,10(6):384

    • [7] LV X Q,QIAO X R,SU L,et al.Honokiol inhibits EMT⁃ mediated motility and migration of human non ⁃small cell lung cancer cells in vitro by targeting c ⁃ FLIP[J].Acta Pharmacol Sin,2016,37(12):1574-1586

    • [8] KIM Y,PARK H,JEOUNG D.CAGE,a cancer/testis anti⁃ gen,induces c⁃FLIP(L)and Snail to enhance cell motility and increase resistance to an anti ⁃ cancer drug[J].Bio⁃ technol Lett,2009,31(7):945-952

    • [9] LIU Y P,WAN J,LONG F,et al.circPVT1 facilitates in⁃ vasion and metastasis by regulating miR ⁃205⁃5p/c ⁃FLIP axis in osteosarcoma[J].Cancer Manag Res,2020,12(12):1229-1240

    • [10] SAITO A,HORIE M,MICKE P,et al.The role of TGF⁃β signaling in lung cancer associated with idiopathic pulmo⁃ nary fibrosis[J].Int J Mol Sci,2018,19(11):3611

    • [11] YOSHIMATSU Y,WAKABAYASHI I,KIMURO S,et al.TNF⁃α enhances TGF⁃β⁃induced endothelial⁃to⁃mesen⁃ chymal transition via TGF ⁃ β signal augmentation[J].Cancer Sci,2020,111(7):2385⁃2399

    • [12] FIORE A,UGEL S,DE SANCTIS F,et al.Induction of immunosuppressive functions and NF ⁃ κB by FLIP in monocytes[J].Nat Commun,2018,9(1):5193

    • [13] ZHANG J,CHEN Y,HUANG Q,et al.Nuclear localiza⁃ tion of c ⁃FLIP ⁃L and its regulation of AP ⁃1 activity[J].Int J Biochem Cell Biol,2009,41(8/9):1678-1684

    • [14] QIAO Y,QIAN Y,WANG J,et al.Melanoma cell adhe⁃ sion molecule stimulates YES ⁃ associated protein tran⁃ scription by enhancing CREB activity via c ⁃Jun/c ⁃Fos in hepatocellular carcinoma cells[J].Oncol Lett,2016,11(6):3702-3708

    • [15] ZHANG J,JIANG H Y,ZHANG L K,et al.C ⁃FLIP(L)modulated Wnt/β⁃Catenin activation via association with TIP49 protein[J].J Biol Chem,2017,292(6):2132-2142

    • [16] LI C,AO H,CHEN G,et al.The Interaction of CDH20 With β ⁃ catenin inhibits cervical cancer cell migration and invasion via TGF⁃β/Smad/SNAIL mediated EMT[J].Front Oncol,2020,9:1481