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通讯作者:

胡军,E⁃mail:junhu89@vip.sina.com

中图分类号:R684.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)09-1315-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210907

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨激活α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor,α7⁃nAChR)对小鼠骨关节炎(osteoarthritis, OA)软骨细胞凋亡的作用及机制。方法:通过关节腔内注射碘乙酸钠(monosodium iodoacetate,MIA)建立小鼠OA模型。模型小鼠随机分成MIA单独给药组、0.5 mg/kg烟碱(nicotine,Nic)治疗组、1 mg/kg Nic治疗组和Nic +α7⁃nAChR特异性拮抗剂甲基牛扁碱(methyllycaconitine,MLA)治疗组,对照组小鼠则注射等体积的生理盐水。模型制备后7、14、21 d应用Von Frey纤维丝评价小鼠疼痛行为指标机械缩足反射潜伏期;第21天时处死小鼠,取膝关节标本进行甲苯胺蓝和番红固绿染色,评估膝关节软骨破坏情况并进行关节软骨退变评分;应用原位末端转移酶标技术(terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick end labelling,TUNEL)分析关节软骨细胞的凋亡水平;应用免疫印迹法检测凋亡相关蛋白Bcl⁃2、Bax、cleaved caspase⁃9和caspase⁃9 的表达。结果:模型制备后21 d,MIA组小鼠机械缩足反射潜伏期阈值显著下降至(0.28 ± 0.02)g,关节软骨退变评分和蛋白聚糖损失评分分别升高至(5.33 ± 1.19)分和(2.33 ± 0.27)分,关节软骨细胞凋亡率升高至(31.83 ± 3.89)%。而1 mg/kg Nic能显著减轻MIA引起的小鼠膝关节疼痛行为(P < 0.05),降低MIA诱导的软骨退变(P < 0.05)和关节软骨细胞凋亡坏死(P < 0.05)。 进一步机制研究发现,MIA可明显降低Bcl⁃2的表达,增加Bax和cleaved caspase⁃9的表达,而Nic治疗组能逆转MIA诱导的软骨细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响,显著升高Bcl⁃2的表达,降低Bax的表达和cleaved caspase⁃9/caspase⁃9的比率(P < 0.05),上述这些Nic的作用均能被MLA消除。结论:激活α7⁃nAChR能抑制关节软骨细胞的凋亡,对OA模型小鼠的软骨损伤具有保护作用,其抗凋亡机制可能与线粒体凋亡途径有关。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to study the inhibitory effect of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor(α7 ⁃ nAChR)on chondrocyte apoptosis,providing a new idea and research strategy for the clinical treatment and study of osteoarthritis(OA). Methods: Mice were randomly divided into the following groups:control group,monosodium iodoacetate(MIA)treatment alone group,MIA+Nic (Nicotine 0.5 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg)treatment group and MIA +Nic +MLA(methyllycaconitine)treatment group. A mouse model of OA induced by injection of MIA was used to study the effects of nicotine on joint pain,cartilage degeneration and chondrocyte apoptosis. Mechanical withdrawal sensitivity was detected using Von Frey hairs at 7,14,and 21 days after MIA injection. Cartilage degeneration was assessed using cartilage degeneration score and aggrecan loss score at 21 days after injection. Apoptosis of articular cartilage was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick end labelling(TUNEL)staining. Meanwhile,Western blot was used to detect the expression of apoptosis⁃related proteins Bcl⁃2,Bax,cleaved caspas⁃9 and caspase⁃9. Results:After model preparation of 21 days,the latency threshold of mechanical foot retraction reflex in MIA group decreased significantly to(0.28 ± 0.02)g,the scores of articular cartilage degeneration and proteoglycan loss increased to(5.33 ± 1.19)and(2.33 ± 0.27),respectively,and the apoptosis rate of articular chondrocytes increased to(31.83 ± 3.89)%. Nic(1.0 mg/kg)treatment reduced pain behavior(P < 0.05),cartilage degeneration(P < 0.05)and chondrocyte apoptosis induced by MIA(P < 0.05). In addition,nicotine treatment reduced MIA⁃induced down⁃regulation of Bcl⁃2,up⁃regulation of Bax and cleaved caspase⁃9/caspase⁃9 ratio levels(P < 0.05). The benefit of nicotine was abolished by a selective α7 nicotinic receptor blocker MLA in vivo. Conclusion:The activation of α7⁃nAChR has a protective effect on cartilage damage in OA model mice and exerts an anti⁃chondrocyte apoptosis effect by inhibiting the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.

  • 骨关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)是一种慢性退行性关节疾病,以缓慢发展的关节疼痛、僵硬伴活动受限等为主要临床特点。关节软骨细胞的变性退变是OA的病理生理基础,但其确切的病因机制目前仍不清楚[1-2]。研究发现,在人类OA组织标本中,细胞凋亡与软骨破坏和基质消耗的程度呈正相关,在OA软骨中,18%~21%的软骨细胞表现出凋亡特征,而在正常软骨中,这一比例仅为2%~5%[3]。靶向软骨细胞凋亡的调控正成为OA治疗药物研究的重要方向[4-5]

  • 烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nicotinic acetylcholine re⁃ ceptor,nAChR)广泛分布于多种细胞,其中α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(α7nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, α7⁃nAChR)是由5个α7亚单位组成的同源五聚体。 α7⁃nAChR具有快速激活、快速脱敏和对Ca2+ 高度渗透的特点,在胆碱能抗炎通路介导的神经免疫网络调节中起着关键性作用[6]。研究表明α7⁃nAChR兴奋后可产生一个快速衰减的内向电流,通过直接打开离子通道或间接兴奋电压依赖型钙通道而使细胞内游离钙水平提高,从而引发许多细胞内下游事件,包括蛋白激酶的激活,即早基因的表达,新蛋白的合成,最终导致神经元或非神经元功能的变化,产生众多生物学效应[7-8]

  • Van Maanen等[9] 构建胶原诱导的关节炎模型,分为一侧迷走神经切除术或假切除术组、烟碱(nic⁃ otine,Nic)干预组、α7⁃nAChR激动剂组,结果表明迷走神经切除后关节炎症状加重,而给予口服Nic后关节症状得到缓解,同时口服Nic可抑制骨降解和抑制滑膜组织中肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis fac⁃ tor,TNF)⁃α表达。本实验室前期研究发现,Nic可明显改善碘乙酸钠(monosodium iodoacetate,MIA)诱导的OA模型小鼠的膝关节退变,减少关节软骨退变及周围滑膜增生,其机制与Nic激活α7⁃nAChR通过磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/Akt)信号通路调控巨噬细胞功能有关[10],表明α7⁃nAChR在类风湿性关节炎和OA中皆发挥重要作用。但激活α7⁃ nAChR能否对关节软骨细胞的凋亡产生影响尚无此类报道。本研究通过关节腔内注射MIA建立小鼠OA模型,旨在探讨激活α7⁃nAChR对OA关节软骨细胞凋亡的作用及其机制。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • MIA、Nic和α7⁃nAChR特异性拮抗剂甲基牛扁碱(methyllycaconitine,MLA)(Sigma⁃Aldrich公司,美国);Von Frey纤维丝(Woodland Hills公司,美国);B淋巴细胞瘤⁃2(Bcl⁃2)抗体(1∶1 000)、Bcl⁃2相关X蛋白(Bax)抗体(1∶1 000)、活性含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶⁃9(cleaved caspas⁃9)抗体(1∶1 000) 和caspas⁃9抗体(1∶1 000)(Cell Signaling Technology公司,美国)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 实验动物与模型制备

  • 40只C57BL/6J雄性小鼠购于南京医科大学动物中心,10~12周龄,体重24~28g。实验前,将动物置于实验环境中适应3d。根据前期研究Nic、MIA和MLA的有效剂量[10],我们将小鼠随机分为以下5组:对照(control)组、MIA模型组(每只小鼠左后腿膝关节内注射MIA 0.1mg,体积为10 μL)、MIA+Nic (0.5mg/kg)治疗组、MIA+Nic(1.0mg/kg)治疗组和MIA+Nic(1.0mg/kg)+MLA(1.0mg/kg)治疗组,每组8只小鼠。在MIA+Nic治疗组中,小鼠在造模前连续腹腔注射0.5或1.0mg/kg Nic 1周,每天1次,第7天时,给予Nic后30min,向小鼠的左后腿膝关节内注射0.1mg MIA,第28天处死小鼠。在MIA +Nic + MLA治疗组中,小鼠在造模前除提前1h腹腔注射1.0mg/kg Nic外,还提前30min腹腔注射1.0mg/kg的MLA。对照组小鼠和MIA模型组小鼠同期腹腔注射等体积的生理盐水。第28天小鼠处死后,取左后膝关节软骨组织标本进行实验。上述操作程序均严格按照国际疼痛研究协会伦理委员会的规章、实验室动物管理和使用指南(中国科学技术部)的规定执行。所有动物实验均经南京医科大学实验动物福利伦理委员会批准,旨在最大程度地减少痛苦并减少所用动物的数量。

  • 1.2.2 小鼠行为学检测

  • 在进行基线测试之前,将小鼠置于测试环境至少3d以适应测试环境。使用Von Frey纤维丝测定小鼠后爪机械缩足反射潜伏期阈值,用以评价小鼠的疼痛行为。测试时,首先将小鼠放入金属网地板的盒子中,使其适应30min。将标准的Von Fery纤维丝(0.008g、0.02g、0.04g、0.07g、0.16g、0.4g、 0.6g、1.0g、1.4g和2.0g)刺激小鼠左后爪的足底表面,直到纤维弯曲,记录所用Von Fery纤维丝提供的刺激力。对每只小鼠进行3次测试,计算测量阈值的平均值。当小鼠表现出对≤0.4g的刺激有反应时,则判定为异常,正常小鼠的阈值在1~2g [10]

  • 1.2.3 组织学分析

  • 新鲜获得的整个小鼠左后膝关节迅速固定在4%多聚甲醛中,常规脱钙、脱水后用石蜡包埋固定。标本切片、脱蜡后,分别用甲苯胺蓝染色和番红固绿染色。

  • 甲苯胺蓝染色时,标本先用甲苯胺蓝溶液浸泡30min,清洗后置于冰醋酸溶液中,蒸馏水清洗2次,随后逐级乙醇脱水、二甲苯透明、中性树胶封固。由两位病理学医师依据评分标准在光学显微镜下观察软骨病变、软骨下糖胺聚糖改变并对甲苯胺蓝染色标本进行评分,取两者平均分为最后得分。

  • 番红固绿染色时,标本用l%番红染液浸染3min, 1%固绿复染3min,95%酒精分化数秒,复加番红染色2min,镜下95%酒精分化数秒,随后逐级乙醇脱水、二甲苯透明、中性树胶封固。根据关节软骨退变评分和蛋白聚糖损失评分标准分别在光学显微镜下观察软骨病变[11-12],对番红固绿染色标本评分,取两者平均分为最后得分。

  • 1.2.4 石蜡切片荧光TUNEL实验

  • 试剂盒采用Fluorescein(FITC)Tunel Cell Apop⁃ tosis Detection Kit(G1501 ⁃ 50T,Servicebio公司,美国),按试剂盒说明书应用TUNEL染色评估凋亡细胞数量。依次将石蜡切片脱蜡水洗后,用蛋白酶K工作液覆盖组织,然后用PBS(pH7.4)在脱色摇床上晃动洗涤3次,每次5min,切片稍甩干后在圈内滴加破膜工作液覆盖组织。按片子数量和组织大小取TUNEL试剂盒内适量试剂1(TdT)和试剂2 (dUTP)按1∶9混合,覆盖组织。随后将切片平放于湿盒内。细胞核加DAPI染液复染后封片,倒置荧光显微镜(Eclipse Ti⁃SR,Nikon公司,日本)下观察细胞并采集图像,并通过HALO软件计算出TUNEL阳性细胞的百分比[13-14]

  • 1.2.5 蛋白质免疫印迹

  • 取出小鼠膝关节软骨,蛋白提取试剂盒提取蛋白,并测定蛋白质浓度。蛋白质经10%十二烷基硫酸钠中凝胶电泳,4℃ 100V转移1.5h至硝酸纤维素膜上。用5%脱脂奶粉溶液在室温下封闭1h,然后加入相应一抗Bcl⁃2、Bax、cleaved caspase⁃9和caspase⁃9, 4℃孵育过夜。第2天洗膜后,与相应二抗在常温下孵育1h。显色、成像,并使用Image J(2.0)分析软件对条带灰度分析,计算蛋白质的相对表达量。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS22.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料以均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用SNK法。P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 Nic对OA模型小鼠关节疼痛的影响

  • 如图1所示,MIA给药后1~3周,小鼠的运动功能受到明显影响,引起机械性痛觉超敏,痛阈下降,第1周MIA组小鼠机械缩足反射潜伏期阈值为 (0.21 ± 0.04)g,较正常对照组下降80%,持续至第3周MIA组机械缩足反射潜伏期阈值仍较对照组下降约69%(P< 0.05);而给予Nic进行预处理,能显著增加小鼠的运动功能评分,其中1.0mg/kg Nic较0.5mg/kg Nic效果更为明显,Nic预处理21d后,小鼠机械缩足反射潜伏期阈值可恢复至(1.08 ± 0.09)g,接近对照组水平(P> 0.05),表明Nic能减轻MIA引起的疼痛行为。同时,选择性的α7⁃ nAChR拮抗剂MLA(1.0mg/kg)能取消Nic对MIA模型小鼠的镇痛作用,MLA组小鼠机械缩足反射潜伏期阈值显著下降至(0.25 ± 0.04)g,与Nic预处理组比差异有统计学意义(P< 0.05),表明Nic可能是通过α7⁃nAChR发挥镇痛作用。

  • 2.2 Nic对MIA诱导的小鼠关节软骨退化及细胞凋亡的影响

  • 关节内注射0.1mg/10 μL MIA可诱发膝关节软骨退化,甲苯胺蓝和番红固绿染色(图2A)显示MIA组关节软骨浅表层纤维化,表面完整性破坏,结构紊乱,裂隙深,可见放射带,软骨细胞明显减少,潮线破坏。 MIA组关节软骨退变评分和蛋白聚糖损失评分分别为(5.33 ± 1.19)分和(2.33 ± 0.27)分,1mg/kg Nic可显著降低关节软骨退变评分和蛋白聚糖损失评分 (P< 0.05,图2B、C)。软骨细胞再次清晰可辨,排列规整、致密,近似水平排列,软骨潮线结构恢复存在。TUNEL荧光染色显示MIA可诱发膝关节软骨细胞发生凋亡,MIA组软骨细胞凋亡率明显增高,达到(31.83 ± 3.89)%,是对照组的6.58倍(P< 0.05,图2A)。1.0mg/kg Nic可显著降低软骨细胞凋亡率 (P< 0.05,图2D),这一结果表明Nic对MIA诱导的关节软骨退变及细胞凋亡具有保护作用,而α7⁃ nAChR选择性拮抗剂MLA可抵消Nic对软骨细胞凋亡的保护作用,使得软骨细胞凋亡率重新升高至 (31.67 ± 5.35)%。

  • 图1 Nic对MIA模型小鼠Von Frey纤维丝实验中疼痛行为的影响

  • Fig.1 Effects of Nic treatment on pain behavior in mice subjected to MIA injection

  • 2.3 Nic对MIA诱导的软骨细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响

  • Western blot实验结果显示,MIA造模小鼠关节软骨中Bcl⁃2的蛋白表达显著下调,同时Bax蛋白的表达上调,cleaved caspase⁃9表达增加。而Nic治疗组Bcl⁃2的蛋白表达上调,Bax蛋白表达和cleaved caspase⁃9/caspase⁃9的比率降低,α7⁃nAChR特异性拮抗剂MLA可抵消Nic对MIA诱导的软骨细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响(图3)。考虑到caspase⁃9是半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶家族的重要成员。受到凋亡刺激时,线粒体释放的细胞色素C会结合procas⁃ pase⁃9/凋亡酶激活因子⁃1(Apaf⁃1)。Apaf⁃1介导的caspase ⁃ 9激活涉及固有蛋白酶解加工,可导致cleaved caspase⁃9增加,启动caspase级联,进而导致凋亡。因此Nic对MIA诱导的软骨细胞凋亡的影响可能与线粒体途径相关[15-16]

  • 图2 Nic对MIA模型小鼠膝关节退化及软骨细胞凋亡的影响

  • Fig.2 Effects of Nic on knee joint degradation and apoptosis in mice subjected to MIA injection

  • 3 讨论

  • 越来越多的研究发现胆碱能抗炎通路在免疫系统中发挥重要作用,感染或损伤的分子产物激活感觉神经元到达迷走神经脑干部,诱发从脑干到脾脏或其他器官的动作电位,最终导致T细胞释放乙酰胆碱,后者与α7⁃nAChRs结合可抑制巨噬细胞中细胞因子的释放[17]。α7⁃nAChR是近年来多种炎性疾病的研究热点,是胆碱能抗炎通路中的关键分子[18]。 Van Maanen等[19] 发现在α7⁃nAChR敲除小鼠中,胶原诱导的关节炎严重程度显著增加,滑膜炎症和关节破坏也明显增多。Li等[20] 研究进一步发现Nic干预可明显缓解胶原诱导的关节炎动物模型相关临床和组织病理学变化,减少滑膜中CD11b阳性巨噬细胞的数量,下调血清中巨噬细胞炎性蛋白和单核细胞趋化蛋白的表达水平,而迷走神经切除则加重了关节炎程度,上调单核细胞趋化蛋白的表达水平[20-21]。以上研究证实α7⁃nAChR在胶原诱导的关节炎模型的发生与发展中发挥重要作用,胶原诱导的关节炎模型的病理特点与类风湿关节炎接近,α7⁃nAChR在OA动物模型中的作用机制仍不清楚。

  • 图3 Nic对MIA模型小鼠膝关节软骨凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响

  • Fig.3 Effects of Nic on the expression of apoptosis⁃related proteins in mice subjected to MIA injection

  • OA的主要病理变化是软骨退变,软骨细胞合成代谢与分解代谢的动态平衡有助于维持软骨细胞外基质结构和功能完整,因此软骨细胞功能是调控细胞外基质稳定的关键因素之一。越来越多的研究发现:软骨细胞凋亡与OA的发生发展密切相关,寻找软骨细胞凋亡调控的新靶点正成为OA研究的热点问题[22]。本实验室前期研究发现,Nic通过激活α7⁃ nAChR调控细胞外调节蛋白激酶1/2 (ERK1/2)和p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶抑制脂多糖诱导的脑星形胶质细胞的活化[16]。Que等[23] 发现FK506在体外能抑制成纤维细胞的增殖并诱导其凋亡,而ERK1/2抑制剂PD98059可以抑制FK506诱导的成纤维细胞凋亡。Zhou等[24] 发现p38在骨髓增生异常综合征的骨髓中过度活化,并诱导造血干细胞凋亡,在分子水平抑制p38MAPK通路可以减少干细胞凋亡,并刺激体外造血祖细胞的造血作用,说明ERK1/2和p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶均参与了凋亡信号通路的调控,但Nic能否通过激活α7⁃nAChR对关节软骨细胞的凋亡产生影响仍不清楚,本研究构建了MIA诱导的小鼠膝OA模型[25],发现MIA可以明显诱导小鼠膝关节疼痛,Nic对小鼠膝关节疼痛有明显的缓解作用,α7⁃nAChR阻断剂MLA可以消除这种缓解作用,MIA注射后可致小鼠膝关节面软骨糜烂,软骨下骨暴露,软骨细胞显著减少,基质染色重度减退,关节软骨退变评分和蛋白聚糖评分明显升高,软骨细胞凋亡率增加,Nic小鼠腹腔内给药可明显阻断OA病理进程,软骨细胞凋亡率下降, α7⁃nAChR阻断剂MLA可拮抗这种保护作用。

  • 对Nic凋亡调控机制的深入研究发现,MIA可破坏软骨细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bax/Bcl⁃2的稳态及促进cleaved caspase⁃9/caspase⁃9比值升高,Bcl⁃2通过抑制线粒体细胞色素C的释放而作为一种广泛的凋亡调节蛋白,参与调节线粒体的钙稳态和质子流。相反,Bax则与线粒体膜上的孔蛋白相互作用并提高线粒体细胞色素C的通透性,从而导致线粒体中细胞色素C的释放和caspase的活化,导致凋亡[26-27]。本研究发现Nic可以稳定Bax/Bcl⁃2的比例,并通过α7⁃ nAChR抑制caspase⁃9的裂解,提示α7⁃nAChR可通过抑制线粒体介导的软骨细胞凋亡延缓小鼠膝骨关节炎关节软骨退变,α7⁃nAChR可成为OA治疗的新靶点。但需要注意的是,凋亡信号转导主要通路不仅包括线粒体通路,还包括死亡受体通路、内质网通路等,这3种凋亡途径并非完全独立,在某些情况下它们存在相互联系,已有研究表明,Bcl⁃2与线粒体通路及死亡受体通路均关系密切[28],因此α7⁃ nAChR是否在其他凋亡信号转导通路中发挥作用仍需要进一步研究。

  • 参考文献

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    • [3] HÉRAUD F,HÉRAUD A,HARMAND M F.Apoptosis in normal and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2000,59(12):959-965

    • [4] LAUWERS M,COURTIES A,SELLAM J,et al.The cho⁃ linergic system in joint health and osteoarthritis:a narra⁃ tive ⁃ review[J].Osteoarthritis Cartilage,2021,29(5):643-653

    • [5] FANG T,ZHOU X,JIN M,et al.Molecular mechanisms of mechanical load⁃induced osteoarthritis[J].Int Orthop,2021[2021⁃04⁃01].DOI:10.1007/s00264⁃021⁃04938⁃1

    • [6] TALY A,CORRINGER P J,GUEDIN D,et al.Nicotinic receptors:allosteric transitions and therapeutic targets in the nervous system[J].Nat Rev Drug Discov,2009,8(9):733-750

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    • [8] PHILLIPS M B,NIGAM A,JOHNSON J W.Interplay be⁃ tween gating and block of ligand ⁃gated ion channels[J].Brain Sci,2020,10(12):928

    • [9] VAN MAANEN M A,LEBRE M C,VAN DER POLL T,et al.Stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors attenuates collagen⁃induced arthritis in mice[J].Arthritis Rheum,2009,60(1):114-122

    • [10] TENG P,LIU Y,DAI Y,et al.Nicotine attenuates osteoar⁃ thritis pain and matrix metalloproteinase⁃9 expression via the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor[J].J Immunol,2019,203(2):485-492

    • [11] HWANG H S,PARK I Y,HONG J,et al.Comparison of joint degeneration and pain in male and female mice in DMM model of osteoarthritis[J].Osteoarthritis Cartilage,2021,29(5):728-738

    • [12] 朱辰蕾,惠宇坚,张翔海,等.烟碱对膝骨关节炎模型大鼠的保护作用及机制研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2014,34(2):129-134

    • [13] YANG H,WEN Y,ZHANG M,et al.MTORC1 coordi⁃ nates the autophagy and apoptosis signaling in articular chondrocytes in osteoarthritic temporomandibular joint [J].Autophagy,2020,16(2):271-288

    • [14] WON Y,SHIN Y,CHUN C H,et al.Pleiotropic roles of metallothioneins as regulators of chondrocyte apoptosis and catabolic and anabolic pathways during osteoarthritis pathogenesis[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2016,75(11):2045-2052

    • [15] ASLAM M,LADILOV Y.Regulation of mitochondrial ho⁃ meostasis by sAC ⁃derived cAMP pool:basic and transla⁃ tional aspects[J].Cells,2021,10(2):473

    • [16] LIU Y,ZENG X,HUI Y,et al.Activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors protects astrocytes against oxida⁃ tive stress⁃induced apoptosis:implications for Parkinson’ s disease[J].Neuropharmacology,2015,91:87-96

    • [17] ANDERSSON U,TRACEY K J.Reflex principles of im⁃ munological homeostasis[J].Annu Rev Immunol,2012,30:313-335

    • [18] 刘振伟,刘传绩.中枢神经系统烟碱受体:性质的多样性,功能的未知性[J].生理科学进展,2001,32(2):149-152

    • [19] VAN MAANEN M A,STOOF S P,GJ L,et al.Role of the cholinergic nervous system in rheumatoid arthritis:aggra⁃ vation of arthritis in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subunit gene knockout mice[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2010,69(9):1717-1723

    • [20] LI S,ZHOU B,LIU B,et al.Activation of the cholinergic anti ⁃inflammatory system by nicotine attenuates arthritis via suppression of macrophage migration[J].Mol Med Rep,2016,14(6):5057-5064

    • [21] 郑慧,王泽,郝慧琴.α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体在类风湿关节炎中的研究进展[J].中华风湿病学杂志,2018,22(12):854-857

    • [22] MAO X,FU P,WANG L,et al.Mitochondria:potential targets for osteoarthritis[J].Front Med(Lausanne),2020,7:581402

    • [23] QUE J,CAO Q,SUI T,et al.Effect of FK506 in reducing scar formation by inducing fibroblast apoptosis after sciat⁃ ic nerve injury in rats[J].Cell Death Dis,2013,4(3):e526

    • [24] ZHOU L,OPALINSKA J,VERMA A.p38 MAP kinase regulates stem cell apoptosis in human hematopoietic fail⁃ ure[J].Cell Cycle,2007,6(5):534-537

    • [25] LEE S W,SONG Y S,SHIN S H,et al.Cilostazol protects rat chondrocytes against nitric oxide ⁃ induced apoptosis in vitro and prevents cartilage destruction in a rat model of osteoarthritis[J].Arthritis Rheum,2008,58(3):790-800

    • [26] SHALABY R,FLORES⁃ROMERO H,GARCÍA⁃SÁEZ A J.The mysteries around the BCL ⁃2 family member BOK [J].Biomolecules,2020,10(12):1638

    • [27] GU M,MEI X L,ZHAO Y N.Sepsis and cerebral dysfunc⁃ tion:BBB damage,neuroinflammation,oxidative stress,apoptosis and autophagy as key mediators and the poten⁃ tial therapeutic approaches[J].Neurotox Res,2021,39(2):489-503

    • [28] ZHANG J,ZHENG X,WANG P,et al.Role of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain(ARC)in cell death and cardiovascular disease[J].Apoptosis,2021,26(1/2):24-37

  • 参考文献

    • [1] MANDL L A.Osteoarthritis year in review 2018:clinical [J].Osteoarthritis Cartilage,2019,27(3):359-364

    • [2] JIANG W,LIU H,WAN R,et al.Mechanisms linking mi⁃ tochondrial mechanotransduction and chondrocyte biology in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis[J].Ageing Res Rev,2021,67:101315

    • [3] HÉRAUD F,HÉRAUD A,HARMAND M F.Apoptosis in normal and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2000,59(12):959-965

    • [4] LAUWERS M,COURTIES A,SELLAM J,et al.The cho⁃ linergic system in joint health and osteoarthritis:a narra⁃ tive ⁃ review[J].Osteoarthritis Cartilage,2021,29(5):643-653

    • [5] FANG T,ZHOU X,JIN M,et al.Molecular mechanisms of mechanical load⁃induced osteoarthritis[J].Int Orthop,2021[2021⁃04⁃01].DOI:10.1007/s00264⁃021⁃04938⁃1

    • [6] TALY A,CORRINGER P J,GUEDIN D,et al.Nicotinic receptors:allosteric transitions and therapeutic targets in the nervous system[J].Nat Rev Drug Discov,2009,8(9):733-750

    • [7] PARAMONOV A S,KOCHAROVSKAYA M V,TSAREV A V,et al.Structural diversity and dynamics of human three ⁃finger proteins acting on nicotinic acetylcholine re⁃ ceptors[J].Int J Mol Sci,2020,21(19):7280

    • [8] PHILLIPS M B,NIGAM A,JOHNSON J W.Interplay be⁃ tween gating and block of ligand ⁃gated ion channels[J].Brain Sci,2020,10(12):928

    • [9] VAN MAANEN M A,LEBRE M C,VAN DER POLL T,et al.Stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors attenuates collagen⁃induced arthritis in mice[J].Arthritis Rheum,2009,60(1):114-122

    • [10] TENG P,LIU Y,DAI Y,et al.Nicotine attenuates osteoar⁃ thritis pain and matrix metalloproteinase⁃9 expression via the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor[J].J Immunol,2019,203(2):485-492

    • [11] HWANG H S,PARK I Y,HONG J,et al.Comparison of joint degeneration and pain in male and female mice in DMM model of osteoarthritis[J].Osteoarthritis Cartilage,2021,29(5):728-738

    • [12] 朱辰蕾,惠宇坚,张翔海,等.烟碱对膝骨关节炎模型大鼠的保护作用及机制研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2014,34(2):129-134

    • [13] YANG H,WEN Y,ZHANG M,et al.MTORC1 coordi⁃ nates the autophagy and apoptosis signaling in articular chondrocytes in osteoarthritic temporomandibular joint [J].Autophagy,2020,16(2):271-288

    • [14] WON Y,SHIN Y,CHUN C H,et al.Pleiotropic roles of metallothioneins as regulators of chondrocyte apoptosis and catabolic and anabolic pathways during osteoarthritis pathogenesis[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2016,75(11):2045-2052

    • [15] ASLAM M,LADILOV Y.Regulation of mitochondrial ho⁃ meostasis by sAC ⁃derived cAMP pool:basic and transla⁃ tional aspects[J].Cells,2021,10(2):473

    • [16] LIU Y,ZENG X,HUI Y,et al.Activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors protects astrocytes against oxida⁃ tive stress⁃induced apoptosis:implications for Parkinson’ s disease[J].Neuropharmacology,2015,91:87-96

    • [17] ANDERSSON U,TRACEY K J.Reflex principles of im⁃ munological homeostasis[J].Annu Rev Immunol,2012,30:313-335

    • [18] 刘振伟,刘传绩.中枢神经系统烟碱受体:性质的多样性,功能的未知性[J].生理科学进展,2001,32(2):149-152

    • [19] VAN MAANEN M A,STOOF S P,GJ L,et al.Role of the cholinergic nervous system in rheumatoid arthritis:aggra⁃ vation of arthritis in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subunit gene knockout mice[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2010,69(9):1717-1723

    • [20] LI S,ZHOU B,LIU B,et al.Activation of the cholinergic anti ⁃inflammatory system by nicotine attenuates arthritis via suppression of macrophage migration[J].Mol Med Rep,2016,14(6):5057-5064

    • [21] 郑慧,王泽,郝慧琴.α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体在类风湿关节炎中的研究进展[J].中华风湿病学杂志,2018,22(12):854-857

    • [22] MAO X,FU P,WANG L,et al.Mitochondria:potential targets for osteoarthritis[J].Front Med(Lausanne),2020,7:581402

    • [23] QUE J,CAO Q,SUI T,et al.Effect of FK506 in reducing scar formation by inducing fibroblast apoptosis after sciat⁃ ic nerve injury in rats[J].Cell Death Dis,2013,4(3):e526

    • [24] ZHOU L,OPALINSKA J,VERMA A.p38 MAP kinase regulates stem cell apoptosis in human hematopoietic fail⁃ ure[J].Cell Cycle,2007,6(5):534-537

    • [25] LEE S W,SONG Y S,SHIN S H,et al.Cilostazol protects rat chondrocytes against nitric oxide ⁃ induced apoptosis in vitro and prevents cartilage destruction in a rat model of osteoarthritis[J].Arthritis Rheum,2008,58(3):790-800

    • [26] SHALABY R,FLORES⁃ROMERO H,GARCÍA⁃SÁEZ A J.The mysteries around the BCL ⁃2 family member BOK [J].Biomolecules,2020,10(12):1638

    • [27] GU M,MEI X L,ZHAO Y N.Sepsis and cerebral dysfunc⁃ tion:BBB damage,neuroinflammation,oxidative stress,apoptosis and autophagy as key mediators and the poten⁃ tial therapeutic approaches[J].Neurotox Res,2021,39(2):489-503

    • [28] ZHANG J,ZHENG X,WANG P,et al.Role of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain(ARC)in cell death and cardiovascular disease[J].Apoptosis,2021,26(1/2):24-37