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通讯作者:

史冬涛,E⁃mail:shdtsz@163.com

中图分类号:R735.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)09-1348-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210912

参考文献 1
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参考文献 2
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参考文献 7
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参考文献 8
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
NAM H S,CHOI C W,KIM S J,et al.Risk factors for de⁃ layed bleeding by onset time after endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric neoplasm[J].Sci Rep,2019,9(1):2674
参考文献 14
TERASAKI K,DOHI O,NAITO Y,et al.Effects of guide⁃ lines for gastroenterological endoscopy in patients under⁃ going antithrombotic treatment on postoperative bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer:a propensity score ⁃ matching analysis[J].Diges⁃ tion,2021,102(2):256-264
参考文献 15
HAMADA K,KANZAKI H,INOUE M,et al.Continued aspirin treatment may be a risk factor of delayed bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection under hep⁃ arin replacement:a retrospective multicenter study[J].Intern Med Tokyo Jpn,2020,59(21):2643-2651
参考文献 16
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参考文献 17
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参考文献 18
HAN K S,SOHN D K,CHOI D H,et al.Prolongation of the period between biopsy and EMR can influence the nonlifting sign in endoscopically resectable colorectal can⁃ cers[J].Gastrointest Endosc,2008,67(1):97-102
参考文献 19
KAGAWA T,IWAMURO M,ISHIKAWA S,et al.Vono⁃ prazan prevents bleeding from endoscopic submucosal dissection ⁃induced gastric ulcers[J].Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2016,44(6):583-591
参考文献 20
TSUJI Y,FUJISHIRO M,KODASHIMA S,et al.Polygly⁃ colic acid sheets and fibrin glue decrease the risk of bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection of gas⁃ tric neoplasms(with video)[J].Gastrointest Endosc,2015,81(4):906-912
参考文献 21
KAWATA N,ONO H,TAKIZAWA K,et al.Efficacy of polyglycolic acid sheets and fibrin glue for prevention of bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection in patients under continued antithrombotic agents[J].Gastric Cancer,2018,21(4):696-702
参考文献 22
AZUMI M,TAKEUCHI M,KOSEKI Y,et al.The search,coagulation,and clipping(SCC)method prevents delayed bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection [J].Gastric Cancer,2019,22(3):567-575
参考文献 23
张伟锋,施瑞华,许迎红,等.不同内镜治疗非静脉曲张性消化道出血205例临床分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2014,34(10):1408-1411
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨早期胃癌(early gastric cancer,EGC)内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)后发生迟发性出血风险的预测评分系统。方法:回顾性分析2016年2月—2020年11月在苏州大学附属第一医院消化科行ESD术治疗的296例EGC(包括高级别上皮内瘤变)患者的资料,经多因素分析找出影响EGC ESD术后迟发性出血的独立危险因素,并根据其回归系数对独立危险因素进行赋分,建立术后迟发性出血风险预测评分系统,且根据评分及迟发性出血发生率,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC曲线),计算曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC),根据评分进行危险分层。结果:病灶黏膜下层纤维化(OR=12.163,95%CI:2.735~54.102)、切除标本直径>4 cm(OR=19.091,95%CI:3.726~ 97.819)、使用抗凝药和/或抗血小板药(OR=5.334,95%CI:1.013~28.088)是EGC ESD术后发生迟发性出血的独立危险因素(P 均<0.05);评分系统:使用抗凝药和/或抗血小板药为1分,病灶黏膜下层纤维化为2分,切除标本直径>4 cm为2分。根据评分和迟发性出血发生率绘制ROC曲线,其AUC值为0.85(95%CI:0.753~0.947,P<0.001),最佳截断值为1.5分,以评分0~1分定义为低危组,评分2~5分定义为高危组,评分为低危组者ESD术后迟发性出血发生率为1.03%(2/194),评分为高危组者ESD 术后迟发性出血发生率为16.67%(17/102),两组差异有统计学意义(χ 2 =27.208,P<0.001)。结论:病灶黏膜下层纤维化、切除标本直径大于4 cm、使用抗凝药和/或抗血小板药,这3个独立危险因素构建的风险预测评分系统,能够有效识别EGC ESD术后发生迟发性出血的高风险患者。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to explore a scoring system for predicting the risk of delayed bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)for early gastric cancer(EGC). Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on the data of 296 patients with early gastric cancer(including high ⁃ grade intraepithelial neoplasia) who underwent ESD treatment in the Gastroenterology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from February 2016 to November 2020. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate independent risk factors of delayed bleeding after ESD in EGC. Weighted points was proportionally assigned based on β regression coefficients value to construct the scoring system. According to the scores and the incidence of delayed bleeding,the receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC curve)was plotted,the area under the curve(AUC) was calculated,and risk stratification based on the scores was performed. Results:Multivariate analysis revealed that submucosal fibrosis(OR=12.163,95% CI:2.735 ⁃ 54.102),resected specimen diameter>4 cm(OR=19.091,95% CI:3.726~97.819),use of anticoagulants and/or antiplatelet drugs were independent risk factors for delayed bleeding after ESD in EGC(all P<0.05). Scoring system:1 point for the use of anticoagulants and/or antiplatelet drugs,2 points for submucosal fibrosis of the lesion,and 2 points for resected specimen diameter>4 cm. The AUC value of the scoring system was 0.85(95%CI:0.753⁃0.947,P<0.001),of which the cut⁃ off value was 1.5. According to the cut⁃off value,a score of 0⁃1 was defined as the low⁃risk group,and a score of 2⁃5 was defined as the high⁃risk group for EGC after ESD. The incidence of delayed bleeding after ESD in the low⁃risk group was 1.03%(2/194),and in the high ⁃ risk group was 16.67%(17/102). The differences between the two groups were statistically significant(χ 2 =27.208,P<0.001). Conclusion:The predictive scoring system constructed by the three independent risk factors,which were submucosal fibrosis of the lesion,the use of anticoagulants and/or antiplatelet drugs,and resected specimen diameter>4 cm,can effectively identify high ⁃ risk patients with delayed bleeding after ESD for EGC.

  • 早期胃癌(early gastric cancer,EGC)是指癌组织仅局限于胃黏膜层或黏膜下层,不论病灶大小及有无淋巴结转移。随着筛查理念及内镜技术的普及,我国EGC的检出率不断提高。内镜黏膜下剥离术(endo⁃ scopic submucosal dissection,ESD)是EGC微创治疗的主要治疗手段之一,但其技术难度大、操作时间长,并可能出现消化道出血、穿孔等并发症。目前,对EGC ESD术后迟发性出血危险因素的研究较多,但通过相关危险因素来评估术后发生迟发性出血(de⁃ layed postpolypectomy bleeding,DPPB)风险的研究较少,本研究旨在通过回顾性分析在苏州大学附属第一医院行EGC ESD术治疗患者的相关临床资料,探讨构建EGC ESD术后发生DPPB风险的预测评分系统,为临床防治DPPB及及时采取干预措施提供参考。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 回顾性分析2016年2月—2020年11月在苏州大学附属第一医院住院行ESD术治疗的296例EGC患者的资料,其中男217例,女79例,年龄(64.13± 10.19)岁(32~87岁)。纳入标准:①组织病理学证实为EGC;②术前经腹部CT和超声内镜排除淋巴结转移和远处转移。排除标准:①既往因胃癌行手术治疗的患者;②凝血功能障碍的患者;③合并有血液系统疾病的患者;④其他原因引起消化道出血的患者。术前常规服用抗血小板和/或抗凝药患者,术前停药1周以上。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 ESD治疗方法

  • ESD治疗由苏州大学附属第一医院消化内科3位经验丰富的内镜医师进行,采用标准的内镜治疗方案。首先内镜下使用Dual刀(KD⁃650L,Olympus公司,日本)在肿瘤边缘外0.5cm处进行标记;接着注射生理盐水、靛胭脂、浓度为0.005‰肾上腺素的混合液,将病灶抬起,与肌层分离,在标记点周围行黏膜环周切开,用Dual刀剥离至黏膜下层,逐渐完整剥离病灶;随后将切除的标本取出,展平,用昆虫针将标本固定在平板上;最后予热活检钳处理创面所有可见的活动性出血的血管。

  • 1.2.2 术后处理

  • 术后予以密切监测血压、脉搏、呼吸、心率、体温等生命体征,术后第1天禁食,术后第2天进流质,随后逐步恢复至正常饮食;术后3d内常规静脉予质子泵抑制剂抑酸治疗。

  • 1.2.3 EGC ESD术后DPPB的诊断标准

  • 是指EGC ESD术后出现下列情况中至少两种:①出现呕血、黑便、头晕等不适症状;②血红蛋白下降>20g/L;③血压下降>20mmHg或心率增加20次/min;④胃镜检查提示ESD术后溃疡出血 (Forrest Ⅰ型、Ⅱa、Ⅱb型)[1]。根据术后是否发生DPPB,将患者分为DPPB组和非DPPB组,收集两组患者的如下资料:性别、年龄、合并症(有无心脑血管病)、有无抗凝药和/或抗血小板药物的使用、早期胃癌的部位、大小、形态、深度、病灶黏膜下层有无纤维化(黏膜下注射靛胭脂后的抬举程度)、病理特征、切除标本的大小。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 数据分析处理采用SPSS 21.0版统计分析软件,符合正态分布的计量资料用平均数±标准差(x- ± s) 表示,定性资料用百分比表示,采用χ2 检验或Fisher确切概率法,我们根据研究目的、变量个数、样本量的情况,对于单因素分析结果中P< 0.05的变量,纳入多因素分析进行进一步研究,多因素分析采用二元Logistic回归分析。

  • 应用单因素及多因素分析筛选出独立危险因素,将独立危险因素的多因素回归系数β的绝对值大小进行线性转换赋予分值,根据评分分值和DPPB发生率绘制预测模型的受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC曲线),计算曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC),根据最大约登指数确定截断值,小于截断值的为低危组,高于截断值的为高危组,采用χ2 检验对两组的DPPB发生率进行比较。模型的校准度采用Hosmer⁃Lemeshow进行评价。所有检验采用双侧,P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 EGC ESD术后迟发性出血相关单因素分析结果

  • DPPB组和非DPPB组患者在性别、年龄、合并症、病灶部位、病灶内镜下形态、病灶浸润深度方面差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05),而在病灶直径、病灶黏膜下层有无纤维化、切除标本直径、病灶病理类型、有无使用抗凝药和/或抗血小板药方面差异有统计学意义(P <0.05,表1)。

  • 2.2 EGC ESD术后发生DPPB的多因素二元Logis⁃ tic回归分析结果

  • 将病灶直径、病灶有无纤维化、切除标本直径、病灶病理类型、有无使用抗凝药和/或抗血小板药纳入多因素分析,结果提示病灶黏膜下层有纤维化 (P <0.001,OR=12.163,95%CI:2.735~54.102)、切除标本直径 >4cm(P <0.001,OR=19.091,95%CI: 3.726~97.819)、使用抗凝药和/或抗血小板药(P=0.048,OR=5.334,95%CI:1.013~28.088)是EGC ESD术后发生DPPB的独立危险因素(表2)。

  • 2.3 评分系统

  • 将3个独立危险因素的回归系数通过线性转换进行赋分,使用抗凝药和/或抗血小板药为1分,病灶黏膜下层有纤维化为2分,切除标本直径>4cm为2分。根据评分分值和DPPB发生率绘制ROC曲线(图1),其AUC值为0.85(95%CI:0.753~0.947, P <0.001),根据最大约登指数确定截断值为1.5分,故以评分0~1分定义为低危组,评分2~5分定义为高危组;采用Hosmer⁃Lemeshow拟合优度检验,得出该预测模型的预测值与实际观测值之间的差异无统计学意义,拥有很好的校准度(χ2=0.518,P=0.472)。根据评分模型,对296例EGC患者进行评分,评分为低危组者ESD后DPPB发生率为1.03%(2/194),评分为高危组者ESD后DPPB发生率为16.67(17/102),经卡方检验,两组差异有统计学意义(χ2=27.208,P <0.001,表3)。

  • 表1 296例EGC患者ESD后发生DPPB的单因素分析

  • Table1 Univariate analysis of DPPB after ESD in 296cases of EGC

  • 3 讨论

  • ESD作为内镜下治疗消化道病变的微创手术,患者创伤小,痛苦小,恢复快,随着技术不断发展成熟,临床普及度不断提高。日本胃癌协会(JGCA)在第四版的胃癌治疗指南中,将ESD作为符合适应证的EGC的一线治疗方案[2]。然而,ESD操作难度大,对内镜操作者技术要求比较高,术后容易出现出血、穿孔、狭窄、菌血症等术后并发症[3]。其中DPPB是胃部ESD术后常见不良事件,不同研究报道的发生率差异较大,为1.8%~15.6%[4-8],本研究的DPPB率为6.42%,在以往报道的范围内。DPPB是胃部ESD术后严重的并发症之一,内镜下止血失败则需要外科手术治疗,延长了患者的住院时间,增加了患者的医疗负担,耗费了医疗资源,因此,本研究对于预防EGC ESD后DPPB的发生有临床实际意义。

  • 表2 EGC ESD术后发生DPPB的多因素Logistic回归分析结果

  • Table2 Results of multifactorial logistic regression analysis related to DPPB after ESD for EGC

  • 图1 评分系统的受试者工作特征曲线

  • Fig.1 Receiver operating characteristic curve of the scoring system

  • 表3 296例EGC患者评分分组后ESD术后DPPB的分析

  • Table3 Analysis of DPPB after ESD in 296patients with EGC divided according to scores

  • χ2=27.208,P <0.001。

  • Guo等[9]、Libanio等[7] 研究发现,病灶直径大于2cm是EGC ESD术后发生DPPB的独立危险因素。本研究中,DPPB组和非DPPB组在病灶直径方面差异有统计学意义,但病灶直径非独立危险因素,与上述研究报道有差异,可能原因是受样本量限制,存在选择偏移,相信后续延长研究时间及增加样本量等不断完善该研究,可能得到更有意义的结果。

  • 本研究发现,DPPB组和非DPPB组在病灶病理类型方面,差异有统计学意义,但并非独立危险因素。Lim等[10] 研究表明,病理类型是EGC ESD术后发生DPPB的危险因素,与本研究一致。肿瘤微血管与肿瘤的生长、浸润、转移及预后密切相关,肿瘤间质微血管密度与胃癌的分化程度呈负相关[11]。病理类型是癌的病灶较高级别上皮内瘤变的病灶,血管及腺体结构异型性更明显,肿瘤间质微血管密度增高,因此ESD术后更易发生DPPB。

  • Toya等[12]、GUO等[9]、Yano等[8]、Nam等[13]、Tera⁃ saki等[14]、Hamada等[15] 研究发现抗血栓治疗、切除标本直径大于4cm是EGC ESD后发生DPPB的独立危险因素。本研究中,标本直径>4cm、长期使用抗凝药和/或抗血小板药的患者更容易出血,进一步证实了既往研究。切除标本直径越大,所形成的创面面积及人工溃疡面积越大,黏膜下层所暴露的血管也就越丰富,发生血管损伤引起DPPB的可能性也就越大。窄带显像放大内镜(ME⁃NBI)联合靛胭脂化学染色能够有效确定EGC患者肿瘤与周围正常黏膜的分界线,在保证完整切除病灶的同时,减小创面,从而降低术后出血。长期服用抗血栓药物的患者更容易发生ESD后DPPB,其原因可能是该类药物能直接损伤胃黏膜、抑制血小板功能、抑制前列腺素合成、延迟创面愈合等。Tomida等[16] 研究发现,对于长期服用抗血栓药物的患者,围手术期改用口服抗凝剂达比加群酯能降低胃ESD术后DPPB风险。

  • 在本研究中,病灶黏膜下层纤维化是EGC ESD术后DPPB的独立危险因素。主要考虑如下原因:予病灶黏膜下注射后,病灶抬举困难,剥离时病灶层次不清,手术操作时间延长,术中容易出血及反复止血,术后创面模糊、清理困难,容易遗漏裸露血管等。Miyahara等[17] 研究也发现胃部病灶瘢痕化与ESD术后DPPB显著相关。Han等[18] 研究认为不合适的病灶活检是造成黏膜下纤维化的原因之一,因此对病灶术前评估取活检时,最好能做到靶向活检,减少病灶纤维化。

  • 本研究对使用抗凝药和/或抗血小板药、病灶黏膜下层纤维化、切除标本直径>4cm这3个独立危险因素进行赋分,建立了预测评分系统,量化危险因素,通过对该系统进行ROC曲线检验,所得AUC值为0.85,说明该评分系统对EGC ESD术后发生DPPB具有很好的预测效能。

  • Kagawa等[19] 研究发现,与质子泵抑制剂相比,钾离子竞争性酸阻断剂(P⁃CAB)伏诺拉生显著减少了ESD术后出血。Tsuji等[20] 报道了一种使用聚乙醇酸薄片和纤维蛋白胶的屏蔽方法预防高危患者ESD术后出血的有效性和安全性,而Kawata等[21] 也发现聚乙醇酸片联合纤维蛋白胶能够降低持续抗血栓治疗患者ESD术后的出血风险。Azumi等[22] 研究发现,通过放大内镜搜寻裸露的血管,予以电凝止血及钛夹夹闭(SCC法),能够有效预防胃ESD术后DPPB的发生。既往研究显示,不同内镜治疗非静脉曲张性消化道出血患者中,总的即时止血率98.5%,再出血率9.9%[23]。因此,对于评分高危的ESD术后患者,可以采取术中预处理血管、保护创面、抑制物理刺激、术后增强抑酸治疗、适当延长住院时间等措施,以降低ESD术后DPPB的发生。

  • 本研究同时也存在一些不足之处。该研究是一项单中心、回顾性研究,存在一些选择偏移,且受样本量有限,不能进一步在其他队列中进行验证。后期将考虑在前瞻性队列中验证该评分系统,以进一步证实该研究结果。

  • 综上所述,本研究证实了使用抗凝药和/或抗血小板药、病灶黏膜下层纤维化、切除标本直径>4cm是EGC ESD术后发生DPPB的独立危险因素,用这3个因素建立的简单易行的预测评分系统,对EGC ESD术后发生DPPB具有很好的预测效能,从而通过采取有效的预防措施降低术后DPPB的发生。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] KIM J W,KIM H S,PARK D H,et al.Risk factors for de⁃ layed postendoscopic mucosal resection hemorrhage in pa⁃ tients with gastric tumor[J].Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2007,19(5):409-415

    • [2] ASSOCIATION J G C.Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2014(ver.4)[J].Gastric Cancer,2017,20(1):1-19

    • [3] 中华医学会消化内镜学分会,中国抗癌协会肿瘤内镜专业委员会.中国早期胃癌筛查及内镜诊治共识意见(2014年,长沙)[J].中华消化杂志,2014,34(7):433-448

    • [4] HIGASHIYAMA M,OKA S,TANAKA S,et al.Risk fac⁃ tors for bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric epithelial neoplasm[J].Dig Endosc,2011,23(4):290-295

    • [5] TOYOKAWA T,INABA T,OMOTE S,et al.Risk factors for perforation and delayed bleeding associated with endo⁃ scopic submucosal dissection for early gastric neoplasms:analysis of 1123 lesions[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2012,27(5):907-912

    • [6] MATSUMURA T,ARAI M,MARUOKA D,et al.Risk fac⁃ tors for early and delayed post⁃operative bleeding after en⁃ doscopic submucosal dissection of gastric neoplasms,in⁃ cluding patients with continued use of antithrombotic agents[J].BMC Gastroenterol,2014,14:172

    • [7] LIBÂNIO D,COSTA M N,PIMENTEL ⁃NUNES P,et al.Risk factors for bleeding after gastric endoscopic submu⁃ cosal dissection:a systematic review and meta ⁃ analysis [J].Gastrointest Endosc,2016,84(4):572-586

    • [8] YANO T,TANABE S,ISHIDO K,et al.Different clinical characteristics associated with acute bleeding and de⁃ layed bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection in patients with early gastric cancer[J].Surg Endosc,2017,31(11):4542-4550

    • [9] GUO Z,MIAO L,CHEN L,et al.Efficacy of second⁃look endoscopy in preventing delayed bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection of early gastric cancer[J].Exp Ther Med,2018,16(5):3855-3862

    • [10] LIM J H,KIM S G,KIM J W,et al.Do antiplatelets in⁃ crease the risk of bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric neoplasms?[J].Gastrointest Endosc,2012,75(4):719-727

    • [11] 李凯,刘杰.胃癌组织中CXCR3表达与微血管形成的关系及其临床意义[J].临床与实验病理学杂志,2016,32(10):1097-1100

    • [12] TOYA Y,ENDO M,OIZUMI T,et al.Risk factors for post ⁃ gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection bleeding with a special emphasis on anticoagulant therapy[J].Dig Dis Sci,2020,65(2):557-564

    • [13] NAM H S,CHOI C W,KIM S J,et al.Risk factors for de⁃ layed bleeding by onset time after endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric neoplasm[J].Sci Rep,2019,9(1):2674

    • [14] TERASAKI K,DOHI O,NAITO Y,et al.Effects of guide⁃ lines for gastroenterological endoscopy in patients under⁃ going antithrombotic treatment on postoperative bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer:a propensity score ⁃ matching analysis[J].Diges⁃ tion,2021,102(2):256-264

    • [15] HAMADA K,KANZAKI H,INOUE M,et al.Continued aspirin treatment may be a risk factor of delayed bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection under hep⁃ arin replacement:a retrospective multicenter study[J].Intern Med Tokyo Jpn,2020,59(21):2643-2651

    • [16] TOMIDA H,YOSHIO T,IGARASHI K,et al.Influence of anticoagulants on the risk of delayed bleeding after gas⁃ tric endoscopic submucosal dissection:a multicenter ret⁃ rospective study[J].Gastric Cancer,2021,24(1):179-189

    • [17] MIYAHARA K,IWAKIRI R,SHIMODA R,et al.Perfora⁃ tion and postoperative bleeding of endoscopic submucosal dissection in gastric tumors:analysis of 1190 lesions in low ⁃ and high ⁃volume centers in Saga,Japan[J].Diges⁃ tion,2012,86(3):273-280

    • [18] HAN K S,SOHN D K,CHOI D H,et al.Prolongation of the period between biopsy and EMR can influence the nonlifting sign in endoscopically resectable colorectal can⁃ cers[J].Gastrointest Endosc,2008,67(1):97-102

    • [19] KAGAWA T,IWAMURO M,ISHIKAWA S,et al.Vono⁃ prazan prevents bleeding from endoscopic submucosal dissection ⁃induced gastric ulcers[J].Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2016,44(6):583-591

    • [20] TSUJI Y,FUJISHIRO M,KODASHIMA S,et al.Polygly⁃ colic acid sheets and fibrin glue decrease the risk of bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection of gas⁃ tric neoplasms(with video)[J].Gastrointest Endosc,2015,81(4):906-912

    • [21] KAWATA N,ONO H,TAKIZAWA K,et al.Efficacy of polyglycolic acid sheets and fibrin glue for prevention of bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection in patients under continued antithrombotic agents[J].Gastric Cancer,2018,21(4):696-702

    • [22] AZUMI M,TAKEUCHI M,KOSEKI Y,et al.The search,coagulation,and clipping(SCC)method prevents delayed bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection [J].Gastric Cancer,2019,22(3):567-575

    • [23] 张伟锋,施瑞华,许迎红,等.不同内镜治疗非静脉曲张性消化道出血205例临床分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2014,34(10):1408-1411

  • 参考文献

    • [1] KIM J W,KIM H S,PARK D H,et al.Risk factors for de⁃ layed postendoscopic mucosal resection hemorrhage in pa⁃ tients with gastric tumor[J].Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2007,19(5):409-415

    • [2] ASSOCIATION J G C.Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2014(ver.4)[J].Gastric Cancer,2017,20(1):1-19

    • [3] 中华医学会消化内镜学分会,中国抗癌协会肿瘤内镜专业委员会.中国早期胃癌筛查及内镜诊治共识意见(2014年,长沙)[J].中华消化杂志,2014,34(7):433-448

    • [4] HIGASHIYAMA M,OKA S,TANAKA S,et al.Risk fac⁃ tors for bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric epithelial neoplasm[J].Dig Endosc,2011,23(4):290-295

    • [5] TOYOKAWA T,INABA T,OMOTE S,et al.Risk factors for perforation and delayed bleeding associated with endo⁃ scopic submucosal dissection for early gastric neoplasms:analysis of 1123 lesions[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2012,27(5):907-912

    • [6] MATSUMURA T,ARAI M,MARUOKA D,et al.Risk fac⁃ tors for early and delayed post⁃operative bleeding after en⁃ doscopic submucosal dissection of gastric neoplasms,in⁃ cluding patients with continued use of antithrombotic agents[J].BMC Gastroenterol,2014,14:172

    • [7] LIBÂNIO D,COSTA M N,PIMENTEL ⁃NUNES P,et al.Risk factors for bleeding after gastric endoscopic submu⁃ cosal dissection:a systematic review and meta ⁃ analysis [J].Gastrointest Endosc,2016,84(4):572-586

    • [8] YANO T,TANABE S,ISHIDO K,et al.Different clinical characteristics associated with acute bleeding and de⁃ layed bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection in patients with early gastric cancer[J].Surg Endosc,2017,31(11):4542-4550

    • [9] GUO Z,MIAO L,CHEN L,et al.Efficacy of second⁃look endoscopy in preventing delayed bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection of early gastric cancer[J].Exp Ther Med,2018,16(5):3855-3862

    • [10] LIM J H,KIM S G,KIM J W,et al.Do antiplatelets in⁃ crease the risk of bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric neoplasms?[J].Gastrointest Endosc,2012,75(4):719-727

    • [11] 李凯,刘杰.胃癌组织中CXCR3表达与微血管形成的关系及其临床意义[J].临床与实验病理学杂志,2016,32(10):1097-1100

    • [12] TOYA Y,ENDO M,OIZUMI T,et al.Risk factors for post ⁃ gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection bleeding with a special emphasis on anticoagulant therapy[J].Dig Dis Sci,2020,65(2):557-564

    • [13] NAM H S,CHOI C W,KIM S J,et al.Risk factors for de⁃ layed bleeding by onset time after endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric neoplasm[J].Sci Rep,2019,9(1):2674

    • [14] TERASAKI K,DOHI O,NAITO Y,et al.Effects of guide⁃ lines for gastroenterological endoscopy in patients under⁃ going antithrombotic treatment on postoperative bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer:a propensity score ⁃ matching analysis[J].Diges⁃ tion,2021,102(2):256-264

    • [15] HAMADA K,KANZAKI H,INOUE M,et al.Continued aspirin treatment may be a risk factor of delayed bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection under hep⁃ arin replacement:a retrospective multicenter study[J].Intern Med Tokyo Jpn,2020,59(21):2643-2651

    • [16] TOMIDA H,YOSHIO T,IGARASHI K,et al.Influence of anticoagulants on the risk of delayed bleeding after gas⁃ tric endoscopic submucosal dissection:a multicenter ret⁃ rospective study[J].Gastric Cancer,2021,24(1):179-189

    • [17] MIYAHARA K,IWAKIRI R,SHIMODA R,et al.Perfora⁃ tion and postoperative bleeding of endoscopic submucosal dissection in gastric tumors:analysis of 1190 lesions in low ⁃ and high ⁃volume centers in Saga,Japan[J].Diges⁃ tion,2012,86(3):273-280

    • [18] HAN K S,SOHN D K,CHOI D H,et al.Prolongation of the period between biopsy and EMR can influence the nonlifting sign in endoscopically resectable colorectal can⁃ cers[J].Gastrointest Endosc,2008,67(1):97-102

    • [19] KAGAWA T,IWAMURO M,ISHIKAWA S,et al.Vono⁃ prazan prevents bleeding from endoscopic submucosal dissection ⁃induced gastric ulcers[J].Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2016,44(6):583-591

    • [20] TSUJI Y,FUJISHIRO M,KODASHIMA S,et al.Polygly⁃ colic acid sheets and fibrin glue decrease the risk of bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection of gas⁃ tric neoplasms(with video)[J].Gastrointest Endosc,2015,81(4):906-912

    • [21] KAWATA N,ONO H,TAKIZAWA K,et al.Efficacy of polyglycolic acid sheets and fibrin glue for prevention of bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection in patients under continued antithrombotic agents[J].Gastric Cancer,2018,21(4):696-702

    • [22] AZUMI M,TAKEUCHI M,KOSEKI Y,et al.The search,coagulation,and clipping(SCC)method prevents delayed bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection [J].Gastric Cancer,2019,22(3):567-575

    • [23] 张伟锋,施瑞华,许迎红,等.不同内镜治疗非静脉曲张性消化道出血205例临床分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2014,34(10):1408-1411