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乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤,发病率和死亡率呈持续上升趋势,近年来研究数据表明疾病早期诊断和治疗可降低癌症患者的病死率。美国癌症协会统计,1989—2017年美国乳腺癌患者病死率下降40%[1]。随着乳腺癌个体化治疗的发展,中国乳腺癌患者5年生存率达到83.2%,提高了7.3%[2]。乳腺癌病理分型需通过穿刺活检和免疫组化分析来判断,但这种方法有创且不能完全反映患者全身受累情况。正电子发射型计算机断层显像/计算机体层成像(positron emission computed tomography, PET/CT)是一种集功能与解剖为一体的无创、全身性的影像检查方法,可从分子层面反映疾病生化代谢特点及组织病理结构,从而判断肿瘤增殖及生长能力等方面的生物特性。18F⁃脱氧葡萄糖(18F⁃fluoro⁃ deoxyglucose,18F⁃FDG)是目前研究最成熟且应用最广泛的显像剂,18F⁃FDG PET/CT作为基于糖代谢的全身性检查手段,在乳腺癌临床分期、指导治疗方面有重要作用[3]。乳腺癌是一种异质性较强的恶性肿瘤[4],通常可表达雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptors,PR)、人表皮生长因子受体⁃2(human epidermal growth factor re⁃ ceptor 2,HER2)等。研究表明,靶向治疗可改善乳腺癌患者预后[5],所以针对乳腺癌患者特异性受体显像剂研究日益增多。本文就目前关于乳腺癌PET显像新型分子靶向正电子药物的发展及临床应用进行综述。
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1 激素受体显像剂
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1.1 ER显像剂
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乳腺癌患者中,约75%的乳腺癌患者ER(+)[6],而在ER(+)乳腺癌中又有超过60%的患者表达PR。研究表明,ER在乳腺癌患者的预后中具有重要作用,ER(+)乳腺癌患者经内分泌治疗后,预后显著提高[7]。因此在对患者行内分泌治疗时,ER和PR可作为评估内分泌治疗的反应性指标。
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16α[⁃ 18F]氟雌二醇(16α⁃ 18F⁃fluoro⁃17b⁃estradiol, 18F⁃FES)是第一种用于肿瘤且以受体为靶点的PET示踪剂[8],在国内仍处于研究阶段。它不仅能够准确表达乳腺癌患者病变部位的ER状态,评估远处转移病灶和淋巴结的ER表达情况,还可以预测乳腺癌内分泌治疗后的反应及疗效。在一项对ER (+)乳腺癌患者的研究中发现,18F⁃FES PET/CT和18F ⁃FDG PET/CT诊断病灶的灵敏度分别为90.8%和82.8%[9],说明18F⁃FES较18F⁃FDG对ER(+)乳腺癌患者的诊断价值更高。此外,Linden等[10]、Lin等[11] 研究表明18F⁃FES PET/CT可使内分泌治疗药物在患者体内的效用变得可视化。18F⁃FES不仅能够衡量治疗的有效性,还有助于患者药物和剂量的选择。GDC⁃ 0810是一种新型口服选择性雌激素受体降解剂,在一项关于GDC⁃0810的Ι期临床试验中纳入了30例ER(+)乳腺癌患者,结果显示 18F⁃FES PET/CT可作为患者使用GDC⁃0810治疗后检测ER变化的药效学评价指标,且有助于在Ⅱ期试验中选择GDC⁃0810的剂量[12]。
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现阶段18F⁃FES并未广泛应用,因为它脂溶性高,代谢速率较快,很难富集于靶组织和器官。而4⁃fluo⁃ ro⁃11β⁃methoxy⁃16α[⁃ 18F]fluoroestradiol(18F⁃4FMFES) 作为一种新型雌激素受体显像剂与18F⁃FES有相似的肿瘤摄取能力,甚至优于18F⁃FES,它比18F⁃FES能多检测出8.6%的病灶,且在所有评估的非靶器官和组织内摄取也明显低于 18F⁃FES,稳定性比 18F⁃FES高2.5倍,目前关于 18F⁃4FMFES在探测乳腺癌患者转移和复发等方面的研究正在进行中[13]。
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1.2 PR显像剂
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PR是雌激素调控的靶基因,作为ER激活下游靶点以及功能性指标可反映早期内分泌治疗的效果[14], PR及其不同亚型的表达状态与肿瘤侵袭性及预后具有相关性[15-16]。关于PR显像剂研究较多,目前研究较为成功的是18F⁃FFNP[17],它是一种18F标记的黄体酮类似物,对不同亚型PR具有相同的亲和力[18]。华盛顿大学首次进行了18F⁃FFNP临床试验,初步表明 18F⁃FFNP在乳腺癌诊断及临床分期中的作用有限,但乳腺癌18F⁃FFNP摄取与肿瘤PR表达呈显著正相关,可用于评估单个乳腺癌病变的PR状态[19]。 Salem等[16] 对该试验做了一项补充性研究,同样表明18F⁃FFNP可作为一种有效的PET示踪剂用于PR (+)乳腺癌患者的显像[20],但该显像剂的剂量学及安全性仍需进一步研究。Chan等[21] 在去除雌激素影响下,通过对比乳腺癌小鼠体内MCF⁃7细胞内分泌治疗前后对18F⁃FFNP的摄取情况,发现治疗后第3天肿瘤部位摄取明显降低;而使用18F⁃FDG PET/CT扫描时,病灶部位摄取在治疗后的1周发生改变,结果表明18F⁃FFNP⁃PET比18F ⁃FDG⁃PET显像能更快显示内分泌治疗的效果。另外,其他PR显像剂如18F⁃ FMNP、18F⁃FENP、18F⁃FPTP、18F⁃EAEF等也有报道,但临床研究较少,在此不作详述。
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1.3 雄激素受体(androgen receptor,AR)显像剂
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所有乳腺癌患者中,AR表达占60%~85%,在ER(+)乳腺癌患者中占比更高,为85%~95%,所以AR也可作为乳腺癌患者的治疗靶点之一。2020年, Boers等[22] 首次使用16β⁃ 18F⁃fluoro⁃5α⁃dihydrotestos⁃ terone(18F⁃FDHT)对AR(+)转移性乳腺癌患者进行探索性研究,发现给予患者比卡鲁胺治疗期间,病灶部位 18F⁃FDHT摄取降低,因此 18F⁃FDHT PET/CT可作为乳腺癌患者在接受AR靶向药物治疗后的一种监测手段。该显像剂目前较多应用于前列腺癌患者。
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2 HER2受体显像剂
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原发性乳腺癌中20%~30%的患者存在HER2过表达,且15%~20%转移病灶中有HER2过表达[23], HER2过表达不仅可以作为预测乳腺癌患者复发风险的一种指标,还可以作为判断预后和治疗反应的一种标记。使用HER2靶向药物曲妥珠单抗对乳腺癌患者进行为期12个月化疗,可降低约1/3的死亡率,故监测患者体内HER2状态有利于评估治疗效益。 HER2显像剂中研究最广泛的是89Zr⁃trastuzumab[24]。89 Zr⁃trastuzumab目前主要在欧洲使用,且被证明是一种检测HER2阳性病变的敏感示踪剂。Dehdashti等[24] 对33例HER2阳性患者行89Zr⁃trastuzumab PET/CT检查,以SUVmax≥3.2为界,其中25例SUVmax≥3.2,阳性预测值达83.3%,敏感性为75.8%,特异性为61.5%。虽样本含量较少,但这项试验表明 89Zr ⁃ trastuzumab显像剂具备鉴别HER2阳性和阴性患者的潜力。此外,89Zr⁃trastuzumab在鉴别晚期HER2(+) 乳腺癌患者肿瘤的异质性及靶向治疗反应等方面也具备一定优势[25]。2018年,McKnight等[26] 将HER2 (+)乳腺癌细胞BT⁃474和曲妥珠单抗耐药的JIMT⁃1细胞移植到小鼠体内进行研究。两组小鼠在达沙替尼治疗前后分别使用18F⁃FDG、89Zr⁃trastuzumab显像,结果显示小鼠在治疗前后 18F⁃FDG显像剂摄取率无明显差异,而使用89Zr⁃trastuzumab显像剂时,治疗后14d显像剂摄取率下降,表明 89Zr⁃trastuzumab可反映乳腺癌患者靶向药物治疗的疗效。
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89Zr⁃trastuzumab显像剂在血液中的清除速率比较缓慢,且过长的扫描时间会使患者受到较多辐射剂量[27],进一步限制了此种显像剂的临床应用。
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3 68Ga⁃NOTA⁃AE105
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尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂受体(urokinase⁃type plasminogen activator receptors,uPAR)在乳腺癌、前列腺癌、膀胱癌等常见恶性肿瘤中都有高表达,且uPAR高表达与肿瘤侵袭性和转移性相关,故uPAR可作为癌症诊断和治疗的新靶点。68Ga ⁃NOTA ⁃ AE105是uPAR靶向剂,Skovgaard等[28] 在对乳腺癌患者使用该显像剂进行PET成像时发现,术前使用超声、细针穿刺和增强CT检查均未能检测到转移性病灶的情况下,68Ga⁃NOTA⁃AE105PET/CT仍能发现患者同侧腋窝淋巴结转移性病变。因此,68Ga⁃NOTA⁃ AE105在对乳腺癌患者转移灶的诊断中显示出较大优势。该显像剂目前仍处于Ⅰ期临床试验阶段,且暂未发现明显不良反应,未来Ⅱ期研究应在更大患者群体中进一步评估其应用价值。
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4 68Ga⁃DOTA⁃VAP
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三阴性乳腺癌(triple negative breast cancer,TNBC) 占乳腺癌患者总数的15%~20%,由于缺乏受体表达,其恶性程度高、侵袭性强、预后差而备受重视,目前针对该种亚型尚无明确的标准治疗方案[29]。葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose regulated protein 78,GRP78) 是一种热休克蛋白,在正常人体组织中表达有限,而在TNBC细胞和肿瘤中都有高表达,与肿瘤侵袭、转移和耐药密切相关[29]。2015年,Mandelin等[30] 在体外筛选出与GRP78高亲和力的SNTRVAP(简称VAP)多肽序列。2019年,Liu等[29] 将 68Ga ⁃DOTA ⁃ VAP与18F⁃FDG进行对比研究,发现18F⁃FDG在TNBC和非TNBC肿瘤细胞中都有摄取,而 68Ga ⁃DOTA ⁃ VAP仅在GRP78高表达的TNBC细胞中有摄取,表明该显像剂能特异性靶向TNBC细胞及肿瘤。因此,68Ga⁃DOTA⁃VAP PET/CT可以为TNBC与其他乳腺癌亚型的准确分类和鉴别提供一种有效方法。
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5 68Ga⁃PSMA⁃11
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前列腺特异性膜抗原(prostate ⁃ specific mem⁃ brane antigen,PSMA)是一种在前列腺癌细胞中高表达的跨膜蛋白,优先表达于肿瘤相关的新生血管内皮细胞,对于缺乏靶向细胞表面标记的实体肿瘤 (如TNBC),PSMA是一个较为理想的靶点[31]。 Passah、Arslan等[32-33] 对TNBC患者的研究结果均表明,病灶部位PSMA表达可为TNBC标准治疗无效的患者提供一种新治疗方案。同时,Arslan等[33] 还发现在对TNBC脑转移患者行 68Ga⁃PSMA⁃11PET/CT和 18F⁃FDG PET/CT对比扫描时,由于脑内PSMA受体活性较强,68Ga⁃PSMA⁃11PET/CT能够更好地显示脑内转移性病灶。所以,PSMA除了可以作为前列腺癌患者诊治的特异性靶点,还可作为乳腺癌抗血管治疗的靶点。
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6 成纤维细胞活化蛋白抑制剂(fibroblast activa⁃ tion protein inhibitor,FAPI)
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成纤维细胞活化蛋白(fibroblast activation pro⁃ tein,FAP)是肿瘤相关成纤维细胞的特异性标志物之一,存在于肿瘤间质的成纤维细胞中,选择性表达于90%以上的上皮恶性肿瘤,包括乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肺癌等。FAP通常在正常成人静息成纤维细胞和良性肿瘤间质中不表达,对肿瘤细胞生长、侵袭、转移等起重要作用。在一项对转移性乳腺癌患者的研究中,使用68Ga⁃FAPI⁃04对患者进行诊断和治疗时表现良好,说明68Ga⁃FAPI⁃04有较高的临床应用价值[34]。Pang等[35] 对1例60岁转移性乳腺癌患者行18F⁃FDG PET/CT扫描时发现双侧髂骨、腹膜等部位多处异常摄取,使用 68Ga⁃FAPI PET/CT再次扫描时可见更多的骨转移灶且腹膜内病灶部位摄取更高,表明68Ga⁃FAPI在显示乳腺癌患者发生骨和腹膜转移方面要优于18F⁃FDG。2020年,随着新FAPI试剂DOTA.SA.FAPI的面世,研究者发现当分别使用放射性核素镓⁃68(68Ga)、镥⁃177(177Lu)或镭⁃225 (225Ra)标记该试剂时,有望用于诊断和治疗[36]。在对1例31岁乳腺浸润性导管癌患者行 68Ga⁃DOTA.SA.FAPI引导下177Lu⁃DOTA.SA.FAPI治疗后,患者头痛症状明显减轻,实验室指标也逐渐恢复正常,表明这种治疗方法可以为乳腺癌患者,尤其是常规治疗无效的患者提供一种新的选择方案[37]。
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7 小结
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随着乳腺癌新型分子靶向药物的发展,PET/CT在乳腺癌患者中的地位日益上升。特异性显像剂不仅能识别乳腺癌患者的肿瘤异质性,还有利于患者的分期及进行相应个体化治疗,延长患者生存期。18F⁃FES在显示乳腺癌患者体内ER表达情况及预测内分泌治疗效果等方面显示出良好的临床应用前景,但该显像剂费用较高,且缺乏大量前瞻性研究,现阶段广泛应用于临床尚存在一定困难。对于临床上仅怀疑乳腺癌发生骨转移的患者可以先行18F⁃NaF PET/CT检查,有助于患者节约经费。总之,多数显像剂仍处于临床研究阶段,目前仅在小部分乳腺癌患者中显示出一定优势,后期仍需大量试验进一步评估这些显像剂在乳腺癌患者诊治方面的应用价值。
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摘要
乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤,近年来研究数据表明早期诊断和治疗可显著降低癌症患者的病死率。正电子发射型计算机断层显像/计算机体层成像(positron emission computed tomography,PET/CT)是一种集功能与解剖为一体的无创、全身性的影像检查方法,在乳腺癌临床分期、指导治疗等方面有重要作用。18F⁃脱氧葡萄糖(18F⁃fluorodeoxyglucose,18F⁃FDG)是目前应用最广泛的一种显像剂,因其为非特异性显像剂,在乳腺癌患者中的应用中受到一定限制,所以近年来关于乳腺癌患者特异性受体显像剂的研究日益增多。本文就目前关于乳腺癌PET显像新型分子靶向正电子药物的发展及临床应用进行综述。
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor among women. In recent years,research data show that early diagnosis and treatment can significantly reduce the mortality of patients with cancer. Positron mission computed tomography(PET/CT) is a noninvasive and systemic imaging method which integrates function and anatomy,and plays an important role in the clinical staging and guiding treatment of brenst cancer. 18F⁃fluorodeoxyglucose(18F⁃FDG)is the most widely used imaging agent. Because of non ⁃ specificity,its application in breast cancer patients is limited to some extent. Therefore,for the past few years,there were more researches on the specific receptor imaging agents for breast cancer patients. This paper reviews the development and clinical application of new molecular targeted positron drugs in PET imaging of breast cancer.