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中图分类号:R730.53

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)10-1485-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20211011

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参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
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参考文献 12
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徐志鹏,石亮,周六化,等.270例男科就诊患者精液分析及其与年龄的关系[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2011,31(4):568-570
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨ABVD(阿霉素、博来霉素、长春碱、氮烯咪胺,简称ABVD)方案化疗对霍奇金淋巴瘤(Hodgkin’s lympho⁃ ma,HL)患者睾丸氟代脱氧葡萄糖(18F⁃FDG)代谢的影响。方法:回顾性分析34例(均行6个疗程的ABVD方案化疗)利用18F⁃ FDG PET/CT进行疗效评估的HL患者资料。收集患者4次行18F⁃FDG PET/CT检查时(基线期及每2次疗程化疗行一次检查)的血糖、体重、注射剂量、注射时间、睾丸及纵隔血池的最大标准摄取值(SUVmax)。分析HL患者在4次18F⁃FDG PET/CT检查后睾丸18F⁃FDG代谢的变化情况。结果:34例HL患者4次18F⁃FDG PET/CT检查中仅睾丸SUVmax和体重的差异有统计学意义 (P =0.017,P =0.001)。HL患者第2次PET/CT检查时的睾丸SUVmax较第1次减低了0.998,P =0.045;但第3、4次睾丸SUVmax 与第1次无明显差异,并且后3次PET/CT检查时睾丸SUVmax未见明显变化(P>0.05)。患者在第1次PET/CT检查时(基线期)的睾丸SUVmax与纵隔血池SUVmax之间存在正相关(r =0.51,P =0.002),而睾丸SUVmax与年龄之间无相关性(P =0.646)。 患者在后3次PET/CT检查时的体重均较第1次增高(P =0.009,0.004,0.016),但未发现后3次检查时患者的体重有明显变化 (P>0.05)。结论:在接受ABVD方案化疗的HL患者中,睾丸的18F⁃FDG代谢程度在化疗过程中存在一过性减低,但后期可恢复;因此ABVD化疗方案可能对HL患者睾丸糖代谢的影响不大。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the impact of ABVD(adriamycin,bleomycin,vinblastine,dacarbazine)chemotherapy regime on the testicular 18F ⁃fluorodeoxyglucose(FDG)uptake in patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma(HL). Methods:Thirty ⁃four patients at diagnosis monitored with 18F⁃FDG on positron emission tomography(PET)/computed tomography(CT)to assess treatment response for HL were selected for this retrospective analysis. The patients received ABVD chemotherapy regimen for six courses. The four 18F⁃FDG PET/CT examinations were performed at baseline and after every two courses of chemotherapy. Blood glucose,body weight,injection dose and injection time were collected,and the maximum standardized uptake value(SUVmax)of testis and mediastinal blood pool were measured. The changes of testicular 18F⁃FDG uptake in patients with HL after four 18F⁃FDG PET/CT examinations were analyzed. Results:There were statistical significance in testis SUVmax and weight(P =0.017,0.001)at four PET/CT examinations for 34 cases with HL. Compared with the testicular SUVmax at the first PET/CT examination,the testicular SUVmax at the second time decreased by 0.998,P =0.045. There were no significant differences in testicular SUVmax between the last two time points and the first time or over the course of chemotherapy(P>0.05). The testis SUVmax were found to be positively correlated with mediastinal blood pool SUVmax at the first PET/CT examination(baseline)(r =0.51,P =0.002),but not with age(P =0.646). The weight at last three PET/CT was higher than at the first time(P =0.009,0.004,0.016),but no changes were found during at last three PET/CT examinations(P > 0.05). Conclusion:For patients undergoing ABVD chemotherapy regime for Hodgkin’s lymphoma,the testicular 18F ⁃ FDG uptake decreased temporarily over the course of chemotherapy,but recovered in the later. Therefore,ABVD chemotherapy regime may have little effect on testicular glycometabolism of patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

  • 在过去几十年里,随着恶性肿瘤治疗方法及早期检测手段的不断进步,患者生存结果不断改善,生存期延长,临床医生及恶性肿瘤生存者越来越关注影响后期生活质量的问题,其中关键问题之一是生育能力[1]。据研究报道,75%的年轻男性恶性肿瘤患者在确诊前并未生育,并且超过一半的年轻男性恶性肿瘤患者渴望下一代[2]。年轻恶性肿瘤患者以淋巴瘤患者占多数,特别是霍奇金淋巴瘤患者[3],因此生育能力对霍奇金淋巴瘤患者而言尤为重要。目前临床上有多种治疗霍奇金淋巴瘤的常规方案,各化疗方案对患者精子质量的影响差异较大[4],并且在不同方案化疗结束后患者的精子质量恢复能力也存在明显的差异,其中较为温和的有ABVD方案(阿霉素、博来霉素、长春碱、氮烯咪胺),该方案已经成为霍奇金淋巴瘤患者的临床一线用药。氟代脱氧葡萄糖(18F⁃FDG)PET/CT是集功能显像和解剖显像于一体的检查手段,现今已经成熟应用于淋巴瘤的分期、再分期、监测治疗反应和疗效评估[5-6]。最早在18F⁃FDG PET/CT检查中发现睾丸18F⁃FDG代谢程度与年龄、睾酮水平、输精管是否切除以及血池FDG代谢均具有相关性[7-11]。此外,Dierickx等[12] 研究发现恶性肿瘤患者的睾丸18F⁃FDG代谢程度与精子质量(精子总数、精子浓度、精子活力等)呈正相关;因此该研究者认为18F⁃FDG PET⁃CT不仅可用于疾病分期及疗效评估等,而且可能在生殖技术或其他泌尿学相关领域中有辅助评估生育能力的潜在价值。因此基于以上相关研究,本文旨在探讨霍奇金淋巴瘤患者在ABVD方案化疗过程中是否影响患者的睾丸18F⁃FDG代谢。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 收集2010年1月—2019年6月在南京医科大学第一附属医院PET/CT中心进行检查的34例男性霍奇金淋巴瘤患者,平均年龄32.1岁,范围12~54岁,收集患者每次PET/CT检查时的血糖、体重、18F⁃FDG注射剂量、注射时间。纳入标准:①经组织病理学确诊为霍奇金淋巴瘤;②均在化疗前(基线)及每2个疗程后行18F⁃FDG PET/CT评估;③临床资料完整。排除标准:合并严重心、肝、肾和造血系统疾病及其他恶性肿瘤;临床资料不完整且图像质量无法到达诊断标准者。本研究获得南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准,所有患者均知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 采用德国西门子公司Biograph 16HR PET/CT扫描仪;由美国GE公司回旋加速器通过自动合成模块自动合成18F⁃FDG,放化纯度≥95%。检查前嘱患者禁食6h以上,测量空腹血糖≤7.0mmol/L,按3.70~5.55MBq/kg体重经静脉注射18F⁃FDG;在安静状态下休息1h后行全身PET/CT检查,先行CT(管电压120kV,管电流65mAs,层厚5.0mm,层间距5.0mm)扫描;随后采用3D采集模式进行PET(扫描6~7个床位,2min/床位)采集,范围自颅顶至股骨中段。采集结束后用CT扫描数据进行衰减校正,获得轴位、矢状位、冠状位CT、PET及PET/CT融合图像。采用系统自带评估软件对PET和CT数据进行处理,对睾丸进行圈画获得感兴趣区(ROI)并且勾画纵隔血池ROI,记录血池、睾丸的代谢参数最大标准摄取值(SUVmax)(图1)。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 20.0统计软件进行分析,计量资料以均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示。重复测量的计量资料采用重复测量的方差分析法,若符合球形假设检验则行两因素方差分析,若因素变量方差协方差矩阵不相等,行Greenhouse&Geisser方法(ε<0.75)或者Huynh⁃Feldt方法(ε≥0.75)矫正,组间的两两比较采用重复测量方法中的Bonferroni post hoc test检验; 对于非正态分布计量资料之间的相关性分析采用Spearman检验(相关系数绝对值:0.00~0.40为轻度相关;0.41~0.70为中度相关;0.71~1.00为高度相关)。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 图1 霍奇金淋巴瘤患者PET/CT检查时睾丸的18F⁃FDG摄取

  • Fig.1 Te ticular 18F⁃FDG uptake in patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma on PET/CT scanning

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 PET/CT检查时的临床特征分析

  • 34例进行ABVD方案治疗的霍奇金淋巴瘤患者均行4次PET/CT检查(基线期及每2个疗程后)。患者4次PET/CT检查时的血糖、注射剂量以及注射时间之间的差异无统计学意义(血糖:F=2.43,P=0.088;注射剂量:F=1.12,P=0.344;注射时间:F=0.551,P=0.648)。但患者行4次PET/CT检测时体重的差异具有统计学意义(F=9.41,P=0.001,表1); 患者化疗后的体重较第1次PET/CT检查时显著增高,第2次PET/CT检查后增加2.000kg(P=0.009); 第3次检查后增加3.324kg(P=0.004);第4次检查后增加3.706kg(P=0.016);但未发现在化疗期间 (第2、3、4次PET/CT检查时)体重差异具有统计学意义(P >0.05)。第1次PET/CT检查时所有HL患者的睾丸SUVmax与纵隔血池SUVmax之间存在正相关(r=0.510,P=0.002),但与年龄之间无明显相关性(P=0.646,图2)。

  • 表1 霍奇金淋巴瘤患者PET/CT检查时的基本信息

  • Table1 Information of patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma for PET/CT examination

  • 与第1次PET/CT检查比较,* P< 0.05。

  • 图2 第1次PET/CT检查时睾丸SUVmax与纵隔血池SUVmax或年龄之间的关系(基线期)

  • Fig.2 Correlation between testicular SUVmax and mediastinal blood pool SUVmax or age at the first PET/CT examina⁃ tion(baseline)

  • 2.2 ABVD化疗对霍奇金淋巴瘤患者睾丸和纵隔血池代谢参数的影响

  • 霍奇金淋巴瘤患者4次PET/CT检查结果中睾丸SUVmax的差异有统计学意义(F=3.904,P=0.017);患者第2次PET/CT检查时睾丸SUVmax较第1次减低了0.998(P=0.045);但患者后两次PET/CT检查时睾丸的SUVmax均与第1次无明显变化,并且第2、3、4次PET/CT检查时睾丸SUVmax未见明显变化(P >0.05);所有HL患者4次PET/CT检查后纵隔血池SUVmax、睾丸SUVmax/纵隔血池SUVmax值的差异无统计学意义(P=0.260、0.085,表2)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 18F⁃FDG PET/CT在不影响机体正常代谢的情况下,利用核素18F标记的葡萄糖类似物(FDG)通过葡萄糖转运体1和3进入细胞内参与机体各个器官或组织细胞代谢过程,因此不仅可从分子水平反映机体肿瘤组织与正常组织的葡萄糖代谢差异,而且可反映正常器官或组织,如高灌注的脑、心肌及生殖系统(睾丸及卵巢)等的代谢情况。睾丸的支持细胞及早期精原细胞主要表达葡萄糖转运体3,因此睾丸可通过葡萄糖转运体3对18F⁃FDG进行摄取[13-14]。本研究显示,患者在4次PET/CT检查时睾丸均有一定的18F⁃FDG摄取;还发现化疗前患者的睾丸SUVmax与纵隔血池的 18F⁃FDG代谢程度有明显正相关性,与Burger等[11] 结果相一致,表明睾丸是个高灌注器官[15]。血池的18F⁃FDG代谢程度取决于包括血糖水平、18F⁃FDG注射时间及注射剂量等多种因素[16]。本文中所有患者在4次PET/CT检查时的血糖、摄取时间、注射剂量以及纵隔血池18F⁃FDG代谢程度均无明显变化(所有P >0.05),因此可认为本文每位患者均是在同样的标准下进行4次18F⁃FDG PET/CT检查。

  • 表2 化疗对睾丸和纵隔血池代谢参数的影响

  • Table2 Changes in testicular SUVmax or mediastinal blood pool SUVmax over the course of chemotherapy

  • 与第1次PET/CT检查比较,* P< 0.05。

  • 临床上关于治疗霍奇金淋巴瘤常用化疗方案对生育能力的影响已有报道[17-18],部分相关研究显示,霍奇金淋巴瘤化疗方案对其生育能力有不同程度的影响且差异较大;其中使用ABVD方案部分患者会出现生育功能轻度减低。Dierickx等[12] 研究报道睾丸的平均标准摄取值(SUVmean)及功能体积在正常男性和少精男性之间存在明显差异,结果表明睾丸 18F⁃FDG摄取值与其精子总数、浓度及活力具有相关性。Burger等[11] 对男性生育能力影响差异很大的两种化疗方案EEACOPP(博来霉素、足叶乙甙、阿霉素、环磷酰胺、长春新碱、丙卡巴嗪和泼尼松龙)和ABVD进行研究发现,在两种化疗方案治疗后睾丸的18F⁃FDG代谢在基线期⁃化疗中期或化疗中⁃ 后期均无明显差异。本文中霍奇金淋巴瘤患者使用ABVD方案化疗后第1次PET/CT检查时,患者睾丸 18F⁃FDG代谢低于基线期,但对于霍奇金淋巴瘤患者后续2次PET/CT检查时的睾丸FDG代谢均与基线期无明显差异;此外霍奇金淋巴瘤患者的睾丸SUVmax/纵隔血池SUVmax值在4次PET/CT检查之间无明显差异。结合临床相关研究,本研究推测霍奇金淋巴瘤患者在ABVD方案化疗后第1次行PET/CT评估时睾丸18F⁃FDG代谢的降低,可能是机体对化疗药物的一过性反应所致;因此本研究认为ABVD方案可能对大部分霍奇金淋巴瘤患者的睾丸糖代谢没有很大的影响,并且部分一过性的降低也可随着时间逐渐恢复。

  • 既往在一项大样本研究发现在成年人中(203例中小于40岁的患者仅6例)睾丸FDG的代谢与年龄存在轻度负相关性,而在儿童及青少年中(年龄7~19岁) 睾丸18F⁃FDG代谢与年龄存在明显正相关性[7-81119]。在这些文献中评估睾丸FDG代谢参数指标有SUV⁃ max、SUVmean、功能体积及总体睾丸糖酵解量。本研究中霍奇金淋巴瘤患者的睾丸18F⁃FDG代谢(SU⁃ Vmax)与年龄之间无明显相关性(P=0.646),可能与样本量少及并未根据年龄层次进行分组研究因素相关。患者在后3次PET/CT评估时体重均较基线明显增高,而3次PET/CT评估时的体重之间未见明显差异;目前霍奇金淋巴瘤患者化疗后导致体重增加的具体机制尚不明确,可能与化疗过程中刺激了脂肪细胞因子的产生、激素使用、全身炎症反应以及患者治疗后饮食习惯改变等有关。

  • 本研究也存在一些局限性,首先本研究样本量少;其次本研究属于回顾性研究,但是所有患者4次PET/CT检查时的血糖、18F⁃FDG注射时间及注射剂量的差异均无统计学意义,以尽量在相同条件下比较每位霍奇金淋巴瘤患者在ABVD方案化疗后睾丸FDG代谢变化情况;其三,由于精液等指标在本院不是这类患者检查的常规指标,本研究中并未对所有患者进行精液分析,但有相关文献证实患者睾丸 18F⁃FDG摄取情况与患者的精子总数、精子浓度、精子活力等呈正性相关[12]。综上,霍奇金淋巴瘤患者在ABVD方案化疗过程中,睾丸18F⁃FDG代谢在化疗早期会出现一过性减低,后续可恢复;因此霍奇金淋巴瘤患者在ABVD化疗过程中可能不会导致患者睾丸糖代谢的明显下降。

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] SCHOVER L R,BREY K,LICHTIN A,et al.Knowledge and experience regarding cancer,infertility,and sperm banking in younger male survivors[J].J Clin Oncol,2002,20(7):1880-1889

    • [3] ZHOU L,DENG Y,LI N,et al.Global,regional,and na⁃tional burden of Hodgkin lymphoma from 1990 to 2017:estimates from the 2017 Global Burden of Disease study [J].J Hematol Oncol,2019,12(1):107

    • [4] PAOLI D,RIZZO F,FIORE G,et al.Spermatogenesis in Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients:a retrospective study of se⁃ men quality before and after different chemotherapy regi⁃ mens[J].Hum Reprod,2016,31(2):263-272

    • [5] EL⁃GALALY T C,VILLA D,GORMSEN L C,et al.FDG⁃ PET/CT in the management of lymphomas:current status and future directions[J].J Intern Med,2018,284(4):358-376

    • [6] BERRIOLO⁃RIEDINGER A,BECKER S,CASASNOVAS O,et al.Role of FDG PET ⁃CT in the treatment manage⁃ ment of Hodgkin lymphoma[J].Cancer Radiother,2018,22(5):393-400

    • [7] GOETHALS I,DE VRIENDT C,HOSTE P,et al.Normal uptake of F ⁃18 FDG in the testis as assessed by PET/CT in a pediatric study population[J].Ann Nucl Med,2009,23(9):817-820

    • [8] KITAJIMA K,NAKAMOTO Y,SENDA M,et al.Normal uptake of 18F⁃FDG in the testis:an assessment by PET/CT [J].Ann Nucl Med,2007,21(7):405-410

    • [9] MOON S H,EO J S,LEE J J,et al.(18)F⁃FDG uptake of human testis on PET/CT:correlation with age,sex hor⁃ mones,and vasectomy[J].Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2011,45(4):291-298

    • [10] YANG H,CHRYSSIKOS T,HOUSENI M,et al.The ef⁃ fects of aging on testicular volume and glucose metabo⁃ lism:an investigation with ultrasonography and FDG⁃PET [J].Mol Imaging Biol,2011,13(2):391-398

    • [11] BURGER I A,VARGAS H A,GOLDMAN D A,et al.The impact of systemic chemotherapy on testicular FDG activi⁃ ty in young men with Hodgkin’s lymphoma[J].Eur J Nu⁃ cl Med Mol Imaging,2013,40(5):701-707

    • [12] DIERICKX L O,HUYGHE E,NOGUEIRA D,et al.Func⁃ tional testicular evaluation using PET/CT with 18F⁃fluoro⁃ deoxyglucose[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2012,39(1):129-137

    • [13] BANERJEE A,ANURADHA,MUKHERJEE K,et al.Tes⁃ ticular glucose and its transporter GLUT 8 as a marker of age⁃dependent variation and its role in steroidogenesis in mice[J].J Exp Zool A Ecol Genet Physiol,2014,321(9):490-502

    • [14] HERMO L,OLIVEIRA R L,SMITH C E,et al.Dark side of the epididymis:tails of sperm maturation[J].Androlo⁃ gy,2019,7(5):566-580

    • [15] DUDEA S M,CIUREA A,CHIOREAN A,et al.Doppler applications in testicular and scrotal disease[J].Med Ul⁃ trason,2010,12(1):43-51

    • [16] HAMBERG L M,HUNTER G J,ALPERT N M,et al.The dose uptake ratio as an index of glucose metabolism:use⁃ ful parameter or oversimplification?[J].J Nucl Med,1994,35(8):1308-1312

    • [17] PAOLI D,RIZZO F,FIORE G,et al.Spermatogenesis in Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients:a retrospective study of se⁃ men quality before and after different chemotherapy regi⁃ mens[J].Hum Reprod,2016,31(2):263-272

    • [18] QU N,ITOH M,SAKABE K.Effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on spermatogenesis:the role of testicular im⁃ munology[J].Int J Mol Sci,2019,20(4):957

    • [19] 徐志鹏,石亮,周六化,等.270例男科就诊患者精液分析及其与年龄的关系[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2011,31(4):568-570

  • 参考文献

    • [1] CHOY J T,BRANNIGAN R E.The determination of re⁃ productive safety in men during and after cancer treatment [J].Fertil Steril,2013,100(5):1187-1191

    • [2] SCHOVER L R,BREY K,LICHTIN A,et al.Knowledge and experience regarding cancer,infertility,and sperm banking in younger male survivors[J].J Clin Oncol,2002,20(7):1880-1889

    • [3] ZHOU L,DENG Y,LI N,et al.Global,regional,and na⁃tional burden of Hodgkin lymphoma from 1990 to 2017:estimates from the 2017 Global Burden of Disease study [J].J Hematol Oncol,2019,12(1):107

    • [4] PAOLI D,RIZZO F,FIORE G,et al.Spermatogenesis in Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients:a retrospective study of se⁃ men quality before and after different chemotherapy regi⁃ mens[J].Hum Reprod,2016,31(2):263-272

    • [5] EL⁃GALALY T C,VILLA D,GORMSEN L C,et al.FDG⁃ PET/CT in the management of lymphomas:current status and future directions[J].J Intern Med,2018,284(4):358-376

    • [6] BERRIOLO⁃RIEDINGER A,BECKER S,CASASNOVAS O,et al.Role of FDG PET ⁃CT in the treatment manage⁃ ment of Hodgkin lymphoma[J].Cancer Radiother,2018,22(5):393-400

    • [7] GOETHALS I,DE VRIENDT C,HOSTE P,et al.Normal uptake of F ⁃18 FDG in the testis as assessed by PET/CT in a pediatric study population[J].Ann Nucl Med,2009,23(9):817-820

    • [8] KITAJIMA K,NAKAMOTO Y,SENDA M,et al.Normal uptake of 18F⁃FDG in the testis:an assessment by PET/CT [J].Ann Nucl Med,2007,21(7):405-410

    • [9] MOON S H,EO J S,LEE J J,et al.(18)F⁃FDG uptake of human testis on PET/CT:correlation with age,sex hor⁃ mones,and vasectomy[J].Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2011,45(4):291-298

    • [10] YANG H,CHRYSSIKOS T,HOUSENI M,et al.The ef⁃ fects of aging on testicular volume and glucose metabo⁃ lism:an investigation with ultrasonography and FDG⁃PET [J].Mol Imaging Biol,2011,13(2):391-398

    • [11] BURGER I A,VARGAS H A,GOLDMAN D A,et al.The impact of systemic chemotherapy on testicular FDG activi⁃ ty in young men with Hodgkin’s lymphoma[J].Eur J Nu⁃ cl Med Mol Imaging,2013,40(5):701-707

    • [12] DIERICKX L O,HUYGHE E,NOGUEIRA D,et al.Func⁃ tional testicular evaluation using PET/CT with 18F⁃fluoro⁃ deoxyglucose[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2012,39(1):129-137

    • [13] BANERJEE A,ANURADHA,MUKHERJEE K,et al.Tes⁃ ticular glucose and its transporter GLUT 8 as a marker of age⁃dependent variation and its role in steroidogenesis in mice[J].J Exp Zool A Ecol Genet Physiol,2014,321(9):490-502

    • [14] HERMO L,OLIVEIRA R L,SMITH C E,et al.Dark side of the epididymis:tails of sperm maturation[J].Androlo⁃ gy,2019,7(5):566-580

    • [15] DUDEA S M,CIUREA A,CHIOREAN A,et al.Doppler applications in testicular and scrotal disease[J].Med Ul⁃ trason,2010,12(1):43-51

    • [16] HAMBERG L M,HUNTER G J,ALPERT N M,et al.The dose uptake ratio as an index of glucose metabolism:use⁃ ful parameter or oversimplification?[J].J Nucl Med,1994,35(8):1308-1312

    • [17] PAOLI D,RIZZO F,FIORE G,et al.Spermatogenesis in Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients:a retrospective study of se⁃ men quality before and after different chemotherapy regi⁃ mens[J].Hum Reprod,2016,31(2):263-272

    • [18] QU N,ITOH M,SAKABE K.Effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on spermatogenesis:the role of testicular im⁃ munology[J].Int J Mol Sci,2019,20(4):957

    • [19] 徐志鹏,石亮,周六化,等.270例男科就诊患者精液分析及其与年龄的关系[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2011,31(4):568-570