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中图分类号:R681.5

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)10-1490-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20211012

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参考文献 6
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 13
YEOM J S,KIM W J,CHOY W S,et al.Leakage of ce⁃ ment in percutaneous transpedicular vertebroplasty for painful osteoporotic compression fractures[J].J Bone Joint Surg Br,2003,85(1):83-89
参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 17
HUANG S,ZHU X,XIAO D,et al.Therapeutic effect of percutaneous kyphoplasty combined with anti ⁃ osteoporo⁃ sis drug on postmenopausal women with osteoporotic ver⁃ tebral compression fracture and analysis of postoperative bone cement leakage risk factors:a retrospective cohort study[J].J Orthop Surg Res,2019,14(1):452
参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
杨国志,李振武,尹锐峰,等.骨密度对骨质疏松性骨折PVP术后新发脊柱压缩性骨折的风险评估[J].重庆医学,2015,44(21):2975-2977
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CHEN W J,XIE W X,XIAO Z L,et al.Incidence of ce⁃ ment leakage between unilateral and bilateral percutane⁃ ous vertebral augmentation for osteoporotic vertebral com⁃ pression fractures:a meta ⁃ analysis of randomized con⁃ trolled trials[J].World Neurosurg,2019,122(2):342-348
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参考文献 22
孙启才,茹选良,宋柏杉,等.经皮椎体后凸成形术骨水泥渗漏的中期随访及应对策略[J].中国骨伤,2017,30(9):810-816
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鲁常胜,鲁婷玮,蒋涛,等.经皮椎体后凸成形术及经皮椎体成形术治疗多节段骨质疏松性胸腰椎椎体骨折的经验总结[J].中华骨与关节外科杂志,2017,10(3):199-202
参考文献 24
姜潇,陈方民,张西兵,等.经皮椎体后凸成形术中骨水泥渗漏的相关因素分析[J].临床骨科杂志,2017,20(6):661-664
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折(osteoporotic vertebral body fracture,OVF)后骨水泥渗漏的相关危险因素。方法:回顾性搜集252例经PKP治疗且确诊为OVF的患者临床及影像学特征,包括年龄、性别等17个因子。利用单因素分析将上述与骨水泥渗漏有关的因子纳入多因素Logistic回归分析,并建立预测模型。应用受试者工作特征曲线的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)评估模型的诊断价值。结果:单因素分析结果显示, 骨密度、骨水泥量、皮质缺损以及椎体内裂隙征与术后骨水泥渗漏有关,多因素Logistic回归分析示皮质缺损(P =0.001)、大剂量骨水泥量(P =0.047)和较低骨密度值(P =0.002)为术后骨水泥渗漏的独立预测因素,这三者建立的骨水泥渗漏预测模型, AUC为0.751,灵敏度为61.0%,特异度为82.5%。结论:PKP治疗OVF术后,椎体出现皮质缺损、大剂量骨水泥量和较低骨密度值为骨水泥渗漏的独立危险因素,其构成的联合模型具有较好的预测效能。

    Abstract

    Objective:To evaluate risk factors for the occurrence of cement leakages after percutaneous kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Methods:A total of 252 vertebrae with percutaneous kyphoplasty were investigated. The following 17 parameters were evaluated:patient age,sex,and so on. The influence of possible risk factors affecting cement leakage was assessed using univariate analysis,and the parameters with statistical significance were incorporated into the multivariate logistic regression model, and the prediction model was established. The AUC value of ROC was used to evaluate the value of diagnostic tests. Results:The presence of intravertebral cleft,cortical disruption,large volume of cement and low bone mineral density were selected with statistical significance by univariate analysis for cement leakage in general. Multivariate logistic regression showed that the presence of cortical disruption(P =0.001),large volume of cement(P =0.047)and low bone mineral density(P =0.002)were independent predictors for cement leakage. The combined prediction model of cement leakage was established. The AUC value was 0.751,the sensitivity was 61.0%,and the specificity was 82.5%. Conclusion:The presence of cortical disruption,large volume of cement and low bone mineral density of treated level are three independent risk factors for cement leakage after percutaneous kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral fractures,and the combined prediction model has excellent prediction efficiency.

  • 经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplas⁃ ty,PKP)已广泛应用于外伤、骨质疏松、多发骨髓瘤、血管瘤和转移瘤所导致的椎体压缩性骨折的治疗,对缓解疼痛、恢复椎体高度及矫正后凸畸形有显著疗效,PKP是在经皮椎体成型术的基础上,通过扩张的球囊恢复椎体高度[1-3]。但目前一些随访研究发现,PKP术后骨水泥渗漏发生率较高,由12%到65%均有报道[4-5],由于骨水泥渗漏一般没有明显的临床症状,容易被忽视,但最近一些报道称某些严重的后遗症与骨水泥渗漏有密切相关性,如椎间盘型渗漏亦可造成相邻椎体的继发压缩性骨折[6-7]。有Meta分析报道PKP的远期并发症发生率为1.6%~3.8%,主要包括骨水泥过度渗漏造成的后遗症,如截瘫、神经功能缺损、肺栓塞、心脏穿孔、心梗甚至死亡[8-10]。因此本研究探讨PKP治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折(osteoporotic vertebral body fracture,OVF) 术后骨水泥渗漏的相关临床及影像学危险因素,从而为提高临床治疗及预后效果提供一些术前预测依据。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 收集南京中医药大学附属医院2015年3月— 2020年8月经PKP治疗的确诊为OVF患者共208例 (252节椎体)。纳入标准:①CT检查发现的椎体压缩性骨折,有明显疼痛症状,且通过保守治疗不能缓解;②至少有1处椎体骨折同时满足以下2个条件,经MRI评估有骨髓水肿;椎体骨折高度减低超过15%;③根据症状体征、术前影像学、术后病理明确诊断为OVF;④疼痛视觉模拟量表评分在4分及以上。排除标准:①既往有过经皮椎体成型术、神经功能缺损、牙根疼痛、脊髓受压或椎管狭窄;②正在接受不间断的抗凝治疗,对经皮椎体后凸成形术材料过敏或有MRI禁忌证的患者;③椎体骨折前患有痴呆症或无法行走(允许使用助行器);④椎体骨折由原发性骨肿瘤、成骨细胞转移或高能创伤引起。本研究获得医院伦理委员会批准,检查前患者均签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 图像数据采集

  • 每例患椎均于术前1d行骨密度检测、X线、CT及MRI扫描,于术后3d行X线、CT扫描,骨密度检查设备为双能X线骨密度仪(GE Medical Systems⁃ LUNAR,美国)。平片检查使用SIEMENS DR X线机,以患椎为中心摄取脊柱正位片及侧位片,CT检查使用Philips 64排CT机,扫描层厚1.25mm,重建层厚3mm,层间距3mm。MRI检查采用1.5T磁共振(Sigma HDxt Echospeed,GE Healthcare,美国)进行扫描,评估序列为矢状位T1WI(TR/TE,640/8.5) 序列及矢状位脂肪抑制T2WI⁃FS序列。

  • 1.2.2 PKP手术方式

  • 在C臂机(Siemens,德国)引导下进行全身麻醉,将9G骨穿针(Kyphon公司,美国)经皮经双侧椎弓根穿刺置于骨折椎体前中1/3,取出穿刺针内芯,插入导针后置入工作套管,用精细骨钻经工作通道钻入后取出,将球囊经工作通道送入伤椎,缓慢扩张球囊,待椎体高度恢复后,取出球囊,将调制成牙膏状的骨水泥(PMMA,Kyphon公司,美国)注入空腔,手术中如发现一侧椎弓根断裂或发育不全,将通过对侧椎弓根进行单侧入路方式,手术中记录手术入路方式及骨水泥注入量。

  • 1.2.3 影像指标测量与评估

  • 手术前分别测量每例患椎的骨折类型、程度、局部Cobb角及椎体压缩比(图1),其中骨折类型采用Genant等[11] 半定量分类法评估,分为楔型、双凹型、压缩型,每一型更进一步按照骨折程度细分为:轻度(20%~25%)、中度(26%~40%)、重度(41.0%~66.7%),并进一步将<20%者定义为极轻度,将>66.7%者定义为极重度。骨折部位按节段分为:胸段(胸6~胸10)、胸腰段(胸11~腰2)、腰段(腰3~腰5)。术前行MRI扫描评估患椎有无椎体内裂隙征[12]、皮质缺损及许莫式结节(图2、3)。术后3d行CT扫描评估是否存在骨水泥渗漏,采用Yeom等[13] 分类法将骨水泥渗漏类型分为:经椎基底静脉型、经骨皮质型、经椎体节段静脉型。

  • 图1 椎体压缩比和局部Cobb角测量图

  • Fig.1 Measurement of percentage residual vertebral body height and Cobb angle

  • 图2 1例伴有皮质缺损压缩性骨折术后椎间盘型渗漏图

  • Fig.2 Postoperative intradisc leakage subsequent to vertebral fracture with cortical disruption

  • 图3 1例伴有椎体内裂隙征压缩性骨折术后椎旁骨水泥渗漏图

  • Fig.3 Postoperative paravertebral leakage subsequent to vertebral fracture with intravertebral cleft

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS19.0行统计学分析。计数资料采用χ2 检验,等级资料采用秩和检验,计量资料以均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,正态性检验(K⁃S法)符合正态分布者采用独立样本t检验,方差不齐者采用Satterthwaite近似法,若呈非正态分布则采用非参数检验。将单因素分析显示有统计学意义(P <0.05)的因子纳入多因素Logistic回归模型,并建立预测模型。为了评估联合模型及各危险因素的预测效能,本研究建立不同模型的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线并计算曲线下面积 (AUC),应用灵敏度、特异度及AUC评价术后骨水泥渗漏的预测价值,检验水准设定为0.05。

  • 2 结果

  • 经PKP治疗的OVF患者共208例(252节椎体),其中男70例,女138例,年龄(68.9±10.3)岁,手术入路为单侧椎弓根者共36例,双侧共216例。 252节椎体术后总渗漏发生率77.0%(195/252),其中经椎基底静脉型渗漏率21.8%(55/252),经骨皮质型渗漏率42.8%(108/252),经椎体节段静脉型渗漏率42.1%(106/252)。双凹型骨折196例(77.8%); 楔形骨折37例(14.7%);压缩型骨折19例(7.5%)。平均局部Cobb角为(14.2±6.1)°,平均椎体压缩比为 (68.3±14.2)%,椎体内裂隙征共计124例(49.2%),皮质缺损共计101例(40.1%),许莫氏结节共计42例 (16.7%)。

  • 将患者年龄、性别、体重指数、骨密度等17个自变量先进行单因素分析,结果显示骨密度、骨水泥量、皮质缺损和椎体内裂隙征为可能导致术后发生总体骨水泥渗漏的危险因素(P <0.05,表1),其中骨水泥量对术后是否发生骨水泥渗漏的诊断阈值为5.25mL(灵敏度为58.5%,特异度为64.9%)。将单因素分析中P <0.05的自变量纳入多因素Logistic回归分析,结果见表2。表3显示总体骨水泥渗漏的危险参数建立的联合模型有较高的预测效能,AUC为0.751,灵敏度为0.610,特异度为0.825(图4),且联合模型的预测效能比各独立危险因素的预测效能好。

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究发现椎体皮质缺损、大剂量骨水泥量和较低骨密度值是PKP治疗OVF术后骨水泥渗漏的独立预测因素,AUC分别为0.680、0.637、0.631,其联合模型具有更高的预测效能,AUC为0.751。PKP术中骨水泥易从皮质缺损部位渗漏入椎旁软组织或椎间盘内已被很多文献证实[14-17],有文献提出骨水泥通过皮质缺损处渗漏是导致邻近椎体新发骨折的重要危险因素[6-7],金鑫等[18] 认为椎体后壁皮质破裂是手术的相对禁忌证,在PKP术中应缓慢注射并仔细观察,当骨水泥到达椎体后方1/4时即停止注射,否则即使后壁完整,骨水泥仍然可以通过椎基静脉孔进入椎管。

  • 表1 术后总体骨水泥渗漏的单因素分析

  • Table1 Univariate analysis of cement leakage in general

  • a为χ2 值,b为方差不齐资料,采用Satterthwaite近似法进行t检验;c为Z值,等级资料采用秩和检验。

  • 表2 术后各型骨水泥渗漏的多因素Logistic回归分析

  • Table2 Multivariate logistic regression analysis for occurrence of specific types of cement leakage

  • 表3 不同模型预测总体骨水泥渗漏的诊断效能

  • Table3 Diagnostic efficiency of different prediction models for cement leakage in general

  • 图4 多因素Logistic回归各模型预测术后骨水泥渗漏的ROC图

  • Fig.4 ROC curve of multivariate logistic regression for cement leakage

  • 本研究显示术前腰椎MRI扫描提示椎体内裂隙征和许莫氏结节为经皮质型渗漏的附加危险因素,前者论点与Nieuwenhuijse等[15] 结果一致。椎体内裂隙征表现为条带状气体或液体信号,是局部椎动脉损伤导致相应血流供应的椎体局部缺血性坏死,是骨折不愈合的一种表现,椎体内裂隙压力较正常骨组织小,且与椎旁软组织相通,从而增加椎旁渗漏危险性[614-15],王江南等[12] 研究发现,椎体内裂隙样变是术后发生相邻椎体新发骨折的危险因素,因此C臂机下严密观察针尖定位、远离皮质缺损处是预防骨水泥渗漏、相邻椎体新发骨折的关键。此外本文发现许莫氏结节是经皮质型渗漏的独立危险因素,此观点尚未有学者提出。许莫氏结节为椎体软骨板破裂,椎间盘髓核经过裂隙突入椎体内形成的局限性缺损,在此部位由于终板阻力减弱,容易造成椎间盘型渗漏。

  • 骨密度值反映了骨质疏松以及椎体退行性改变的程度,骨质疏松越严重,骨水泥越容易从稀疏的松质骨破入椎体内静脉系统,并进一步弥散到椎体后静脉窦和节段静脉中,杨国志等[19] 研究发现随着骨密度值的减低,术后新发椎体压缩骨折发生风险显著增高,因此术前双能X线骨密度仪的常规检查对术后疗效预测较为重要。

  • 本研究提示单侧入路可能在一定程度上增加了经椎基底静脉型渗漏的风险,该结果可能与本研究中当一侧椎弓根狭窄或断裂时选择单侧入路,以及单侧入路时穿刺针通常定位在椎体中线位置,导致骨水泥易从椎体后静脉窦途径渗漏有关。PKP手术入路方式的选择在以往研究中颇有争议,Cheng等[6] 报道双侧入路较单侧可以更好地恢复椎体高度,但在骨水泥渗漏方面无明显差异,而另外一些学者认为单侧入路可以降低骨水泥渗漏发生率[20-21]

  • 过度的骨水泥注入量是发生术后渗漏,从而导致椎管压迫及偏瘫的高度危险因素,此观点也被一些学者所证实[1618],若同时出现其他危险因素,如严重压缩骨折(>66.7%)、皮质缺损或多节段椎体骨折时,则提示操作者需要适量减少水泥注入量[22-23]。因此,针道远离皮质缺损和许莫式结节,在低压的椎体内裂隙水平处缓慢仔细注入骨水泥,适量减少水泥注入量,将会避免发生皮质缺损型渗漏及降低远期并发症。

  • 经椎体节段静脉型渗漏可沿静脉丛到达椎间孔,此型与肺静脉栓塞密切相关[14],本研究结果表明双凹型骨折、较小的Cobb角更易发生此型渗漏,可能由于较大的Cobb角、楔形和压碎型骨折会破坏前缘椎体节段静脉途径,将导致骨水泥从其他途径渗漏或者不发生渗漏,因此双凹型骨折、较小的Cobb角更易发生椎体节段静脉型渗漏,与姜潇等[24] 提出的椎体压缩程度是经椎体节段静脉型渗漏的保护因素这一观点相仿。

  • 本研究存在一定局限性:①目前多中心合作试验开展尚未成熟,本研究缺乏多中心试验的外部验证;②作为回顾性研究,尚未进行远期病例随访,今后将针对远期并发症及与不同渗漏途径的相关性进一步探究。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LIANG L,CHEN X,JIANG W,et al.Balloon kyphoplasty or percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture?An updated systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Ann Saudi Med,2016,36(3):165-174

    • [2] ZHU Y,CHENG J,YIN J,et al.Therapeutic effect of ky⁃ phoplasty and balloon vertebroplasty on osteoporotic ver⁃ tebral compression fracture:a systematic review and meta⁃ analysis of randomized controlled trials[J].Medicine,2019,98(45):e17810

    • [3] 刘志强,雷飞,周云龙,等.骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折研究进展[J].国际骨科学杂志,2020,41(2):90-94

    • [4] ZHAN Y,JIANG J,LIAO H,et al.Risk factors for cement leakage after vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty:a meta⁃analy⁃ sis of published evidence[J].World Neurosurg,2017,101(5):633-642

    • [5] 张帅,王清,杨进,等.经皮椎体后凸成形术骨水泥椎管内渗漏发生率及相关危险因素分析[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2018,26(24):2244-2249

    • [6] CHENG X,LONG H Q,XU J H,et al.Comparison of uni⁃ lateral versus bilateral percutaneous kyphoplasty for the treatment of patients with osteoporosis vertebral compres⁃ sion fracture(OVCF):a systematic review and meta ⁃ analysis[J].Eur Spine J,2016,25(11):3439-3449

    • [7] ZHONG B Y,HE S C,ZHU H D,et al.Risk prediction of new adjacent vertebral fractures after PVP for patients with vertebral compression fractures:development of a prediction model[J].Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol,2017,40(2):277-284

    • [8] AUDAT Z A,ALFAWAREH M D,DARWISH F T,et al.Intracardiac leakage of cement during kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty:a case report[J].Am J Case Rep,2016,17(5):326-330

    • [9] JEONG Y H,LEE C J,YEON J T,et al.Insufficient pene⁃ tration of bone cement into the trabecular bone:a poten⁃ tial risk for delayed bone cement displacement after ky⁃ phoplasty?[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2016,41(5):616-618

    • [10] TSOUMAKIDOU G,TOO C W,KOCH G,et al.CIRSE guidelines on percutaneous vertebral augmentation[J].Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol,2017,40(3):331-342

    • [11] GENANT H K,WU C Y,VAN KUIJK C,et al.Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique [J].J Bone Miner Res,1993,8(9):1137-1148

    • [12] 王江南,黄干,葛绍勇,等.椎体压缩性骨折患者PVP术后相邻新发椎体压缩骨折Nomogram模型构建[J].中国骨与关节杂志,2020,9(6):471-478

    • [13] YEOM J S,KIM W J,CHOY W S,et al.Leakage of ce⁃ ment in percutaneous transpedicular vertebroplasty for painful osteoporotic compression fractures[J].J Bone Joint Surg Br,2003,85(1):83-89

    • [14] DING J,ZHANG Q,ZHU J,et al.Risk factors for predict⁃ ing cement leakage following percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures[J].Eur Spine J,2016,25(11):3411-3417

    • [15] NIEUWENHUIJSE M J,VAN ERKEL A R,DIJKSTRA P D.Cement leakage in percutaneous vertebroplasty for os⁃ teoporotic vertebral compression fractures:identification of risk factors[J].Spine J,2011,11(9):839-848

    • [16] 黄顺水,程翰林,王建华,等.骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折经皮椎体后凸成形术后骨水泥渗漏的危险因素观察 [J].解放军预防医学杂志,2019,37(7):180-181

    • [17] HUANG S,ZHU X,XIAO D,et al.Therapeutic effect of percutaneous kyphoplasty combined with anti ⁃ osteoporo⁃ sis drug on postmenopausal women with osteoporotic ver⁃ tebral compression fracture and analysis of postoperative bone cement leakage risk factors:a retrospective cohort study[J].J Orthop Surg Res,2019,14(1):452

    • [18] 金鑫,施大卫,焦峰军,等.96 例经皮椎体后凸成形术后骨水泥渗漏分析[J].创伤外科杂志,2017,19(4):287-290

    • [19] 杨国志,李振武,尹锐峰,等.骨密度对骨质疏松性骨折PVP术后新发脊柱压缩性骨折的风险评估[J].重庆医学,2015,44(21):2975-2977

    • [20] CHEN W J,XIE W X,XIAO Z L,et al.Incidence of ce⁃ ment leakage between unilateral and bilateral percutane⁃ ous vertebral augmentation for osteoporotic vertebral com⁃ pression fractures:a meta ⁃ analysis of randomized con⁃ trolled trials[J].World Neurosurg,2019,122(2):342-348

    • [21] 刘欢,费昊东,陈晓钢,等.单、双侧椎弓根入路PVP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折比较[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(1):99-103

    • [22] 孙启才,茹选良,宋柏杉,等.经皮椎体后凸成形术骨水泥渗漏的中期随访及应对策略[J].中国骨伤,2017,30(9):810-816

    • [23] 鲁常胜,鲁婷玮,蒋涛,等.经皮椎体后凸成形术及经皮椎体成形术治疗多节段骨质疏松性胸腰椎椎体骨折的经验总结[J].中华骨与关节外科杂志,2017,10(3):199-202

    • [24] 姜潇,陈方民,张西兵,等.经皮椎体后凸成形术中骨水泥渗漏的相关因素分析[J].临床骨科杂志,2017,20(6):661-664

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LIANG L,CHEN X,JIANG W,et al.Balloon kyphoplasty or percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture?An updated systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Ann Saudi Med,2016,36(3):165-174

    • [2] ZHU Y,CHENG J,YIN J,et al.Therapeutic effect of ky⁃ phoplasty and balloon vertebroplasty on osteoporotic ver⁃ tebral compression fracture:a systematic review and meta⁃ analysis of randomized controlled trials[J].Medicine,2019,98(45):e17810

    • [3] 刘志强,雷飞,周云龙,等.骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折研究进展[J].国际骨科学杂志,2020,41(2):90-94

    • [4] ZHAN Y,JIANG J,LIAO H,et al.Risk factors for cement leakage after vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty:a meta⁃analy⁃ sis of published evidence[J].World Neurosurg,2017,101(5):633-642

    • [5] 张帅,王清,杨进,等.经皮椎体后凸成形术骨水泥椎管内渗漏发生率及相关危险因素分析[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2018,26(24):2244-2249

    • [6] CHENG X,LONG H Q,XU J H,et al.Comparison of uni⁃ lateral versus bilateral percutaneous kyphoplasty for the treatment of patients with osteoporosis vertebral compres⁃ sion fracture(OVCF):a systematic review and meta ⁃ analysis[J].Eur Spine J,2016,25(11):3439-3449

    • [7] ZHONG B Y,HE S C,ZHU H D,et al.Risk prediction of new adjacent vertebral fractures after PVP for patients with vertebral compression fractures:development of a prediction model[J].Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol,2017,40(2):277-284

    • [8] AUDAT Z A,ALFAWAREH M D,DARWISH F T,et al.Intracardiac leakage of cement during kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty:a case report[J].Am J Case Rep,2016,17(5):326-330

    • [9] JEONG Y H,LEE C J,YEON J T,et al.Insufficient pene⁃ tration of bone cement into the trabecular bone:a poten⁃ tial risk for delayed bone cement displacement after ky⁃ phoplasty?[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2016,41(5):616-618

    • [10] TSOUMAKIDOU G,TOO C W,KOCH G,et al.CIRSE guidelines on percutaneous vertebral augmentation[J].Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol,2017,40(3):331-342

    • [11] GENANT H K,WU C Y,VAN KUIJK C,et al.Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique [J].J Bone Miner Res,1993,8(9):1137-1148

    • [12] 王江南,黄干,葛绍勇,等.椎体压缩性骨折患者PVP术后相邻新发椎体压缩骨折Nomogram模型构建[J].中国骨与关节杂志,2020,9(6):471-478

    • [13] YEOM J S,KIM W J,CHOY W S,et al.Leakage of ce⁃ ment in percutaneous transpedicular vertebroplasty for painful osteoporotic compression fractures[J].J Bone Joint Surg Br,2003,85(1):83-89

    • [14] DING J,ZHANG Q,ZHU J,et al.Risk factors for predict⁃ ing cement leakage following percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures[J].Eur Spine J,2016,25(11):3411-3417

    • [15] NIEUWENHUIJSE M J,VAN ERKEL A R,DIJKSTRA P D.Cement leakage in percutaneous vertebroplasty for os⁃ teoporotic vertebral compression fractures:identification of risk factors[J].Spine J,2011,11(9):839-848

    • [16] 黄顺水,程翰林,王建华,等.骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折经皮椎体后凸成形术后骨水泥渗漏的危险因素观察 [J].解放军预防医学杂志,2019,37(7):180-181

    • [17] HUANG S,ZHU X,XIAO D,et al.Therapeutic effect of percutaneous kyphoplasty combined with anti ⁃ osteoporo⁃ sis drug on postmenopausal women with osteoporotic ver⁃ tebral compression fracture and analysis of postoperative bone cement leakage risk factors:a retrospective cohort study[J].J Orthop Surg Res,2019,14(1):452

    • [18] 金鑫,施大卫,焦峰军,等.96 例经皮椎体后凸成形术后骨水泥渗漏分析[J].创伤外科杂志,2017,19(4):287-290

    • [19] 杨国志,李振武,尹锐峰,等.骨密度对骨质疏松性骨折PVP术后新发脊柱压缩性骨折的风险评估[J].重庆医学,2015,44(21):2975-2977

    • [20] CHEN W J,XIE W X,XIAO Z L,et al.Incidence of ce⁃ ment leakage between unilateral and bilateral percutane⁃ ous vertebral augmentation for osteoporotic vertebral com⁃ pression fractures:a meta ⁃ analysis of randomized con⁃ trolled trials[J].World Neurosurg,2019,122(2):342-348

    • [21] 刘欢,费昊东,陈晓钢,等.单、双侧椎弓根入路PVP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折比较[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(1):99-103

    • [22] 孙启才,茹选良,宋柏杉,等.经皮椎体后凸成形术骨水泥渗漏的中期随访及应对策略[J].中国骨伤,2017,30(9):810-816

    • [23] 鲁常胜,鲁婷玮,蒋涛,等.经皮椎体后凸成形术及经皮椎体成形术治疗多节段骨质疏松性胸腰椎椎体骨折的经验总结[J].中华骨与关节外科杂志,2017,10(3):199-202

    • [24] 姜潇,陈方民,张西兵,等.经皮椎体后凸成形术中骨水泥渗漏的相关因素分析[J].临床骨科杂志,2017,20(6):661-664