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通讯作者:

许莉,E⁃mail:rita_76@163.com

中图分类号:R392.12

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)11-1574-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20211102

参考文献 1
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参考文献 2
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参考文献 3
XU L,DONG B,WANG H,et al.Progesterone suppresses Th17 cell responses,and enhances the development of regulatory T cells,through thymic stromal lymphopoietin⁃ dependent mechanisms in experimental gonococcal genital tract infection[J].Microbes Infect,2013,15(12):796-805
参考文献 4
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参考文献 5
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参考文献 6
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参考文献 7
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参考文献 8
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
李林翰,林明娟,钱欢欢,等.抑制巨噬细胞产生促炎性因子对异位内膜孕酮反应的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2018,38(7):966-972
参考文献 11
MCLAUGHLIN S E,GHANEM K G,ZENILMAN J M,et al.Risk of gonococcal infection during vaginal exposure is associated with high vaginal pH and active menstruation [J].Sex Transm Dis,2019,46(2):86-90
参考文献 12
BISTER J,CRONA GUTERSTAM Y,STRUNZ B,et al.Human endometrial MAIT cells are transiently tissue resident and respond to Neisseria gonorrhoeae[J].Mucosal Immunol,2021,14(2):357-365
参考文献 13
许莉,曾志良,陈宏翔,等.雌、孕激素对淋球菌诱导的Hela细胞胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素和转化生长因子β表达的影响[J].中国皮肤性病学杂志,2014,28(5):448-450
参考文献 14
SHIRSHEV S V,NEKRASOVA I V,GORBUNOVA O L,et al.Regulation of recombinase rag ⁃ 1 expression by female sex steroids in Treg and Th17 lymphocytes:role of oncostatin M[J].Doklady Biochem Biophys,2019,484(1):73-77
参考文献 15
DZIOBEK K,BIEDKA M,NOWIKIEWICZ T,et al.Analysis of Treg cell population in patients with breast cancer with respect to progesterone receptor status[J].Contemp Oncol(Pozn),2018,22(4):236-239
参考文献 16
WANG S C,LI M D,SUN F R,et al.Th17/Treg ⁃cell balance in the peripheral blood of pregnant females with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion receiving progesterone or cyclosporine A[J].Exp Ther Med,2021,21(1):37
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:研究孕激素对小鼠脾细胞淋球菌(Neisseria gonorrhoeae,Ng)感染模型中NLRP3炎性体表达及Th17/Treg分化的影响。方法:体外分离、培养小鼠脾细胞后,分为如下5组:空白对照组、Ng组、Ng+1×10-9 mol/L孕酮组、Ng+1×10-8 mol/L孕酮组、Ng+1×10-7 mol/L孕酮组。培养3 d后收集细胞,采用流式细胞术检测Th17/Treg细胞比例,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测各组细胞 NLRP3、Th17/Treg 特异性转录因子 RORγt、Foxp3 mRNA 表达水平,Western blot 检测各组细胞 NLRP3、Caspase⁃1p20、 RORγt、Foxp3蛋白表达。ELISA法检测脾细胞培养上清中白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)⁃1β及Th17/Treg相关细胞因子IL⁃17、转化生长因子(transforming growth facfor,TGF)⁃β、IL⁃10水平。结果:脾细胞在淋球菌的刺激下,Th17细胞和Treg细胞比例增多,细胞内NLRP3、Th17/Treg特异性转录因子RORγt、Foxp3 mRNA和蛋白表达水平升高,Caspase⁃1p20蛋白表达水平升高,细胞培养上清中IL⁃1β、IL⁃17、TGF⁃β、IL⁃10含量增高(P < 0.01);加入孕酮预处理后,随着孕酮作用浓度的增高,Th17细胞比例、细胞内NLRP3和RORγt的mRNA和蛋白表达水平、Caspase⁃1p20蛋白表达水平、细胞培养上清中IL⁃1β和IL⁃17含量均明显降低, Treg细胞比例、细胞内Foxp3 mRNA和蛋白表达、细胞培养上清中TGF⁃β和IL⁃10含量均明显增高,与Ng组比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。结论:孕激素可抑制Ng感染诱导的小鼠脾细胞NLRP3表达及Th17细胞分化,促进Ng感染诱导的Treg细胞分化。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to investigate the effects of progesterone on the expression of NLRP3 and the differentiation of Th17/Treg in murine splenocytes infected by Neisseria gonorrhoeae(Ng). Methods:Murine splenocytes were isolated in vitro,and randomly divided into five groups:control group,Ng group,Ng+1×10-9 mol/L progesterone group,Ng+1×10-8 mol/L progesterone group, Ng+1×10- 7 mol/L progesterone group. The splenocytes were collected after 3 days of culture,the proportions of Th17/Treg cells were detected by intracellular staining using flow cytometry. The mRNA expressions of NLRP3,Th17/Treg ⁃ specific transcription factors RORγt and Foxp3 in murine splenocytes were detected by real ⁃time PCR. The protein expression levels of NLRP3,Caspase ⁃1p20, RORγt and Foxp3 in murine splenocytes were determined by Western blot. The concentrations of interleukin(IL)⁃1β and Th17/Treg related cytokines IL ⁃17,transforming growth facfor(TGF)⁃β,IL ⁃10 in the supernatant were detected by ELISA. Results:Under the stimulation of Ng,the proportions of Th17 cells and Treg cells,the mRNA and protein levels of NLRP3,Th17/Treg ⁃ specific transcription factors RORγt and Foxp3 in the splenocytes,the protein levels of Caspase⁃1p20 and the concentrations of IL⁃1β,IL⁃17, TGF⁃β and IL⁃10 in the supernatant increased than those in the controls(P < 0.01). After pretreated with progesterone,the proportionof Th17 cells,the mRNA and protein levels of NLRP3 and RORγt in the splenocytes,the protein levels of Caspase ⁃ 1p20 and the concentrations of IL⁃1β and IL⁃17 in the supernatant were significantly lower than those in Ng group. The proportion of Treg cells,the mRNA and protein levels of Foxp3 in the splenocytes and the concentrations of TGF⁃β and IL⁃10 in the supernatant were significantly higher than those in Ng group(P < 0.01). Conclusion:Progesterone can inhibit the expression of NLRP3 and Th17 differentiation,and promote the differentiation of Treg cells in murine splenocytes induced by Ng infection.

    关键词

    淋球菌孕激素NLRP3Th17/Treg

  • 淋病是一种由革兰氏阴性淋球菌(Neisseria gonorrhoeae,Ng)感染引起的性传播疾病。50%以上的女性Ng感染是无症状的,成为淋病防控的巨大隐患,患者因延误就医可引起上行性感染,诱发子宫内膜炎和盆腔炎[1]。前期实验证实女性无症状Ng感染与患者体内孕激素水平增高有关[2],且动物实验证实孕激素可促进小鼠阴道局部Ng感染[3],但孕激素是通过何种机制抑制机体的免疫应答并引起无症状Ng感染有待深入研究。NLRP3炎性体是一类大分子蛋白质,它能活化半胱天冬酶⁃1(Caspase⁃ 1),并引起白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)⁃1β、IL⁃18等促炎细胞因子的分泌,参与机体抵抗病原体免疫应答[4-5]。NLRP3炎性体介导的IL⁃1β表达导致Th17/Treg失衡,诱导T细胞向Th17分化[6]。Th17细胞及其分泌的细胞因子IL⁃17在机体抵抗Ng感染免疫反应中发挥重要作用[7]。研究发现,Ng可诱导阴道黏膜局部产生Treg,其与Ng慢性无症状感染有关[8]。我们推测孕激素通过影响NLRP3炎性体的表达进而导致Th17/Treg失衡,从而在淋病无症状感染中发挥作用。本研究建立小鼠脾细胞Ng感染模型,观察孕激素对Ng刺激后NLRP3炎性体表达及Th17/Treg分化的影响,为孕激素在无症状Ng感染中的作用机制提供实验依据。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • RPMI 1640培养基(Gibco公司,美国),胎牛血清(杭州四季青生物工程公司),淋巴细胞分离液 (北京达科为生物技术有限公司),孕酮(Sigma公司,美国),TRIzol(Invitrogen公司,美国),anti⁃NL⁃ RP3抗体(Abcam公司,美国),anti⁃Caspase⁃1p20抗体、anti⁃RORγt单抗、anti⁃Foxp3单抗(Santa公司,美国),CD4⁃FITC、CD25⁃APC、IL⁃17⁃PE、Foxp3⁃PE抗体 (Ebioscience公司,美国),逆转录试剂盒(TOYOBO公司,日本),SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM试剂盒(TaKaRa公司,日本),IL ⁃ 17、转化生长因子(fransforminggrowth facfor,TGF)⁃β、IL ⁃10ELISA试剂盒(Abcam公司,美国)。

  • Ng ATCC 49226标准株由中国药品生物制品检定所提供。菌株经Ng培养基培养,并制备成 D(600nm)值为0.15的细菌悬液。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 脾细胞体外培养及处理

  • 雌性BALB/c小鼠,6~8周龄,体重18~20g,购自华中科技大学同济医学院实验动物中心。2%戊巴比妥麻醉小鼠,无菌取脾脏,匀浆分离脾细胞,淋巴细胞分离液分离出脾淋巴细胞,RPMI 1640培养液调整浓度至2×106 个/mL。在24孔板中每孔加入1mL脾淋巴细胞悬液,37℃、5%CO2培养24h后更换培养基,细胞分为5组:①空白对照组(用含10%胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培养基常规培养3d);②Ng组(加入2×107 CFU/mL Ng悬液作用3d);③Ng+1× 10-9 mol/L孕酮组(预先加入1×10-9 mol/L孕酮作用细胞2h,再加入2×107 CFU/mL Ng悬液作用3d);④ Ng+1×10-8 mol/L孕酮组(预先加入1×10-8 mol/L孕酮作用细胞2h,再加入2×107 CFU/mL Ng悬液作用3d);⑤Ng+1×10-7 mol/L孕酮组(预先加入1× 10-7 mol/L孕酮作用细胞2h,再加入2×107 CFU/mL Ng悬液作用3d)。实验独立重复3次。

  • 1.2.2 流式细胞术检测Th17细胞和Treg细胞的比例

  • 将每组脾淋巴细胞悬液分为4管,1管用于检测Th17细胞,1管用于检测Treg细胞,另2管分别为相应同型对照。分别加入CD4⁃FITC、CD25⁃APC、IL⁃ 17⁃PE、Foxp3⁃PE抗体进行染色后,应用流式细胞仪检测Th17细胞和Treg细胞的比例。

  • 1.2.3 实时荧光定量PCR检测细胞中NLRP3 和Th17/Treg特异性转录因子RORγt、Foxp3 mRNA的表达

  • 用TRIzol试剂提取细胞总RNA,取1 μg用于逆转录,逆转录按照逆转录酶试剂说明操作。所用引物序列如下:NLRP3上游:5′ ⁃ AAGCAGCAGATG⁃ GAGACTGGAAA⁃3′,下游:5′⁃TGAACAGAGCCCTG⁃ GC AGGTAG⁃3′,扩增产物为149bp;RORγt上游:5 ′⁃ TTTGGAACTGGCTTTCCATC ⁃ 3′,下游:5′ ⁃ AA⁃ GATCTGCAGCTTTTCCACA⁃3′,扩增产物为123bp; Foxp3上游:5′⁃CCCAGGAAAGACAGCAACCTT⁃3′,下游:5′⁃TTCTCACAACCAGGCCACTTG⁃3′,扩增产物为89bp;内参β⁃actin:上游5′⁃TTCCTTCTTGGG⁃ TATGGAAT ⁃ 3′,下游:5′ ⁃ GAGCAATGATCTT⁃ GATCTTC⁃3′,扩增产物为203bp。

  • 1.2.4 Western blot检测NLRP3、Caspase ⁃ 1p20、 RORγt、Foxp3蛋白表达水平

  • 提取培养细胞的总蛋白,测定样品蛋白浓度。取各组不同组分蛋白样品60 μg,经10%SDS⁃PAGE电泳分离后电转移膜,加入稀释后的一抗37℃孵育1h,洗膜后加入稀释的特异性二抗及SP⁃HRP 37℃ 孵育2h,洗膜后用0.05%DAB缓冲液避光显色。

  • 1.2.5 ELISA法检测细胞培养上清中IL ⁃1β 和Th17/Treg相关细胞因子IL⁃17、TGF⁃β、IL⁃10的含量

  • 按照试剂盒说明书进行操作,实验完成后用酶标仪在450nm处测定吸光度值,根据制作的标准曲线计算出各组样品的IL⁃1β、IL⁃17、TGF⁃β、IL⁃10含量。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 计量资料以均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),各组间的比较采用LSD法。应用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 脾脏Th17细胞和Treg细胞比例的变化

  • 流式细胞术结果显示,各组间Th17和Treg细胞比例差异有统计学意义(F=124.32、148.58, P 均<0.01)。与空白对照组比较,Ng感染组脾脏Th17细胞和CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Treg细胞比例升高。加入孕酮预处理后,脾脏Th17细胞比例随着孕酮作用浓度的增高而降低,CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3+ Treg细胞比例随着孕酮作用浓度的增高而增高,加入1×10-8 mol/L或1×10-7 mol/L孕酮能明显下调脾脏Th17细胞比例,上调CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3+ Treg细胞比例 (图1)。

  • 图1 脾细胞中Th17细胞和Treg细胞比例(n=5)

  • Fig.1 The proportions of Th17cells and Treg cells in murine splenocytes(n=5)

  • 2.2 细胞内NLRP3、Th17/Treg特异性转录因子RORγt、Foxp3 mRNA表达的变化

  • RT ⁃ PCR结果显示,各组间NLRP3、RORγt、 Forp3mRNA比较、差异均有统计学意义(F=126.48、 253.18、119.82,P均<0.01)。Ng刺激小鼠脾细胞后,细胞内NLRP3、RORγt、Foxp3mRNA表达较空白对照组明显增加,分别为空白对照组的5.48倍(t=9.46,P <0.01)、6.18倍(t=11.82,P <0.01)和2.74倍 (t=7.47,P <0.01)。加入孕酮预处理后,细胞内NLRP3、RORγt mRNA表达水平随着孕酮浓度的增高而降低,Foxp3mRNA表达水平随着孕酮浓度的增高而增高。加入1×10-8 mol/L或1×10-7 mol/L孕酮能明显降低Ng刺激引起的脾细胞内NLRP3、 RORγt mRNA表达水平,上调Foxp3mRNA表达水平,与Ng组比较,差异有统计学意义(t=12.61、9.78、 13.29,P均<0.01,图2)。

  • 2.3 细胞内NLRP3、Caspase⁃1p20、RORγt、Foxp3蛋白表达的变化

  • Western blot结果显示,NLRP3、Caspase⁃1p20、 RORγt、Foxp3蛋白各组间差异有统计学意义(F=129.85、123.57、131.62、115.74,P均<0.01)。Ng刺激小鼠脾细胞后,细胞内NLRP3、Caspase ⁃ 1p20、 RORγt、Foxp3蛋白表达较空白对照组明显增加,分别为空白对照组的5.62倍(t=10.58,P <0.01)、5.71倍(t=11.56,P <0.01)、5.69倍(t=12.04,P <0.01)和2.82倍(t=8.39,P <0.01)。加入孕酮预处理后,细胞内NLRP3、caspase⁃1p20、RORγt蛋白表达水平随着孕酮浓度的增高而降低,Foxp3蛋白表达水平随着孕酮浓度的增高而增高。加入1×10-8 mol/L或1×10-7 mol/L孕酮能明显降低Ng刺激引起的脾细胞内NL⁃ RP3、Caspase ⁃ 1p20、RORγt蛋白表达水平,上调Foxp3蛋白表达水平,与Ng组比较,差异有统计学意义(t=13.48、12.83、10.39、14.36,P 均<0.01,图3)。

  • 图2 细胞内NLRP3、RORγt、Foxp3mRNA实时荧光定量PCR结果

  • Fig.2 Real ⁃ time PCR results of NLRP3,RORγt and Foxp3in murine splenocytes

  • 2.4 培养上清中IL⁃1β和Th17/Treg相关细胞因子IL⁃17、TGF⁃β、IL⁃10含量的变化

  • ELISA结果显示,细胞培养上清中IL⁃1β、IL⁃17、 TGF ⁃β、IL ⁃10水平各组间差异有统计学意义(F=193.65、219.82、152.56、189.71,P 均<0.01)。Ng刺激小鼠脾细胞后,细胞培养上清中IL ⁃1β、IL ⁃17、 TGF⁃β、IL⁃10含量明显增加,与空白对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(t=14.81、15.87、12.15、13.49,P 均 <0.01)。加入孕酮预处理后,细胞培养上清中IL⁃ 1β、IL⁃17水平随着孕酮浓度的增高而降低,TGF⁃β、 IL⁃10水平随着孕酮浓度的增高而增高。加入1× 10-8 mol/L或1×10-7 mol/L孕酮能有效抑制Ng刺激引起的脾细胞IL⁃1β、IL⁃17的分泌,促进TGF⁃β、IL⁃10的分泌,与Ng组比较,差异有统计学意义(t=11.94、1 0.28、13.57、12.83,P均<0.01,表1)。

  • 图3 各组细胞内NLRP3、caspase⁃1p20、RORγt、Foxp3蛋白表达情况

  • Fig.3 Expression of NLRP3,caspase ⁃ 1p20,RORγt and Foxp3proteins in murine splenocytes of each group

  • 3 讨论

  • NLRP3炎性体是由NLRP3、接头蛋白ASC和效应蛋白Caspase⁃1组成的一种分子量约为700kDa的大分子蛋白复合体,在细胞质内发挥外源性微生物或内源性危险信号感受器的作用,它能使无活性的Caspase⁃1前体转化为活性Caspase⁃1,后者可裂解IL⁃ 1β、IL⁃18、IL⁃33前体以形成活性形式并分泌[4]。研究发现,NLRP3炎性体介导的IL ⁃1β的表达导致Th17/Treg失衡,诱导T细胞向Th17分化,引起局部炎症反应和组织损伤[6]。本研究发现,Ng刺激小鼠脾细胞后,Th17细胞、Treg细胞比例升高,NLRP3、 Th17/Treg特异性转录因子RORγt、Foxp3mRNA和蛋白表达明显增加,细胞上清中Th17/Treg相关细胞因子IL⁃17、TGF⁃β、IL⁃10水平亦增加。这一结果表明在Ng感染小鼠脾细胞的体外模型中Ng可诱导NLRP3炎性体表达,促进Th17、Treg分化和免疫反应。Th17和Treg分别在促进免疫应答和抑制免疫方面发挥关键作用。研究发现,Ng在体内及体外实验中能选择性地诱导Th17免疫反应。Th17细胞及其分泌的细胞因子IL⁃17可触发机体的天然免疫反应,包括诱导中性粒细胞趋化、产生抗菌蛋白[7]。感染Ng后阴道黏膜局部产生的Treg与慢性无症状淋球菌感染有关[8]

  • 表1 培养上清中细胞因子IL⁃1β、IL⁃17、TGF⁃β、IL⁃10含量的变化

  • Table1 The levels of IL⁃1β,IL⁃17,TGF⁃β and IL⁃10in the cellular supernatant

  • 与空白对照组比较,* P<0.01;与Ng组比较,# P <0.01。

  • 孕激素与性传播疾病关系非常密切,孕激素可下调宫颈细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶、环氧化酶⁃2的表达并抑制胶原的组织,而且月经周期的激素变化能影响微生物的黏附[9-10]。研究发现女性Ng下生殖道感染发展为上行性感染的敏感性可随着月经周期变化[11-12]。另外前期研究也发现,孕激素通过促进胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素和TGF⁃β的产生发挥免疫抑制及减轻炎症反应的作用[13]。研究发现,孕酮可促进T细胞向Treg分化,但抑制其向Th17细胞分化[14-16]。这些都说明孕激素具有免疫调节功能,能影响机体对Ng的易感性及炎症反应。本研究预先加入不同浓度的孕酮作用后,Ng刺激的Th17细胞比例、NLRP3和Th17特异性转录因子RORγt mRNA和蛋白表达、Th17相关细胞因子IL⁃17的分泌随着孕酮浓度的增加而逐渐降低,Treg细胞比例、 Treg特异性转录因子Foxp3mRNA和蛋白表达、Treg相关细胞因子TGF⁃β、IL⁃10的分泌随着孕酮浓度的增加而逐渐增加。这表明孕酮可抑制Ng感染诱导的小鼠脾细胞中NLRP3表达及Th17分化,促进Ng感染诱导的Treg细胞分化。

  • 本研究发现孕激素通过抑制Ng感染诱导的小鼠脾细胞中NLRP3表达及Th17分化、促进Treg细胞分化而发挥免疫抑制作用。与我们前期在动物体内的研究结果一致,这为解释孕激素在女性无症状Ng感染中的作用机制提供了一定的理论依据,可为女性无症状Ng感染的防治提供新思路,同时也为研制新的抗Ng药物提供新靶点。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LENZ J D,DILLARD J P.Pathogenesis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the host defense in ascending infections of human fallopian tube[J].Front Immunol,2018,9:2710

    • [2] WU Z,XU L,TU Y,et al.The relationship between the symptoms of female gonococcal infections and serum progesterone level and the genotypes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae multi ⁃ antigen sequence type(NG ⁃MAST)in Wuhan,China[J].Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis,2011,30(1):113-116

    • [3] XU L,DONG B,WANG H,et al.Progesterone suppresses Th17 cell responses,and enhances the development of regulatory T cells,through thymic stromal lymphopoietin⁃ dependent mechanisms in experimental gonococcal genital tract infection[J].Microbes Infect,2013,15(12):796-805

    • [4] GONG Q,HE L,WANG M,et al.Comparison of the TLR4/NFκB and NLRP3 signalling pathways in major organs of the mouse after intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide[J].Pharm Biol,2019,57(1):555-563

    • [5] 卢晓星,张小强,苗歆雨,等.原花青素对LPS/ATP诱导的NLRP3炎症小体激活及NF⁃κBp65磷酸化的抑制作用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(8):1111-1118

    • [6] PATEL D,GAIKWAD S,CHALLAGUNDLA N,et al.Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition ameliorates airway inflammation through modulation of NLRP3 inflammosome and Th17/Treg axis[J].Int Immunopharmacol,2018,54:375-384

    • [7] STEVENS J S,CRISS A K.Pathogenesis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the female reproductive tract:neutrophilic host response,sustained infection,and clinical sequelae [J].Curr Opin Hematol,2018,25(1):13-21

    • [8] LIU Y,LIU W,RUSSELL M W.Suppression of host adaptive immune responses by Neisseria gonorrhoeae:role of interleukin 10 and type 1 regulatory T cells[J].Mucosal Immunol,2014,7(1):165-176

    • [9] CALENDA G,VILLEGAS G,REIS A,et al.Mucosal susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus infection in the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle[J].AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses,2019,35(3):335-347

    • [10] 李林翰,林明娟,钱欢欢,等.抑制巨噬细胞产生促炎性因子对异位内膜孕酮反应的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2018,38(7):966-972

    • [11] MCLAUGHLIN S E,GHANEM K G,ZENILMAN J M,et al.Risk of gonococcal infection during vaginal exposure is associated with high vaginal pH and active menstruation [J].Sex Transm Dis,2019,46(2):86-90

    • [12] BISTER J,CRONA GUTERSTAM Y,STRUNZ B,et al.Human endometrial MAIT cells are transiently tissue resident and respond to Neisseria gonorrhoeae[J].Mucosal Immunol,2021,14(2):357-365

    • [13] 许莉,曾志良,陈宏翔,等.雌、孕激素对淋球菌诱导的Hela细胞胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素和转化生长因子β表达的影响[J].中国皮肤性病学杂志,2014,28(5):448-450

    • [14] SHIRSHEV S V,NEKRASOVA I V,GORBUNOVA O L,et al.Regulation of recombinase rag ⁃ 1 expression by female sex steroids in Treg and Th17 lymphocytes:role of oncostatin M[J].Doklady Biochem Biophys,2019,484(1):73-77

    • [15] DZIOBEK K,BIEDKA M,NOWIKIEWICZ T,et al.Analysis of Treg cell population in patients with breast cancer with respect to progesterone receptor status[J].Contemp Oncol(Pozn),2018,22(4):236-239

    • [16] WANG S C,LI M D,SUN F R,et al.Th17/Treg ⁃cell balance in the peripheral blood of pregnant females with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion receiving progesterone or cyclosporine A[J].Exp Ther Med,2021,21(1):37

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LENZ J D,DILLARD J P.Pathogenesis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the host defense in ascending infections of human fallopian tube[J].Front Immunol,2018,9:2710

    • [2] WU Z,XU L,TU Y,et al.The relationship between the symptoms of female gonococcal infections and serum progesterone level and the genotypes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae multi ⁃ antigen sequence type(NG ⁃MAST)in Wuhan,China[J].Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis,2011,30(1):113-116

    • [3] XU L,DONG B,WANG H,et al.Progesterone suppresses Th17 cell responses,and enhances the development of regulatory T cells,through thymic stromal lymphopoietin⁃ dependent mechanisms in experimental gonococcal genital tract infection[J].Microbes Infect,2013,15(12):796-805

    • [4] GONG Q,HE L,WANG M,et al.Comparison of the TLR4/NFκB and NLRP3 signalling pathways in major organs of the mouse after intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide[J].Pharm Biol,2019,57(1):555-563

    • [5] 卢晓星,张小强,苗歆雨,等.原花青素对LPS/ATP诱导的NLRP3炎症小体激活及NF⁃κBp65磷酸化的抑制作用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(8):1111-1118

    • [6] PATEL D,GAIKWAD S,CHALLAGUNDLA N,et al.Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition ameliorates airway inflammation through modulation of NLRP3 inflammosome and Th17/Treg axis[J].Int Immunopharmacol,2018,54:375-384

    • [7] STEVENS J S,CRISS A K.Pathogenesis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the female reproductive tract:neutrophilic host response,sustained infection,and clinical sequelae [J].Curr Opin Hematol,2018,25(1):13-21

    • [8] LIU Y,LIU W,RUSSELL M W.Suppression of host adaptive immune responses by Neisseria gonorrhoeae:role of interleukin 10 and type 1 regulatory T cells[J].Mucosal Immunol,2014,7(1):165-176

    • [9] CALENDA G,VILLEGAS G,REIS A,et al.Mucosal susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus infection in the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle[J].AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses,2019,35(3):335-347

    • [10] 李林翰,林明娟,钱欢欢,等.抑制巨噬细胞产生促炎性因子对异位内膜孕酮反应的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2018,38(7):966-972

    • [11] MCLAUGHLIN S E,GHANEM K G,ZENILMAN J M,et al.Risk of gonococcal infection during vaginal exposure is associated with high vaginal pH and active menstruation [J].Sex Transm Dis,2019,46(2):86-90

    • [12] BISTER J,CRONA GUTERSTAM Y,STRUNZ B,et al.Human endometrial MAIT cells are transiently tissue resident and respond to Neisseria gonorrhoeae[J].Mucosal Immunol,2021,14(2):357-365

    • [13] 许莉,曾志良,陈宏翔,等.雌、孕激素对淋球菌诱导的Hela细胞胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素和转化生长因子β表达的影响[J].中国皮肤性病学杂志,2014,28(5):448-450

    • [14] SHIRSHEV S V,NEKRASOVA I V,GORBUNOVA O L,et al.Regulation of recombinase rag ⁃ 1 expression by female sex steroids in Treg and Th17 lymphocytes:role of oncostatin M[J].Doklady Biochem Biophys,2019,484(1):73-77

    • [15] DZIOBEK K,BIEDKA M,NOWIKIEWICZ T,et al.Analysis of Treg cell population in patients with breast cancer with respect to progesterone receptor status[J].Contemp Oncol(Pozn),2018,22(4):236-239

    • [16] WANG S C,LI M D,SUN F R,et al.Th17/Treg ⁃cell balance in the peripheral blood of pregnant females with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion receiving progesterone or cyclosporine A[J].Exp Ther Med,2021,21(1):37