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通讯作者:

查小明,E⁃mail:njzhaxm@edu.cn

中图分类号:R737.9

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)1-1600-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20211106

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨乳腺癌患者同源重组修复(homologous recombination repair,HRR)相关胚系基因的突变情况及其与临床病理特征之间的关系。方法:检测本中心102例乳腺癌患者同源重组修复高度相关的21个胚系基因的变异情况,收集患者的年龄、肿瘤大小、淋巴结状态、病理类型及家族史等临床资料,统计分析基因突变与各临床病理特征之间的关系。结果:携带 HRR相关胚系基因突变(含BRCA及非BRCA基因)的患者与未携带突变的患者在临床特征方面(如年龄、淋巴结状态、肿瘤大小和肿瘤分子分型等)并无统计学差异。携带BRCA突变的患者往往有肿瘤家族史(95%CI:0.997~6.142,P =0.047),尤其是乳腺癌/卵巢癌家族史(95%CI:1.227~9.953,P =0.015)。同时,ATM基因突变在人表皮生长因子受体⁃2(human epidermal growth factor receptor⁃2,Her⁃2)阳性患者中的发生率显著高于Her⁃2阴性患者(P =0.045)。结论:患者的肿瘤家族史,尤其是乳腺癌/卵巢癌家族史是发生BRCA突变的重要危险因素;Her⁃2阳性乳腺癌可能与ATM突变存在一定的相关性。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to investigate the mutation of homologous recombination repair(HRR)associated germline genes and the correlation between clinical characteristics and mutation status in breast cancer. Methods:The mutation status of 21 HRR associated genes was detected by next ⁃generation sequencing in 102 patients diagnosed with breast cancer in our center. The clinicopathological data of the patients was collected including the age,tumor size,lymph node status,pathological type and family tumor history. The association between the clinical pathological features and mutation status was analyzed. Results:There was no significant statistical difference between patients with mutation of HRR associated genes(BRCA or non⁃BRCA)and those without any mutation in clinical characteristics such as age,lymph node status,tumor size,pathological type and so on. Patients with BRCA mutation incline to have family history of tumor(95% CI:0.997-6.142,P =0.047),especially for family history of breast/ovarian cancer (95% CI:1.227-9.953,P =0.015). Meanwhile,the mutation rate of ATM in human epidermal growth factor receptor⁃2(Her⁃2)positive patients was significantly higher than that in Her⁃2 negative patients(P =0.045). Conclusion:The family history of tumor,especially of breast/ovarian cancer,is a vital risk factor for BRCA mutation;Her⁃2 positive breast cancer may be associated with ATM mutation.

  • 乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,也是全球女性癌症死亡的主要原因[1]。据报道,5%~10%的乳腺癌具有强遗传性,且4%~5%的病例是由相对高渗透性(适用于基因突变,是指在特定基因型的情况下发生诸如乳腺癌或卵巢癌等临床疾病的可能性)基因以常染色体显性方式遗传的[2]

  • 同源重组修复(homologous recombination re⁃pair,HRR)作为一种DNA损伤修复机制维持了人类基因组的完整性并确保遗传信息高保真传递[3],这一过程涉及一大类与DNA同源重组修复相关的基因,若这些基因发生突变,DNA损伤得不到及时和正确的修复,则会导致细胞功能障碍甚至肿瘤的发生,称同源重组修复缺陷(homologous recombination deficiency,HRD)[4]。除经典的BRCA1/2、TP53外, HRR相关基因还包括ATM、BRIP1、CDH1、CHEK2、 NBN、PALB2、RAD51C、RAD51D等[5],并与乳腺癌、卵巢癌,胰腺癌及前列腺癌等多种癌症相关[6]。目前认为,乳腺癌相关基因表达的变化远早于形态学变化[7]。特征性基因表达谱的检测能在观察到肿瘤形态变化之前对个体罹患肿瘤的风险进行评估[8],且越来越多的证据表明[9-11],与HRR相关基因突变有关的肿瘤对铂类化疗药及核糖聚合酶(poly ADP⁃ ribose polymerase,PARP)抑制剂敏感,这对有遗传性乳腺癌高危因素的患者来说具有重要意义。

  • 本研究以二代测序为技术基础,检测了102例患者的HRR相关的21个胚系基因的变异情况,并分析其突变状态与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、淋巴结状态、病理类型及家族史等临床特征之间的相关性,旨在为遗传性乳腺癌的预防、诊断和治疗提供一定参考。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究为单中心回顾性研究,对2018年7月— 2020年11月南京医科大学第一附属医院乳腺病科收治的原发性乳腺癌病例进行筛选。入组标准: ①诊断年龄≤40岁的乳腺癌个人病史;②任何年龄的乳腺癌或卵巢癌家族史(2个或2个以上的血缘近亲);③同时或先后诊断的双侧乳腺癌或多灶性乳腺癌,且有≥1个血缘近亲有肿瘤病史;④发病年龄 ≤60岁的三阴型乳腺癌;⑤同一个体的乳腺癌和卵巢癌;⑥男性乳腺癌。收集符合以上至少一项标准患者的HRR相关基因二代测序检测结果及临床病理资料。该研究得到南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会的批准,所有患者签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 收集患者外周血4mL,使用乙二胺四乙酸(ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid,EDTA)抗凝管于4℃ 储存并运输,并在3d内进入检测流程。对外周血标本进行基因组DNA提取并从中取200ng进行文库构建。HRR相关基因的整个编码序列(包括剪接供体和受体位点)经杂交捕获法建库并由Qubit (Thermo Fisher公司,美国)及Bioanalyzer(Agilent公司,美国)检测合格后,通过高通量测序仪Miseq(Il⁃ lumina公司,美国)进行二代测序检测,其中文库构建所使用的人多基因突变检测试剂盒(广州燃石公司)共检测21个HRR通路基因,包括BRCA1、 BRCA2、PTEN、ATR、EMSY、FAM175A、FANCA、 FANCI、NBN、MRE11A、ATM、BRIP1、CHEK1、 CHEK2、 PALB2、 RAD50、 BARD1、 RAD51B、 RAD51C、RAD51D和RAD51L。检测出变异基因的分类参考了ClinVar(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/)、BIC(https://research.nhgri.nih.gov/bic/)、 ENIGMA(http://enigma.ini.usc.edu/)等数据库;根据2015版ACMG指南将基因变异的致病性分为5类[12]:致病⁃5类、可能致病⁃4类、意义未明⁃3类、可能良性⁃ 2类、良性⁃1类。本研究将3~5类变异归入突变组。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 使用SPSS25.0软件对收集的数据进行统计分析。连续变量用均数±标准差(x- ± s)描述;成组设计的两个率比较时,总数>40且任意理论频数>5时,用χ2 检验;总数>40且1<任意理论频数≤5时,用校正χ2 检验;总数≤40或任意理论频数≤1时,用Fisher精确概率法检验;连续型变量如年龄使用 t 检验。 P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 研究对象整体特征

  • 本研究共纳入102例原发性乳腺癌患者,其中,女101例,男1例,年龄20~73岁,平均年龄42.3岁。在102例中,检测出70例18个基因的82个突变位点,其中51例发生单点突变,16例发生2个位点突变,3例发生3个位点突变(表1)。检测出的突变基因包括BRCA1、BRCA2、PTEN、ATR、EMSY、FAN⁃ CA、FANCI、NBN、MRE11A、ATM、BRIP1、CHEK1、 CHEK2、 PALB2、 BARD1、 RAD51B、 RAD51C、 RAD51D和RAD51L,其中BRCA2基因突变频数最多,共有15例,其次为BRCA1(13例)和ATM(11例) (图1)。从患者肿瘤特征来看,7例为双侧乳腺癌, 6例肿瘤为多灶性,7例肿瘤分子分型存在异质性 (表1)。

  • 2.2 基因突变与临床病理特征的关系

  • 为了分析HRR相关基因突变与临床病理特征之间的关系,将102例患者分为未突变、BRCA突变、非BRCA突变3个亚组,分别统计各组患者年龄、淋巴结状态、肿瘤大小、肿瘤雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)、人表皮生长因子受体⁃2(human epidermal growth factor receptor⁃2,Her⁃2)状态,组织学分级,是否为三阴型乳腺癌及远处转移的情况,其中携带包含但不局限于BRCA突变的患者归入BRCA突变组。据统计,发生BRCA突变及非BRCA突变的患者与未发生突变的患者平均年龄相似,差异无统计学意义。此外,发生突变的两组患者与未发生突变的患者比较,未观察到他们在肿瘤大小,ER、PR、Her⁃2状态,淋巴结转移,三阴型乳腺癌例数,组织学分级及远处转移方面差异有统计学意义(表2)。

  • 表1 102例患者的临床病理特征

  • Table1 Clinicopathological features of 102patients with breast cancer

  • a:共有7例患者有两种分子分型。

  • 图1 102例中检测出的18个HRR相关基因突变的频数分布

  • Fig.1 Distribution of the18mutational HRR associated genes detected in 102patients

  • 2.3 基因突变相关危险因素分析

  • 分析了HRR相关基因的整体突变和BRCA基因突变与遗传性乳腺癌相关危险因素之间的相关性。从表3可以看出,肿瘤家族史、乳腺癌/卵巢癌家族史、三阴型乳腺癌、双侧乳腺癌、多灶性乳腺癌及男性乳腺癌与HRR相关基因整体突变率均无明显相关性。而在上述危险因素中,肿瘤家族史 (95%CI:0.997~6.142,P=0.047)及乳腺癌/卵巢癌家族史(95%CI:1.227~9.953,P=0.015)则与BRCA基因突变有统计学意义的相关性(表4),且与肿瘤家族史相比,我们更有理由相信有乳腺癌/卵巢癌家族史是BRCA基因突变的一个重要危险因素。

  • 2.4 ATM基因突变相关特征分析

  • ATM是除BRCA外突变率最高的一个HRR相关基因(n=11),由此本研究对ATM突变与患者淋巴结状态,ER、PR、Her⁃2状态,是否为双侧乳腺癌及是否为多灶性乳腺癌之间的关系进行了分析(表5)。与Her⁃2阴性患者相比,ATM突变更易发生在Her⁃2阳性患者中(P=0.045),而ATM与其他临床病理特征无显著相关性。

  • 3 讨论

  • 乳腺癌发病率居中国女性恶性肿瘤之首[8],据刘继永等[13] 统计,在江苏地区,肿瘤家族史是女性乳腺癌明确的危险因素。携带明确遗传基因突变的遗传性乳腺癌患者作为一类独特群体,他们的临床病理特征、治疗及预后正被广泛研究。HRD属于一种DNA修复缺陷,其病因及机制十分复杂,目前研究来看,铂类及PARP抑制剂等致DNA损伤药物对BRCA1/2突变肿瘤更为敏感[14-15],且携带其他HRR相关基因突变的患者也可能从这类药物中获益[16]。本研究以二代测序为技术基础,检测并分析了入组患者HRR相关的21种基因的变异情况及其临床病理特征。

  • 表2 102例患者的临床病理特征与基因突变状态的关系

  • Table2 Clinicopathological features of 102patients and their correlation with gene mutation status

  • a:使用t检验;b:使用Fisher精确概率法检验;c:使用校正χ2 检验,其余使用χ2 检验;+/-:同时有两种分型的患者。

  • 本研究中突变率最高的2个基因BRCA1和BRCA2(分别为15%和17%)属抑癌基因,携带该基因突变的患者患乳腺癌的风险较一般人群高10~20倍[17-18]。据Arpino等[19] 报道,BRCA阳性患者比散发性乳腺癌患者年轻得多,并且与BRCA未突变或散发性乳腺癌女性相比,ER、PR或Her⁃2阳性的可能性更小。Wang等[20] 研究发现,与没有突变的人相比,携带BRCA突变的患者在初次诊断乳腺癌时更可能有淋巴结受累,且与乳腺癌相关的结局明显更差。而本研究数据分析,并没有发现BRCA突变患者与散发性乳腺癌患者之间临床病理特征的差异,可能是由研究对象入组条件不完全一致,研究对象的数量有差异,对致病性突变的判定标准不同及肿瘤的异质性等所致。

  • 肿瘤家族史是乳腺癌的一个重要危险因素, Kuchenbaecker等[21] 研究显示,BRCA1和BRCA2携带者的乳腺癌风险随着一级和二级亲属中被诊断有乳腺癌数量的增加而增加。Wang等[22] 研究发现,患有癌症的亲戚越多,具有BRCA突变的先证者比例越高;Mahdavi等[23] 称,BRCA1/2的胚系突变是乳腺癌的主要遗传因素并导致90%的遗传性乳腺癌病例,建议有乳腺癌/卵巢癌家族史者均应尽早进行BRCA基因的筛查。在波兰有乳腺癌史的家庭中, 20%的家庭发现了BRCA1或BRCA2突变[24]。本研究探讨HRR相关基因整体突变率及BRCA突变率与几个危险因素的相关性,结果显示肿瘤家族史,尤其是乳腺癌/卵巢癌家族史与BRCA基因突变显著相关,且提示了作为遗传性乳腺癌的重要标志物,BRCA基因相对于整体HRR相关基因而言可能更具代表性。

  • 表3 HRR相关基因突变与遗传性乳腺癌危险因素之间的关系

  • Table3 Correlation between HRR gene mutation and clinical risk factors for hereditary breast cancer

  • a:使用校正χ2 检验;b:使用Fisher精确概率法检验。其余使用χ2 检验。

  • 此外,在发生BRCA1突变的13例患者中,有2例患者携带了c.5470_5477del这一位点的突变,这2例患者均有1例患乳腺癌的亲属(分别是母亲和姑姑)。在Wang等[22] 及Lang等[25] 的研究中, BRCA1c.5470_5477del同样是最常见的突变位点,提示在中国乳腺癌人群中,这一突变位点的携带者占有一定比例。其他突变频率较高的位点还有ATR c.5899⁃8del(7/70)及EMSY c.991A>G(4/70),但并未检索到这两个突变位点的相关研究,且这些突变均属于3类突变,其临床意义尚不明确,随着数据库尤其是中国人群数据库的完善及文献等资料的更新,未来或许能对这些变异有新的解读和发现。

  • ATM是除BRCA1/2外突变率最高的基因。 ATM参与DNA损伤修复、细胞周期阻滞和凋亡以及染色质重塑过程,最初是根据其在人类常染色体隐性遗传疾病共济失调⁃毛细血管扩张症(ataxia⁃telan⁃ giectasia,AT)中的突变而鉴定出,其功能突变丧失的杂合子携带者罹患乳腺癌的风险增加[26-27]。病例对照WECARE研究的结果表明,携带可能有害的罕见ATM错义变体的妇女暴露于放射线可能会增加对侧乳腺癌的风险[5]。目前没有足够证据支持携带致病性ATM突变的乳腺癌患者进行放射线治疗[28]。本研究数据显示ATM整体突变率较高,且在Her⁃2阳性乳腺癌患者中的发生率显著高于Her⁃2阴性患者 (P=0.045)。据Stagni等[29] 研究发现,ATM作为一个抑癌基因,它的活性状态对于Her⁃2阳性肿瘤的治疗和预后可能有益,这为Her⁃2状态与ATM基因之间的相关性提供了有力佐证。限于本研究规模较小,未能得出有关ATM更多的结论,后续可增加样本量进一步研究。

  • 随着越来越多的诊断实验室引入多基因测序技术,癌症易感患者的遗传数据逐渐丰富。通过查阅文献及检索数据库,专业医生根据乳腺癌易感基因突变的检测结果对其相关风险进行评估,并给出相应预防和治疗方面的建议。但如本研究数据显示,基因测序会检测出相当一部分意义不明的3类突变,它们的准确性和有效性仍然不足,多数临床医生并不建议对这类患者进行临床干预,而给这类患者徒增焦虑,这是基因检测技术的不足之处。但是,根据本研究结果并结合国内外研究进展,建议有肿瘤家族史,尤其是乳腺癌/卵巢癌家族史的遗传性乳腺癌高危人群应尽早进行HRR相关基因(尤其BRCA基因)检测,以期为这类患者制定更合理的个体化治疗方案。若检测出高渗透性突变但未被诊断乳腺癌的女性,可以考虑采取降低风险的策略,如加强监测及手术干预(包括双侧乳房切除术和输卵管卵巢切除术)等;若检测出高渗透性突变并被诊断为乳腺癌的女性,可结合具体突变基因决定是否使用铂类及PARP抑制剂等致DNA损伤药物;携带ATM基因突变的患者应尽量避免放射线治疗。

  • 表4 BRCA突变与遗传性乳腺癌危险因素之间的关系

  • Table4 Correlation between BRCA mutation and clini⁃ cal risk factors for hereditary breast cancer

  • a:使用校正χ 2 检验;b:使用Fisher精确概率法检验。其余使用χ 2 检验。

  • 二代测序技术日趋成熟使人类遗传学数据库逐渐扩大,本研究探讨了HRR相关基因突变状态与临床病理特征的关系,在丰富乳腺癌患者遗传资料的同时也提示了对相关患者进行HRR相关基因检测及提供遗传咨询的重要性,为必要的预防及个体化治疗提供了一定理论依据。

  • 表5 不同临床病理特征下ATM的突变状态

  • Table5 Clinical and pathological characteristics of 102patients with different ATM mutation status

  • a:使用校正χ2 检验;b:使用Fisher精确概率法检验,其余使用χ2 检验;+/-:同时有两种分型的患者。

  • 参考文献

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    • [8] LIU Y,YANG B,ZHANG X,et al.The gene mutation spectrum of breast cancer analyzed by semiconductor sequencing platform[J].Pathol Oncol Res,2020,26(1):491-497

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    • [11] HOPPE M M,SUNDAR R,TAN D S,et al.Biomarkers for homologous recombination deficiency in cancer[J].J Natl Cancer Inst,2018,110(7):704-713

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    • [13] 刘继永,沈洪兵,靳光付,等.江苏地区乳腺癌危险因素的病例对照研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2008,28(5):689-692

    • [14] ZHAO W,HU H,MO Q,et al.Function and mechanism of combined PARP ⁃1 and BRCA genes in regulating the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells[J].Int J Clin Exp Pathol,2019,12(10):3915-3920

    • [15] ROBERT M,PATSOURIS A,FRENEL J S,et al.Emerging PARP inhibitors for treating breast cancer[J].Expert Opin Emerg Drugs,2018,23(3):211-221

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    • [17] REBBECK T R,MITRA N,WAN F,et al.Association of type and location of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations with risk of breast and ovarian cancer[J].JAMA,2015,313(13):1347-1361

    • [18] 中国医师协会精准治疗委员会乳腺癌专业委员会,中华医学会肿瘤学分会乳腺肿瘤学组,中国抗癌协会乳腺癌专业委员会,等.中国乳腺癌患者BRCA1/2基因检测与临床应用专家共识(2018 年版)[J].中国癌症杂志,2018,28(10):787-800

    • [19] ARPINO G,PENSABENE M,CONDELLO C,et al.Tumor characteristics and prognosis in familial breast cancer [J].BMC Cancer,2016,16(1):924

    • [20] WANG Y A,JIAN J W,HUNG C F,et al.Germline breast cancer susceptibility gene mutations and breast cancer outcomes[J].BMC Cancer,2018,18(1):315

    • [21] KUCHENBAECKER K B,HOPPER J L,BARNES D R,et al.Risks of breast,ovarian,and contralateral breast cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers[J].JAMA,2017,317(23):2402-2416

    • [22] WANG J,LI W,SHI Y,et al.Germline mutation land⁃ scape of Chinese patients with familial breast/ovarian cancer in a panel of 22 susceptibility genes[J].Cancer Med,2019,8(5):2074-2084

    • [23] MAHDAVI M,NASSIRI M,KOOSHYAR M M,et al.Hereditary breast cancer;Genetic penetrance and current status with BRCA[J].J Cell Physiol,2019,234(5):5741-5750

    • [24] PODRALSKA M,ZIOLKOWSKA ⁃ SUCHANEK I,ZURAWEK M,et al.Genetic variants in ATM,H2AFX and MRE11 genes and susceptibility to breast cancer in the polish population[J].BMC Cancer,2018,18(1):452

    • [25] LANG G T,SHI J X,HU X,et al.The spectrum of BRCA mutations and characteristics of BRCA ⁃ associated breast cancers in China:Screening of 2 991 patients and 1 043 controls by next ⁃generation sequencing[J].Int J Cancer.2017,141(1):129-142

    • [26] BERNSTEIN J L,GROUP W,CONCANNON P.ATM,radiation,and the risk of second primary breast cancer[J].Int J Radiat Biol,2017,93(10):1121-1127

    • [27] LI J,MEEKS H,FENG B J,et al.Targeted massively parallel sequencing of a panel of putative breast cancer sus⁃ ceptibility genes in a large cohort of multiple⁃case breast and ovarian cancer families[J].J Med Genet,2016,53(1):34-42

    • [28] VAN O N,ROELEVELD N,WEEMAES C M,et al.Health risks for ataxia ⁃ telangiectasia mutated heterozygotes:a systematic review,meta ⁃ analysis and evidence ⁃ based guideline[J].Clin Genet,2016,90(2):105-117

    • [29] STAGNI V,MANNI I,OROPALLO V,et al.ATM kinase sustains HER2 tumorigenicity in breast cancer[J].Nat Commun,2015,6:6886

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BRAY F,FERLAY J,SOERJOMATARAM I,et al.Global cancer statistics 2018:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2018,68(6):394-424

    • [2] NEWMAN B,AUSTIN M,LEE M,et al.Inheritance of human breast cancer:evidence for autosomal dominant transmission in high⁃risk families[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,1988,85(9):3044-3048

    • [3] LI X,HEYER W D.Homologous recombination in DNA repair and DNA damage tolerance[J].Cell Res,2008,18(1):99-113

    • [4] PELLEGRINO B,MATEO J,SERRA V,et al.Controversies in oncology:are genomic tests quantifying homologous recombination repair deficiency(HRD)useful for treatment decision making?[J].ESMO Open,2019,4(2):e000480

    • [5] DALY M B,PILARSKIR,BERRY M,et al.NCCN guidelines insights:genetic/familial high ⁃ risk assessment:breast and ovarian,version 2.2017[J].J Natl Compr Canc Netw,2017,15(1):9-20

    • [6] KNIJNENBURG T A,WANG L,ZIMMERMANN M T,et al.Genomic and molecular landscape of DNA damage repair deficiency across the cancer genome atlas[J].Cell Rep,2018,23(1):239-254

    • [7] VAN’T VEER L J,DAI H,VAN DE VIJVER M J,et al.Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer[J].Nature,2002,415(6871):530-536

    • [8] LIU Y,YANG B,ZHANG X,et al.The gene mutation spectrum of breast cancer analyzed by semiconductor sequencing platform[J].Pathol Oncol Res,2020,26(1):491-497

    • [9] PILIE P G,GAY C M,BYERS L A,et al.PARP inhibitors:extending benefit beyond BRCA⁃mutant cancers[J].Clin Cancer Res,2019,25(13):3759-3771

    • [10] ZHAO E Y,SHEN Y,PLEASANCE E,et al.Homologous recombination deficiency and platinum⁃based therapy out⁃ comes in advanced breast cancer[J].Clin Cancer Res,2017,23(24):7521-7530

    • [11] HOPPE M M,SUNDAR R,TAN D S,et al.Biomarkers for homologous recombination deficiency in cancer[J].J Natl Cancer Inst,2018,110(7):704-713

    • [12] RICHARDS S,AZIZ N,BALE S,et al.Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants:a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology[J].Genet Med,2015,17(5):405-424

    • [13] 刘继永,沈洪兵,靳光付,等.江苏地区乳腺癌危险因素的病例对照研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2008,28(5):689-692

    • [14] ZHAO W,HU H,MO Q,et al.Function and mechanism of combined PARP ⁃1 and BRCA genes in regulating the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells[J].Int J Clin Exp Pathol,2019,12(10):3915-3920

    • [15] ROBERT M,PATSOURIS A,FRENEL J S,et al.Emerging PARP inhibitors for treating breast cancer[J].Expert Opin Emerg Drugs,2018,23(3):211-221

    • [16] O’KANE G M,CONNOR A A,GALLINGER S.Charac⁃ terization,detection,and treatment approaches for homologous recombination deficiency in cancer[J].Trends Mol Med,2017,23(12):1121-1137

    • [17] REBBECK T R,MITRA N,WAN F,et al.Association of type and location of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations with risk of breast and ovarian cancer[J].JAMA,2015,313(13):1347-1361

    • [18] 中国医师协会精准治疗委员会乳腺癌专业委员会,中华医学会肿瘤学分会乳腺肿瘤学组,中国抗癌协会乳腺癌专业委员会,等.中国乳腺癌患者BRCA1/2基因检测与临床应用专家共识(2018 年版)[J].中国癌症杂志,2018,28(10):787-800

    • [19] ARPINO G,PENSABENE M,CONDELLO C,et al.Tumor characteristics and prognosis in familial breast cancer [J].BMC Cancer,2016,16(1):924

    • [20] WANG Y A,JIAN J W,HUNG C F,et al.Germline breast cancer susceptibility gene mutations and breast cancer outcomes[J].BMC Cancer,2018,18(1):315

    • [21] KUCHENBAECKER K B,HOPPER J L,BARNES D R,et al.Risks of breast,ovarian,and contralateral breast cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers[J].JAMA,2017,317(23):2402-2416

    • [22] WANG J,LI W,SHI Y,et al.Germline mutation land⁃ scape of Chinese patients with familial breast/ovarian cancer in a panel of 22 susceptibility genes[J].Cancer Med,2019,8(5):2074-2084

    • [23] MAHDAVI M,NASSIRI M,KOOSHYAR M M,et al.Hereditary breast cancer;Genetic penetrance and current status with BRCA[J].J Cell Physiol,2019,234(5):5741-5750

    • [24] PODRALSKA M,ZIOLKOWSKA ⁃ SUCHANEK I,ZURAWEK M,et al.Genetic variants in ATM,H2AFX and MRE11 genes and susceptibility to breast cancer in the polish population[J].BMC Cancer,2018,18(1):452

    • [25] LANG G T,SHI J X,HU X,et al.The spectrum of BRCA mutations and characteristics of BRCA ⁃ associated breast cancers in China:Screening of 2 991 patients and 1 043 controls by next ⁃generation sequencing[J].Int J Cancer.2017,141(1):129-142

    • [26] BERNSTEIN J L,GROUP W,CONCANNON P.ATM,radiation,and the risk of second primary breast cancer[J].Int J Radiat Biol,2017,93(10):1121-1127

    • [27] LI J,MEEKS H,FENG B J,et al.Targeted massively parallel sequencing of a panel of putative breast cancer sus⁃ ceptibility genes in a large cohort of multiple⁃case breast and ovarian cancer families[J].J Med Genet,2016,53(1):34-42

    • [28] VAN O N,ROELEVELD N,WEEMAES C M,et al.Health risks for ataxia ⁃ telangiectasia mutated heterozygotes:a systematic review,meta ⁃ analysis and evidence ⁃ based guideline[J].Clin Genet,2016,90(2):105-117

    • [29] STAGNI V,MANNI I,OROPALLO V,et al.ATM kinase sustains HER2 tumorigenicity in breast cancer[J].Nat Commun,2015,6:6886