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通讯作者:

李鹏超,E⁃mail:supeokulian@aliyun.com

中图分类号:R737.11

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)11-1607-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20211107

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨长链非编码 RNA(long non⁃coding RNA,lncRNA)H19 的 rs2839698、rs217727、rs3741216 和 rs3741219 这 4 个位点的多态性遗传变异对肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma,RCC)易感性和预后的影响。方法:本研究为自2004年5月开始的两阶段病例对照研究,共纳入1014例RCC患者及1063例健康对照者。其中第一阶段298例RCC患者具有完整的随访资料。采用TaqMan探针法实时聚合酶链反应检测患者外周血的4个位点多态性基因分型,通过计算比值比(odds ratio,OR)和 95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)评估H19多态性与RCC发生风险及临床特征的关系;Kaplan⁃Meier曲线评估临床特征与H194个位点不同基因型的生存状态,采用COX回归分析计算不同基因型、TNM分期及病理分级发生死亡结局的风险比(hazardratio, HR)和95%CI,评估影响RCC预后的独立危险因素。结果:与H19的rs2839698 CC基因型相比,CT/TT基因型人群患RCC风险增加(P =0.012,OR=1.13,95%CI=1.02~1.55)。CT/TT基因型患者更容易发生大体积肿瘤(P =0.003,OR=1.35,95%CI=1.10~1.73) 和临床高分期(P =0.010,OR=1.63,95%CI=1.08~2.21);rs2839698 CT/TT基因型RCC患者的5年总生存率明显低于CC基因型 RCC患者(CT/TT vs. CC:Log⁃rank P =0.027,HR=2.24,95%CI=1.10~4.59)。结论:H19 rs2839698位点基因变异同RCC易感性和生存相关,其具体的功能影响仍需进一步研究验证。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to clarify the effects of H19 genetic variant rs2839698,rs217727,rs3741216 and rs3741219 on renal cell carcinoma(RCC)susceptibility and prognosis. Methods:We conducted this two⁃stage case⁃control study with a total of 1014 RCC cases and 1063 controls since May 2004. Total 298 RCC cases in the first stage had complete follow ⁃ up data available. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan real ⁃time polymerase chain reaction assays. Odds ratio(OR)and 95% confidence interval (CI)were calculated to evaluate the association between H19 polymorphism and RCC risk and clinical characteristics. Kaplan⁃Meier method was utilized to assess the survival of H19 polymorphisms. Hazard ratio(HR)and 95%CI were calculated by COX regression model to discover whether genotypes,TNM and grade were the independent prognostic factors. Results:Compared with the H19 rs2839698 CC genotype,the variant genotypes(CT/TT)were significantly associated with increased risk of RCC(P =0.012,OR= 1.13,95% CI=1.02⁃1.55). Besides,patients with variant genotypes(CT/TT)were more likely to develop large tumor(P =0.003,OR= 1.35,95% CI=1.10⁃1.73)and advanced disease(P =0.010,OR=1.63,95% CI=1.08⁃2.21);and had a significantly unfavorable 5⁃year survival than those with the rs2839698 CC genotype(CT/TT vs. CC:Log⁃rank P =0.027,HR=2.24,95%CI=1.10⁃4.59). Conclusion: The results suggested that H19 rs2839698 variant may be a genetic predictor of susceptibility and mortality of RCC. The precise functional impact of the variant on H19 still needs further experimental validation.

    关键词

    肾细胞癌基因变异H19易感性生存

  • 肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma,RCC)是肾癌的主要类型,分别占男性和女性所有恶性肿瘤的5%和3%[1-2],其中高达17%的患者在诊断时出现转移,其余30%的患者甚至在手术治疗后也会出现转移[3-4],总体预后较差。肾癌的发生是一个复杂的过程,涉及环境和遗传因素之间的相互作用[5]。近年来,基因变异已被广泛研究并证明影响RCC的易感性、进展和预后[6-7]

  • 长链非编码RNA(long non⁃coding RNA,lncRNA) 是一类长度超过200个核苷酸的内源性细胞核糖核酸,缺乏蛋白质编码能力[8],越来越多的证据表明lncRNA在各种癌症的发生和发展中起到至关重要的作用[9]。lncRNAH19是一种父系印记基因,位于人类染色体11p15.5上[10],通过调节miRNA功能及介导DNA甲基化参与重要的生物学和病理学过程[11]。 H19与胰岛素样生长因子2(insulin like growth factor 2,IGF⁃2)基因密切相关,该基因也位于受甲基化印记影响的区域,参与胎儿的正常生长和发育[12],同时也在癌症的发生发展中发挥功能[13]。研究表明H19异常表达与多种恶性肿瘤包括膀胱癌、乳腺癌、食管癌及肾细胞癌的发生相关[14]。Wang等[15] 研究发现,H19在RCC肿瘤组织中高表达,并与肿瘤分期、淋巴结转移及远处转移有关,且H19表达是RCC患者临床预后的独立预测因子。新近研究一致表明H19基因多态性与各种癌症发病风险及预后相关,包括胃癌[16]、结直肠癌[17]、膀胱癌[18] 和乳腺癌[19] 等。最近一项荟萃分析表明,H19rs2839698与胃肠癌风险增加有关[20]。鉴于H19在RCC发生发展中的关键作用,其基因变异可能与RCC发病及预后相关。然而目前并没有研究探讨此类问题,因此本研究选择H19最被广泛研究的4个多态性: rs2839698、rs217727、rs3741216和rs3741219,并在一项两阶段病例对照研究中评估其与RCC风险及预后的关系。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究始于2004年5月,得到南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准。所有入组者均为汉族,无血缘基因联系。所有患者均经组织病理学证实患RCC,既往接受过化疗、放疗或有其他类型恶性肿瘤的患者被排除在本研究之外。根据WHO标准及TNM系统进行分级,分为局部(Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期)及晚期(Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期)RCC。对照组为门诊体检患者,并按照性别和年龄(±5岁)进行频率匹配,排除与患者有遗传关联或有癌症病史的患者。本研究设计为两个阶段:实验组于2004年5月—2009年10月共纳入342例RCC患者和361例对照,每6个月在门诊随访患者,终点为患者死亡或丢失访。其中44例 (12.9%)患者缺少足够的随访信息被排除,最长随访时间为72.0个月,中位随访时间为25.1个月。验证组至今共纳入672例RCC患者和702例对照。所有患者信息均通过标准问卷调查获得,获得知情同意后,捐献5mL静脉血。本研究对1 014例RCC患者及1 063例健康对照4种基因多态性的多种组合进行分型与分析。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 多态性选择

  • 使用UCSC网站(http://genome.ucsc.edu/)对位于人染色体11p15.5(位置20164062021693)H19基因及其启动子中的基因多态性进行鉴定,在千人基因组计划的东亚人群中以定位等位基因频率>0.05为标准。本研究最终选择并研究rs2839698、rs217727、 rs3741216和rs3741219 4个标记多态性。

  • 1.2.2 DNA提取和基因分型

  • 通过蛋白酶K消化及氯仿从外周血中提取基因组DNA,4种多态性基因分型使用预先设计的Taq⁃ Man SNP基因分型试剂盒(Applied Biosystems公司,美国)进行分析,每个单核苷酸多态性的引物和探针序列可根据要求提供(表1)。在384孔ABI 7900HT实时聚合酶链反应系统中进行扩增和分析,使用SDS 2.3软件进行等位基因鉴别。每个平板内均包括质控品,以确保基因分型的准确性。随机选择约10%的样本进行重复基因分型,结果100%一致。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 基因突变的等位基因频率在分析前使用拟合优度χ2 检验检测是否偏离Hardy⁃Weinberg平衡,采用Student’s t检验(连续变量)和χ2 检验(分类变量)评估病例和对照组之间的人口统计学特征、特定变量及基因型频率分布的差异。基于Benjamin⁃Hoch⁃ berg方法对4组单核苷酸多态性的多重P值比较进行FDR矫正,当FDR矫正后的P< 0.05时,差异具有统计学意义。H19多态性与RCC风险和肿瘤特征的关系通过计算OR值和95%置信区间(95%CI)进行评估。生存时间为RCC诊断时至死亡或最后一次随访日期,Kaplan⁃Meier曲线评估临床特征与H19不同基因型的生存状态。采用COX回归分析计算HR值和95%CI评估影响RCC预后的独立危险因素。所有分析均使用SAS 9.1.3,P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 表1 基因多态性的引物与探针序列

  • Table1 Primers and probe sequences of polymorphisms

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 RCC患者及健康对照的临床特征

  • 所有纳入研究的RCC患者及健康对照的特征分布见表2。其中,病例组与对照组在年龄、性别和饮酒状况方面无显著差异(P> 0.05),病例组中吸烟者、高血压患者与糖尿病患者多于对照组(分别为P=0.021、P< 0.001、P< 0.001)。65.7%的患者临床分期处于Ⅰ期,而19.2%的患者处于Ⅱ期,6.9%和8.2%的患者分别位于Ⅲ和Ⅳ期。21.4%、51.4%、 20.6%和6.6%的患者病理分级分别为Ⅰ至Ⅳ级。

  • 2.2 H19基因多态性与RCC发病风险的关系

  • H19rs2839698、rs217727、rs3741216和rs3741219基因多态性与RCC发病风险的关系见表3,对照组4种多态性的基因型频率均符合HWE(P> 0.05)。病例组与对照组中rs2839698基因型分布显著不同 (P=0.003),经多次比较后仍保持显著性(FDR=0.013)。与携带rs2839698CC基因型的个体相比,携带rs2839698变异TT基因型的个体与显著增加的RCC发病风险相关(P=0.005,OR=1.37,95%CI=1.34~3.02)。采用隐性遗传模型,结合CT/TT基因型,与rs2839698CC基因型相比,RCC风险也显著增加(P=0.012,OR=1.13,95%CI=1.02~1.55)。但未发现其他多态性与RCC发病风险的证据,结果表明H19rs2839698基因多态性可能赋予个体RCC的遗传易感性。

  • 表2 肾细胞癌患者与健康对照的特征分布

  • Table2 Characteristic distribution of patients with renal cell carcinoma and healthy controls

  • 表3 H19基因多态性在病例组与对照组中的分布频率及其与RCC风险的关系

  • Table3 Frequencies of H19polymorphisms of the cases and controls as well as the linkage with the risk of RCC

  • *:双侧卡方检验;#:调整因素包括年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、糖尿病和高血压。

  • 2.3 H19 rs2839698基因多态性对RCC患者临床病理特征的影响

  • 探究rs2839698基因型与病例组中RCC肿瘤大小、临床分期及病理分级之间的关系,以评估H19rs2839698基因多态性对RCC疾病进展的影响。如表4所示,未观察到rs2839698基因型与病理分级之间的显著关联;然而,rs2839698CT/TT基因型在肿瘤大小超过4cm及临床晚期患者中更常见(CT/TT vs.CC:P=0.003,OR=1.35,95%CI=1.10~1.73;P=0.010,OR=1.63,95%CI=1.08~2.21)。结果表明,与rs2839698CC基因型患者相比,CT/TT基因型患者更可能出现临床高分期。

  • 2.4 H19 rs2839698基因多态性对RCC患者生存的影响

  • 前阶段结果证明rs2839698基因多态性与RCC进展相关,采用Log⁃Rank检验及Kaplan⁃Meier分析评估rs2839698基因多态性与RCC患者生存之间的关系。rs2839698基因多态性与RCC患者生存显著相关(Log ⁃ rank P=0.007,表5)。与携带rs2839698CC基因型的患者相比,携带rs2839698TT或CT/TT基因型的患者RCC生存较差(HR=4.35,95%CI=1.65~16.92;HR=2.24,95%CI=1.10~4.59)。然而,在其他多态性和RCC生存之间仍然没有发现显著的关联证据。随后,对RCC患者生存进行单因素与多因素COX分析(表5及图1),单因素分析显示临床分期、病理分级和H19rs2839698(隐性遗传模型: CT/TT vs.CC)与肾细胞癌生存相关;在多因素分析中,临床分期是影响RCC生存的最主要预测因子,其次是病理分级(P< 0.001,HR=15.51,95%CI=5.94~40.42;P< 0.001,HR=4.89,95%CI=2.58~10.85)。有趣的是,H19rs2839698(CT/TT vs.CC)也是RCC生存的独立预测因子(P=0.027,HR=2.24, 95%CI=1.10~4.59)。

  • 表4 H19rs2839698基因多态性与RCC患者临床病理特征的关系

  • Table4 H19rs2839698polymorphism association with clinicopathological features of RCC patients

  • *:双侧卡方检验;#:调整因素包括年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、糖尿病和高血压。

  • 表5 H19rs2839698基因多态性与RCC患者生存的关系

  • Table5 H19rs2839698polymorphism association with survival of RCC patients

  • *:调整因素包括年龄,性别,吸烟、饮酒、糖尿病和高血压。#:纳入病例为第一阶段病例组具有定量随防信息的患者。

  • 图1 H19rs2839698基因多态性对RCC患者生存的影响

  • Fig.1 Effects of H19rs2839698polymorphism on survival of RCC patients

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究探讨了H19基因多态性与中国人群RCC易感性及预后之间的关系,结果表明H19rs2839698变异基因型与RCC风险增加相关,且rs2839698变异基因型与较大的肿瘤和晚期RCC有关;在多变量分析中,它与临床分期和病理分级均是患者生存的独立预后预测因子。

  • lncRNA H19位于染色体11p15.5,作为癌基因参与恶性肿瘤的发生和转移过程[21]。H19属于高度保守的印记基因,存在3种转录变体,分别包含5个外显子和4个内含子,通过调节RNA及核糖体参与炎症发生、血管形成、细胞凋亡及死亡等进展[22-23]。生物信息学研究表明,脑缺血发生时H19的关联基因主要富集于甲基化、基因印记、RNA折叠及DNA转录[24]。中国人群研究显示,H19基因高表达与乳腺癌发生风险呈正相关,且在ER(+)及HER2(+)患者中差异表达更为明显[25]。研究表明,H19在肾肿瘤中的表达水平明显高于临近的正常组织,且高表达与临床分期级别高及预后较差明显相关[15];He等[26] 表明H19在肾癌中高度表达,通过miR⁃29a⁃3p/E2F1途径参与RCC的转移和侵袭。越来越多的证据表明,基因变异在癌症易感性和预后中起重要作用,H19基因多态性也在各种恶性肿瘤中被广泛研究。Ge等[27] 研究表明rs217727GG基因型携带者在肝细胞癌中H19的表达远高于GA及AA基因型携带者,表明17727G>A突变可能调控H19表达。结果与我们一致,都表明rs2839698突变基因是胃癌[20]、结直肠癌[17] 和肝癌[28] 的独立危险因素。Yang等[28] 发现H19rs2839698变异基因型不仅增加了肝癌风险,而且也是吸烟亚组肝癌预后的潜在遗传预测因子,另外也发现H19rs2839698CT基因型的患者预后不良。一项大型多肿瘤Meta分析显示rs2839698变异基因型在亚洲人群中与肿瘤风险增加相关,而在高加索人群中与肿瘤风险降低相关[29]。本研究结果和既往其他肿瘤中的研究发现基本一致,首先两阶段病例对照研究分析发现H19rs2839698位点的突变等位基因T是肾癌的发病危险因素,与野生基因型携带者相比较,携带TT基因型的个体肾癌发病风险增加了1.37倍。此外,在患者群的分层分析中发现,突变基因型携带患者更易罹患较大肿瘤以及临床高分期肾癌,风险分别为野生型患者的1.35倍、1.63倍,总体死亡风险为野生型患者的4.35倍。大量研究证实H19是促癌基因,如前所述,其不仅在肾癌中高表达,参与肾癌的发生发展,在其他多种肿瘤中, H19也具有类似作用。因此,我们推测H19rs2839698位点的突变等位基因T具有潜在的生物学功能,其可能通过调控H19的表达甚至功能而影响到肾癌的易感性、进展以及患者预后。

  • 新近研究表明基因变异可能通过改变DNA及RNA的二级结构来发挥作用[30],影响miRNA与特定区域的结合亲和力。研究表明,LINC00673中rs11655237处的G>A变化可以为miR1231产生一个靶向位点,以一种特殊的等位基因方式削弱了LINC00673的作用,增加胰腺癌易感性[31]。结直肠癌研究也表明MALAT1中rs664589的等位基因C>G改变,改变了miR⁃195⁃5p与突变区的结合亲和力,导致MALAT1表达增加,促进结直肠癌的生长和转移[32]。 SNPfold预测H19的二级结构随着rs2839698C/T等位基因突变发生改变,表明rs2839698突变可能通过改变H19的二级结构来影响RCC的易感性和预后。此外,H19rs2839698多态性位点位于H19基因的3′UTR区域,可能通过改变相关miRNA和H19 3′UTR区域的结合而影响H19的表达和功能。生物信息学预测发现(http://bioinfo.life.hust.edu.cn/ln⁃ cRNASNP#/),H19rs2839698位点等位基因从C突变为T时,可能会导致hsa⁃miR⁃24⁃1⁃5p、hsa⁃miR⁃ 4486、hsa⁃miR⁃566以及hsa⁃miR⁃24⁃2⁃5p等结合失常,但是产生了hsa⁃miR⁃612、hsa⁃miR⁃5189、hsa⁃miR⁃ 1285⁃3p以及hsa⁃miR⁃3187⁃5p的结合位点。我们推测,H19rs2839698位点突变可能导致了miRNA结合状态的变化而影响其表达,进一步参与到肾癌的发展和预后。在上述这些miRNA中,hsa⁃miR⁃566被报道在肾癌组织和细胞中高表达,并参与了肾癌细胞的侵袭行为[33]。因此,H19rs2839698是否和hsa⁃miR⁃566共同参与肾癌的发生发展,可能是未来的一个研究方向。

  • 本研究也有一定局限性。首先,目前的病例对照研究是基于医院就诊人群,而不是基于总体人群,因此,不能排除特定基因型相关的个体存在选择偏差的可能性。此外,我们仅初步探讨H19rs2839698基因型突变与RCC发病和预后的关系,仍需深入研究其对上下游基因及ncRNA功能影响的具体机制。本研究优势在于采用了两阶段的设计,在一阶段研究关联性分析中发现的结果,进一步在二阶段的研究中得到验证,可以在一定程度上排除因群体选择带来的偏倚;此外,本研究的发现结合生物信息学预测结果,推测hsa⁃miR⁃566可能与H19rs2839698变异有关,为将来深入的功能研究提供了方向。

  • 综上所述,中国汉族人群lncRNA H19rs2839698变异与RCC患者发病率及远期预后密切相关,可能是RCC易感性和生存的遗传预测因子,但具体作用机制仍需进一步验证。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] FAN Z Y,HUANG Z H,HUANG X H.Bone metastasis in renal cell carcinoma patients:risk and prognostic factors and nomograms[J].J Oncol,2021,2021:5575295

    • [2] SIEGEL R L,MILLER K D,JEMAL A.Cancer statistics,2019[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2019,69(1):7-34

    • [3] KANESVARAN R,LE SAUX O,MOTZER R,et al.Elderly patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma:position paper from the International Society of Geriatric Oncology [J].Lancet Oncol,2018,19(6):e317-e326

    • [4] 刘边疆,唐敏,邵鹏飞,等.序贯阻断血管法在伴有Ⅲ 级以上腔静脉癌栓的肾癌手术中的应用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(2):247-249

    • [5] PADALA S A,BARSOUK A,THANDRA K C,et al.Epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma[J].World J Oncol,2020,11(3):79-87

    • [6] MOLNAR A,YUSENKO M V,KOVACS G,et al.The role of genetic analysis in correct diagnosis of eosinophilic variant of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma[J].Anticancer Res,2020,40(12):6863-6867

    • [7] TSAI Y C,HUANG C Y,HSUEH Y M,et al.Genetic variants in MAPK10 modify renal cell carcinoma susceptibility and clinical outcomes[J].Life Sci,2021,275:119396

    • [8] WANG X,OU H,ZHOU L,et al.Long non⁃coding RNA LUCAT1 promotes the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma via the microRNA ⁃ 375/YAP1 axis[J].Exp Ther Med,2021,22(1):754

    • [9] ZHANG M,GAO F,YU X,et al.LINC00261:a burgeo ⁃ ning long noncoding RNA related to cancer[J].Cancer Cell Int,2021,21(1):274

    • [10] GABORY A,JAMMES H,DANDOLO L.The H19 locus:role of an imprinted non⁃coding RNA in growth and development[J].Bioessays,2010,32(6):473-480

    • [11] ALIPOOR B,PARVAR S N,SABATI Z,et al.An updated review of the H19 lncRNA in human cancer:molecular mechanism and diagnostic and therapeutic importance [J].Mol Biol Rep,2020,47(8):6357-6374

    • [12] MUHAMMAD T,LI M,WANG J,et al.Roles of insulin⁃ like growth factor Ⅱ in regulating female reproductive physiology[J].Sci China Life Sci,2020,63(6):849-865

    • [13] WERNER H,SARFSTEIN R,LARON Z.The role of nuclear insulin and IGF1 receptors in metabolism and cancer[J].Biomolecules,2021,11(4):531

    • [14] GHAFOURI ⁃FARD S,ESMAEILI M,TAHERI M.H19 lncRNA:roles in tumorigenesis[J].Biomed Pharmaco ⁃ ther,2020,123:109774

    • [15] WANG L,CAI Y,ZHAO X,et al.Down ⁃ regulated long non ⁃ coding RNA H19 inhibits carcinogenesis of renal cell carcinoma[J].Neoplasma,2015,62(3):412-418

    • [16] YANG C,TANG R,MA X,et al.Tag SNPs in long non ⁃ coding RNA H19 contribute to susceptibility to gastric cancer in the Chinese Han population[J].Oncotarget,2015,6(17):15311-15320

    • [17] LI S,HUA Y,JIN J,et al.Association of genetic variants in lncRNA H19 with risk of colorectal cancer in a Chinese population[J].Oncotarget,2016,7(18):25470-25477

    • [18] HUA Q,LV X,GU X,et al.Genetic variants in lncRNA H19 are associated with the risk of bladder cancer in a Chinese population[J].Mutagenesis,2016,31(5):531-538

    • [19] FANALE D,AMODEO V,CORSINI L R,et al.Breast cancer genome⁃wide association studies:there is strength in numbers[J].Oncogene,2012,31(17):2121-2128

    • [20] HASHEMI M,MOAZENI ⁃ROODI A,SARABANDI S,et al.Association between genetic polymorphisms of long noncoding RNA H19 and cancer risk:a meta ⁃ analysis [J].J Genet,2019,98(3):1-11

    • [21] GHAFOURI ⁃ FARD S,SHOOREI H,BAHROUDI Z,et al.The role of H19 lncRNA in conferring chemoresistance in cancer cells[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2021,138:111447

    • [22] YOSHIMURA H,MATSUDA Y,YAMAMOTO M,et al.Expression and role of long non⁃coding RNA H19 in carcinogenesis[J].Front Biosci(Landmark Ed),2018,23:614-625

    • [23] 朱萌,高伟,赵珊,等.长链非编码 RNA H19 基因多态性与早发冠心病患者易感性研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2015,35(5):670-673

    • [24] BAO M H,SZETO V,YANG B B,et al.Long non⁃coding RNAs in ischemic stroke[J].Cell Death Dis,2018,9(3):281

    • [25] LIN Y,FU F,CHEN Y,et al.Genetic variants in long non⁃ coding RNA H19 contribute to the risk of breast cancer in a southeast China Han population[J].Onco Targets Ther,2017,10:4369-4378

    • [26] HE H,WANG N,YI X,et al.Long non⁃coding RNA H19 regulates E2F1 expression by competitively sponging endogenous miR ⁃29a ⁃3p in clear cell renal cell carcinoma [J].Cell Biosci,2017,7:65

    • [27] GE L,WANG Q,HU S,et al.Rs217727 polymorphism in H19 promotes cell apoptosis by regulating the expressions of H19 and the activation of its downstream signaling pathway[J].J Cell Physiol,2019,234(5):7279-7291

    • [28] YANG ML,HUANG Z,WANG Q,et al.The association of polymorphisms in lncRNA ⁃ H19 with hepatocellular cancer risk and prognosis[J].Biosci Rep,2018,38(5):BSR20171652

    • [29] LIU C,CHEN L,YOU Z,et al.Association between lncRNA H19 polymorphisms and cancer susceptibility based on a meta⁃analysis from 25 studies[J].Gene,2020,729:144317

    • [30] SAHA A,NANAVATY V P,LI B.Telomere and subtelo⁃ mere R⁃loops and antigenic variation in trypanosomes[J].J Mol Biol,2020,432(15):4167-4185

    • [31] ZHENG J,HUANG X,TAN W,et al.Pancreatic cancer risk variant in LINC00673 creates a miR ⁃ 1231 binding site and interferes with PTPN11 degradation[J].Nat Genet,2016,48(7):747-757

    • [32] WU S,SUN H,WANG Y,et al.MALAT1 rs664589 poly⁃ morphism inhibits binding to miR⁃194⁃5p,contributing to colorectal cancer risk,growth,and metastasis[J].Cancer Res,2019,79(20):5432-5441

    • [33] PAN X,QUAN J,LI Z,et al.miR⁃566 functions as an oncogene and a potential biomarker for prognosis in renal cell carcinoma[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2018,102:718-727

  • 参考文献

    • [1] FAN Z Y,HUANG Z H,HUANG X H.Bone metastasis in renal cell carcinoma patients:risk and prognostic factors and nomograms[J].J Oncol,2021,2021:5575295

    • [2] SIEGEL R L,MILLER K D,JEMAL A.Cancer statistics,2019[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2019,69(1):7-34

    • [3] KANESVARAN R,LE SAUX O,MOTZER R,et al.Elderly patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma:position paper from the International Society of Geriatric Oncology [J].Lancet Oncol,2018,19(6):e317-e326

    • [4] 刘边疆,唐敏,邵鹏飞,等.序贯阻断血管法在伴有Ⅲ 级以上腔静脉癌栓的肾癌手术中的应用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(2):247-249

    • [5] PADALA S A,BARSOUK A,THANDRA K C,et al.Epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma[J].World J Oncol,2020,11(3):79-87

    • [6] MOLNAR A,YUSENKO M V,KOVACS G,et al.The role of genetic analysis in correct diagnosis of eosinophilic variant of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma[J].Anticancer Res,2020,40(12):6863-6867

    • [7] TSAI Y C,HUANG C Y,HSUEH Y M,et al.Genetic variants in MAPK10 modify renal cell carcinoma susceptibility and clinical outcomes[J].Life Sci,2021,275:119396

    • [8] WANG X,OU H,ZHOU L,et al.Long non⁃coding RNA LUCAT1 promotes the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma via the microRNA ⁃ 375/YAP1 axis[J].Exp Ther Med,2021,22(1):754

    • [9] ZHANG M,GAO F,YU X,et al.LINC00261:a burgeo ⁃ ning long noncoding RNA related to cancer[J].Cancer Cell Int,2021,21(1):274

    • [10] GABORY A,JAMMES H,DANDOLO L.The H19 locus:role of an imprinted non⁃coding RNA in growth and development[J].Bioessays,2010,32(6):473-480

    • [11] ALIPOOR B,PARVAR S N,SABATI Z,et al.An updated review of the H19 lncRNA in human cancer:molecular mechanism and diagnostic and therapeutic importance [J].Mol Biol Rep,2020,47(8):6357-6374

    • [12] MUHAMMAD T,LI M,WANG J,et al.Roles of insulin⁃ like growth factor Ⅱ in regulating female reproductive physiology[J].Sci China Life Sci,2020,63(6):849-865

    • [13] WERNER H,SARFSTEIN R,LARON Z.The role of nuclear insulin and IGF1 receptors in metabolism and cancer[J].Biomolecules,2021,11(4):531

    • [14] GHAFOURI ⁃FARD S,ESMAEILI M,TAHERI M.H19 lncRNA:roles in tumorigenesis[J].Biomed Pharmaco ⁃ ther,2020,123:109774

    • [15] WANG L,CAI Y,ZHAO X,et al.Down ⁃ regulated long non ⁃ coding RNA H19 inhibits carcinogenesis of renal cell carcinoma[J].Neoplasma,2015,62(3):412-418

    • [16] YANG C,TANG R,MA X,et al.Tag SNPs in long non ⁃ coding RNA H19 contribute to susceptibility to gastric cancer in the Chinese Han population[J].Oncotarget,2015,6(17):15311-15320

    • [17] LI S,HUA Y,JIN J,et al.Association of genetic variants in lncRNA H19 with risk of colorectal cancer in a Chinese population[J].Oncotarget,2016,7(18):25470-25477

    • [18] HUA Q,LV X,GU X,et al.Genetic variants in lncRNA H19 are associated with the risk of bladder cancer in a Chinese population[J].Mutagenesis,2016,31(5):531-538

    • [19] FANALE D,AMODEO V,CORSINI L R,et al.Breast cancer genome⁃wide association studies:there is strength in numbers[J].Oncogene,2012,31(17):2121-2128

    • [20] HASHEMI M,MOAZENI ⁃ROODI A,SARABANDI S,et al.Association between genetic polymorphisms of long noncoding RNA H19 and cancer risk:a meta ⁃ analysis [J].J Genet,2019,98(3):1-11

    • [21] GHAFOURI ⁃ FARD S,SHOOREI H,BAHROUDI Z,et al.The role of H19 lncRNA in conferring chemoresistance in cancer cells[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2021,138:111447

    • [22] YOSHIMURA H,MATSUDA Y,YAMAMOTO M,et al.Expression and role of long non⁃coding RNA H19 in carcinogenesis[J].Front Biosci(Landmark Ed),2018,23:614-625

    • [23] 朱萌,高伟,赵珊,等.长链非编码 RNA H19 基因多态性与早发冠心病患者易感性研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2015,35(5):670-673

    • [24] BAO M H,SZETO V,YANG B B,et al.Long non⁃coding RNAs in ischemic stroke[J].Cell Death Dis,2018,9(3):281

    • [25] LIN Y,FU F,CHEN Y,et al.Genetic variants in long non⁃ coding RNA H19 contribute to the risk of breast cancer in a southeast China Han population[J].Onco Targets Ther,2017,10:4369-4378

    • [26] HE H,WANG N,YI X,et al.Long non⁃coding RNA H19 regulates E2F1 expression by competitively sponging endogenous miR ⁃29a ⁃3p in clear cell renal cell carcinoma [J].Cell Biosci,2017,7:65

    • [27] GE L,WANG Q,HU S,et al.Rs217727 polymorphism in H19 promotes cell apoptosis by regulating the expressions of H19 and the activation of its downstream signaling pathway[J].J Cell Physiol,2019,234(5):7279-7291

    • [28] YANG ML,HUANG Z,WANG Q,et al.The association of polymorphisms in lncRNA ⁃ H19 with hepatocellular cancer risk and prognosis[J].Biosci Rep,2018,38(5):BSR20171652

    • [29] LIU C,CHEN L,YOU Z,et al.Association between lncRNA H19 polymorphisms and cancer susceptibility based on a meta⁃analysis from 25 studies[J].Gene,2020,729:144317

    • [30] SAHA A,NANAVATY V P,LI B.Telomere and subtelo⁃ mere R⁃loops and antigenic variation in trypanosomes[J].J Mol Biol,2020,432(15):4167-4185

    • [31] ZHENG J,HUANG X,TAN W,et al.Pancreatic cancer risk variant in LINC00673 creates a miR ⁃ 1231 binding site and interferes with PTPN11 degradation[J].Nat Genet,2016,48(7):747-757

    • [32] WU S,SUN H,WANG Y,et al.MALAT1 rs664589 poly⁃ morphism inhibits binding to miR⁃194⁃5p,contributing to colorectal cancer risk,growth,and metastasis[J].Cancer Res,2019,79(20):5432-5441

    • [33] PAN X,QUAN J,LI Z,et al.miR⁃566 functions as an oncogene and a potential biomarker for prognosis in renal cell carcinoma[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2018,102:718-727