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通讯作者:

李娟,E⁃mail:ljsmz1229@163.com

中图分类号:R730.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)11-1702-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20211124

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目录contents

    摘要

    越来越多的研究发现长非编码RNA(long non⁃coding RNA,LncRNA)通过调节与细胞增殖和凋亡相关的基因来影响肿瘤的发生与发展。LncRNA ZEB2⁃AS1在体内和体外通过多种方式调节肿瘤细胞生物学行为,包括增殖、迁移、侵袭、凋亡和糖酵解。本文对ZEB2⁃AS1对肿瘤生物学行为的影响及作用机制研究进展进行综述,以评价ZEB2⁃AS1作为肿瘤诊断和预后的生物标志物和靶标的潜能。

    Abstract

    Recent studies have found that long non ⁃ coding RNA(LncRNA)affect the occurrence and development of tumors by regulating genes related to cell proliferation and apoptosis. LncRNA ZEB2 ⁃ AS1 regulates various aspects of tumor cell biological behaviors including proliferation,migration,invasion,apoptosis and glycolysis,both in vivo and in vitro. This review summarizes the research progress of the effect of ZEB2⁃AS1 on tumor biological behaviors and its working mechanisms,and evaluates whether it can be considered as a therapeutic target and biomarker for tumor diagnosis and prognosis.

  • 1 前言

  • 肿瘤是全世界第二大死亡原因,2020年中国约有413.6万新增诊断的肿瘤病例和约262万肿瘤相关的死亡病例[1]。2020年全球估计有1 930万新发肿瘤病例和1 000万与肿瘤相关的死亡病例[1]。此外, 2020年美国新增诊断约180万肿瘤病例和60万与肿瘤相关的死亡病例[2]。随着全球肿瘤发病率和死亡率的增加[3-4],人们对肿瘤诊疗的需求愈加迫切,而敏感生物标志物将从根本上改善肿瘤的诊断和治疗。在过去的几年中,人们一直在探索长非编码RNA(long non⁃codin RNA,LncRNA)作为潜在的敏感和特异性生物标志物用于诊断和预测肿瘤[5-7]

  • 基因组测序研究表明,整个人类基因组中约85%可以被转录,但是只有2%的人类基因组是由蛋白质编码基因组成的[8]。相当多的RNA转录本不编码蛋白质,此类RNA被称为非编码RNA(non⁃ coding RNA,ncRNA)。LncRNA是ncRNA中的一个家族,它由200~100 000个核苷酸组成[9]。越来越多的证据表明,LncRNA参与了许多可能影响肿瘤发生与发展的生物学过程[10-11]。因此,探索LncRNA作为人类肿瘤潜在的诊断和预后生物标志物非常重要。

  • 基因ZEB2反义RNA 1(ZEB2antisense RNA 1, ZEB2 ⁃ AS1),也被称为ZEB2NAT、ZEB2 ⁃ AS或ZEB2AS,长430bp,位于人类染色体2q22.3上,具有4个外显子。ZEB2⁃AS1在肿瘤的发生和发展过程中起着关键作用,本文对ZEB2⁃AS1在肿瘤中的作用,包括其表达、生物学功能、调控机制和临床预后进行总结综述。

  • 2 ZEB2⁃AS1对肿瘤生物学行为的影响

  • 越来越多的研究发现,LncRNA ZEB2⁃AS1在喉鳞状细胞癌、胰腺癌、膀胱癌、非小细胞肺癌、胃癌、结直肠癌等多种肿瘤中表达增高。ZEB2⁃AS1在细胞核和细胞质中均有分布并发挥作用,并且通过影响下游靶基因的表达或活性,广泛参与调节肿瘤的多种生物学行为,包括增殖、凋亡、迁移、侵袭、糖酵解等。

  • 2.1 ZEB2⁃AS1与肿瘤增殖和凋亡

  • 肿瘤细胞的无限增殖和凋亡减少是肿瘤的基本特征之一,导致肿瘤持续生长[12]。研究表明ZEB2⁃ AS1可以促进肿瘤细胞增殖和抗凋亡。Wu等[13] 研究发现,ZEB2⁃AS1在膀胱癌中高表达,并且与肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移和TNM分期呈正相关。为了研究ZEB2⁃AS1在膀胱癌中的具体作用机制,作者通过生物信息学分析预测ZEB2⁃AS1与miR⁃27b相互结合,并通过荧光素酶报告基因和RIP实验证实ZEB2⁃ AS1靶向结合miR⁃27b,从而抑制miR⁃27b的表达,促进癌细胞的增殖与抗凋亡能力。Bcl⁃2是肿瘤细胞中的抗凋亡基因,在肿瘤细胞中普遍高表达[14]。在结直肠癌中,Liu等[15] 发现高表达ZEB2⁃AS1的患者的肿瘤分期更差、总体生存率相对较低。进一步研究发现,miR⁃143包含ZEB2⁃AS1和Bcl⁃2的潜在结合位点,并通过荧光素酶报告基因和拯救实验证实ZEB2⁃AS1通过充当结直肠癌细胞中miR⁃143的ceRNA从而上调Bcl⁃2的表达,促进肿瘤细胞增殖。 Guan等[16] 研究发现,ZEB2⁃AS1在急性髓细胞性白血病的组织和细胞中均高表达,使用在线数据库预测miR⁃122⁃5p与ZEB2⁃AS1或PLK1之间的靶向序列,并通过双荧光素酶报告基因分析进行了验证。接着通过实验验证,发现ZEB2⁃AS1负调控miR⁃122⁃ 5p的表达,导致miR⁃122⁃5p靶基因PLK1的上调,从而影响细胞的增殖和凋亡。这些研究表明ZEB2⁃ AS1可以通过调控下游基因的表达从而对肿瘤生长产生正向调控作用。

  • 2.2 ZEB2⁃AS1与肿瘤迁移和侵袭

  • 肿瘤转移是肿瘤相关死亡最主要的原因,肿瘤细胞迁移和侵袭能力增强,可以使肿瘤细胞侵入血管或通过淋巴管发生远处转移。ZEB2⁃AS1可以通过多种方式参与其中。在喉鳞状细胞癌中,Xu等[17] 发现,与低表达ZEB2⁃AS1的患者相比,高表达ZEB2⁃ AS1的患者总体生存率明显更低。功能实验表明过表达ZEB2⁃AS1会促进肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭。为了探索ZEB2⁃AS1调节喉鳞状细胞癌迁移和侵袭的机制,作者进行了生物信息学分析,发现miR⁃ 6840⁃3p可以与ZEB2⁃AS1和PLXNB1形成互补碱基。通过荧光素酶报告基因发现miR⁃6840⁃3p的过表达或敲降ZEB2⁃AS1降低了PLXNB1野生型质粒的荧光素酶强度,而在抑制miR⁃6840⁃3p的同时敲降ZEB2⁃AS1则抑制了PLXNB1野生型质粒荧光素酶强度的降低。另外,PLXNB1突变体质粒的荧光素酶强度不会因为敲降或过表达ZEB2⁃AS1和miR⁃ 6840⁃3p而发生变化。以上研究表明,ZEB2⁃AS1通过与miR⁃6840⁃3p相互结合从而抑制miR⁃6840⁃3p与PLXNB1mRNA的结合,上调PLXNB1的表达,进而调节喉鳞状细胞癌的进程。研究发现,食管鳞状细胞癌中高表达的ZEB2⁃AS1可以促进肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭,并抑制细胞的凋亡。为了研究ZEB2⁃AS1在食管鳞状细胞癌中的具体作用机制,作者应用生物信息学网站DIANA预测ZEB2⁃AS1与miR⁃574⁃3p可能存在的结合位点,并通过荧光素酶报告基因证实。此外,RNA pulldown实验反向证实了miR⁃574⁃3p可以有效结合ZEB2⁃AS1。接着作者又通过starBase预测出HMGA2的3′⁃UTR区域中存在1个miR⁃574⁃3p的结合位点。荧光素酶报告基因显示,在食管鳞状细胞癌细胞中,过表达的miR⁃574 ⁃3p抑制了HMGA2 3′⁃UTR⁃WT转染细胞中的荧光素酶活性,同时HMGA2的mRNA水平和蛋白水平表达受到了显著抑制。以上结果表明,HMGA2是miR⁃574⁃3p的靶基因,ZEB2⁃AS1通过调节miR⁃574⁃ 3p/HMGA2轴来促进食管鳞状细胞癌的增殖、迁移和侵袭,这表明ZEB2⁃AS1在食管鳞状细胞癌的进程中起着至关重要的作用[18]

  • 上皮间质转化(epithelial ⁃ mesenchymal transition,EMT)是一种发育过程,可促进原本静止的上皮细胞的运动,使其具有迁移能力,EMT在肿瘤转移中起着非常重要的作用。研究表明,在肝细胞癌、胃癌、非小细胞肺癌等肿瘤中,高表达ZEB2⁃AS1的肿瘤细胞迁移和侵袭能力明显更强。进一步研究发现,在高表达ZEB2⁃AS1的肿瘤细胞中,EMT相关标志物发生改变,包括上皮标志物E⁃cadherin的减少和间质标志物N ⁃cadherin、vimentin、fibronectin、 snail的增多,表明ZEB2⁃AS1可以通过诱导EMT从而促进癌细胞的迁移和侵袭[19-21]

  • 2.3 ZEB2⁃AS1与肿瘤代谢

  • 肿瘤细胞的能量代谢重编程通过调节能量代谢促进细胞快速生长和增殖,在肿瘤进展中发挥着重要作用[22]。众所周知,正常细胞首先通过在细胞质中进行糖酵解,然后在有氧条件下进行线粒体氧化磷酸化获得能量。当缺氧时,细胞直接依靠糖酵解获得能量。然而,即使在有氧条件下,癌细胞也更倾向于从糖酵解获能,这种现象首先由Warburg观察到[23-24],因此被称为Warburg效应或有氧糖酵解,它可以满足癌细胞的快速生长和增殖需求。随着LncRNA研究的深入,越来越多的研究发现LncRNA可通过影响肿瘤细胞的代谢从而促进肿瘤的生长。Li等[25] 发现ZEB2⁃AS1在结直肠癌组织和细胞中相对高表达,功能实验表明ZEB2⁃AS1的过表达可以提高细胞的增殖速率和迁移能力,并减少细胞凋亡。为了进一步探索ZEB2⁃AS1的作用机理,通过核质分离实验检测了细胞质和细胞核中ZEB2⁃AS1的表达。结果表明,ZEB2⁃AS1主要位于细胞质中,提示它可能主要在转录后水平参与调控结直肠癌的进程。接着作者应用生物信息学分析预测miR⁃188最有可能和ZEB2⁃AS1相互结合,并通过荧光素酶报告基因证实两者之间能相互结合。 miRNA通常是通过与靶基因的3′⁃UTR区域结合来降解靶基因从而发挥作用。作者预测到TAB3可能是与miR⁃188结合的靶基因,并通过荧光素酶报告基因、功能实验和拯救实验证实了这一预测。为了进一步研究ZEB2⁃AS1对糖酵解途径的影响,分别过表达ZEB2⁃AS1和敲降miR⁃188后检测发现肿瘤细胞中葡萄糖和乳酸的生成明显增多,与此同时,糖酵解过程中的几个关键酶,包括PDK1、PFK1和PKM2,表达量也随之发生改变。以上结果提示,过表达ZEB2⁃AS1可以通过与miR⁃188相互结合,从而使靶基因TAB3过表达,进而促进结直肠癌细胞的糖酵解过程。

  • 3 ZEB2⁃AS1影响肿瘤生物学行为的分子机制

  • 3.1 ZEB2⁃AS1可以作为ceRNA调控靶基因的功能

  • LncRNA ZEB2⁃AS1可以与miRNA形成互补碱基对,此外,miRNA可以通过与靶基因的3′⁃UTR区域结合来降解靶基因从而发挥作用。因此,ZEB2⁃ AS1可以与miRNA相互结合,从而减少miRNA对靶基因的降解作用,进而上调靶基因,影响肿瘤的发生和发展。在胰腺癌中,Gao等[26] 通过生物信息学分析预测与ZEB2⁃AS1具有互补碱基对的miRNA,并通过荧光素酶报告基因最终确定了miR⁃204与ZEB2⁃AS1相互结合。miRNA是通过核糖核蛋白复合物发挥其基因沉默功能,这种复合物称为RNA诱导沉默复合物(RNA induced silencing complex, RISC),其核心成分是Ago2。因此,作者通过RIP分析证实Ago2与ZEB2⁃AS1、miR⁃204在同一个RISC复合物中。接着作者通过应用Targetscan软件,确定HMGB1可能是miR⁃204的靶基因。将包含预测的miR⁃204识别位点(野生型)或突变序列(突变型) 的HMGB1mRNA的3′⁃UTR区亚克隆到荧光素酶报告质粒中,观察到miR⁃204在野生型质粒中降低了荧光素酶活性,而在突变型质粒中的荧光素酶活性没有变化。这些结果提示HMGB1是miR⁃204的靶基因。综上所述,研究结果表明ZEB2⁃AS1可以通过与miR⁃204相互结合从而上调促癌基因HMGB1的表达,进而促进胰腺癌细胞增殖和侵袭[26]。在胃癌研究方面,ZEB2⁃AS1可以与miR⁃143⁃5p结合,正向调控致癌转录因子HIF⁃1α的表达从而促进胃癌细胞的增殖与侵袭[27]。在结直肠癌中,ZEB2⁃AS1与胞质衔接子CRKL的mRNA竞争性结合miR⁃1205,高表达的ZEB2⁃AS1解除了miR⁃1205对CRKL的抑制作用从而促进结直肠癌的EMT[28]。除了以上几种miRNA,目前已被发现可以与ZEB2⁃AS1相结合的miRNA包括miR⁃27b [13]、miR⁃143[15]、miR⁃122⁃5p [16]、 miR⁃6840⁃3p [17]、miR⁃574⁃3p [18] 和miR⁃188[25]

  • 3.2 ZEB2⁃AS1可与转录因子结合调控下游靶基因的转录

  • 位于细胞核中的LncRNA可以通过募集转录因子从而介导它们调控下游靶基因的转录。组蛋白甲基转移酶EZH2是ZEB2⁃AS1常见的结合转录因子,当EZH2在靶基因的上游启动子区域聚集时,可以通过调节甲基化来沉默下游靶基因。在非小细胞肺癌中,Chen等[29] 发现过表达ZEB2⁃AS1可以促进非小细胞肺癌细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭,敲降ZEB2⁃ AS1会导致肿瘤抑制因子PTEN在mRNA和蛋白水平明显上调。为了研究ZEB2⁃AS1在非小细胞肺癌中的具体作用机制,作者通过RIP实验证实ZEB2⁃ AS1可以与EZH2相互结合,CHIP分析显示过表达的ZEB2⁃AS1可以促进EZH2与PTEN启动子区域的结合,进而负调控PTEN的表达,促进非小细胞肺癌的增殖、迁移和侵袭。此外,在结直肠癌中,Wu等 [30] 发现LncRNA ZEB2⁃AS1在结直肠癌组织和细胞中高表达,RIP实验证实ZEB2⁃AS1与EZH2和LSD1相互作用,从而促进结直肠癌细胞增殖和侵袭,并抑制细胞凋亡。

  • 3.3 ZEB2⁃AS1可以调控相关信号通路

  • 肿瘤细胞中的信号通路复杂且神秘,至今人们对信号通路的了解还是很少,但不可否认的是,信号通路在肿瘤的发生发展过程中发挥着重要的作用。研究发现,ZEB2⁃AS1也参与调控肿瘤细胞的信号通路。乳腺癌中高表达的ZEB2⁃AS1通过调控PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/Zeb2信号转导途径激活了乳腺癌细胞EMT,进而促进乳腺癌细胞的增殖和侵袭[31]。此外,胃癌中ZEB2⁃AS1通过上调ZEB2表达和激活Wnt/β⁃ catenin途径促进胃癌细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭和EMT,并抑制细胞凋亡。令人遗憾的是,作者并没有在胃癌中深究ZEB2⁃AS1如何调控蛋白ZEB2的表达[33]

  • 4 LncRNA在肿瘤临床诊断和治疗中的应用

  • 近年来的研究认为LncRNA是肿瘤进展的重要调节剂[32-35]。肿瘤中LncRNA的异常表达已被证实可以影响细胞的生物学行为、分化、发育和肿瘤的发生和发展。因此人们一直在尝试把LncRNA作为诊断和评估治疗效果的生物标志物运用到临床。例如,有研究评估了3种lncRNA分子(lincRNA ⁃ p21、GAS5和HOTAIR)的血浆水平,作为接受根治性放化疗的头颈部肿瘤患者的治疗反应指标。根据临床调查,部分缓解或无缓解患者治疗前后的GAS5水平明显高于完全缓解的患者。相比之下,治疗前或治疗后LncRNA⁃p21和HOTAIR的水平对治疗反应没有指导作用[36]。此外,在治疗方面,我们期望可以通过靶向LncRNA来寻找治疗肿瘤的途径。由于LncRNA是类似mRNA的转录物,因此它们可以被小干扰RNA (siRNA)靶向敲降。基于siRNA的方法靶向敲降LncRNA在体外已证实有效。然而,在活体水平使用这种方法时存在挑战,包括基因敲除的效率,靶向肿瘤的难度以及稳定性。因此,LncRNA在临床中的应用仍处于探索阶段。

  • 5 小结与展望

  • 多项研究已证实,ZEB2⁃AS1在肿瘤中发挥着重要作用,与多种肿瘤的生物学行为如肿瘤细胞的增殖、凋亡、迁移、侵袭、糖酵解以及疾病的进展和预后均密切相关[37-40]。因此,ZEB2⁃AS1有潜力成为肿瘤诊断和预后的标志物,但LncRNA ZEB2⁃AS1促进肿瘤进展的分子机制仍需进一步研究。

  • 参考文献

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    • [19] LAN T,CHANG L,WU L,et al.Downregulation of ZEB2⁃ AS1 decreased tumor growth and metastasis in hepatocel⁃ lular carcinoma[J].Mol Med Rep,2016,14(5):4606-4612

    • [20] XU H,YU B,SHEN W,et al.Over⁃expression of long non ⁃coding RNA ZEB2⁃AS1 may predict poor prognosis and promote the migration,invasion,and epithelial⁃mesenchymal transition of tumor cells in non⁃small cell lung cancer [J].Int J Biol Markers,2020,35(3):29-35

    • [21] XU C,CUI H,LI H,et al.Long non⁃coding RNA ZEB2⁃ AS1 expression is associated with disease progression and predicts outcome in gastric cancer patients[J].J Buon,2019,24(2):663-671

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    • [25] LI Y L,ZHANG X X,YAO J N,et al.ZEB2⁃AS1 regulates the expression of TAB3 and promotes the development of colon cancer by adsorbing microRNA ⁃ 188[J].Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci,2020,24(8):4180-4189

    • [26] GAO H,GONG N,MA Z,et al.LncRNA ZEB2⁃AS1 promotes pancreatic cancer cell growth and invasion through regulating the miR⁃204/HMGB1 axis[J].Int J Biol Macromol,2018,116:545-551

    • [27] WU F,GAO H,LIU K,et al.The lncRNA ZEB2⁃AS1 is upregulated in gastric cancer and affects cell proliferation and invasion via miR⁃143⁃5p/HIF⁃1α axis[J].Onco Targets Ther,2019,12:657-667

    • [28] JIANG Y,LIU G,YE W,et al.ZEB2⁃AS1 accelerates epithelial/mesenchymal transition through miR ⁃ 1205/CRKL pathway in colorectal cancer[J].Cancer Biother Radio⁃ pharm,2020,35(2):153-162

    • [29] CHEN X,WANG K.lncRNA ZEB2⁃AS1 aggravates progression of non⁃small cell lung carcinoma via suppressing PTEN level[J].Med Sci Monit,2019,25:8363-8370

    • [30] WU X,ZHU H,XIE Y,et al.Knockdown of ZEB2⁃AS1 inhibits cell invasion and induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer[J].J Buon,2020,25(1):194-201

    • [31] ZHANG G,LI H,SUN R,et al.Long non ⁃ coding RNA ZEB2⁃AS1 promotes the proliferation,metastasis and epithelial mesenchymal transition in triple ⁃ negative breast cancer by epigenetically activating ZEB2[J].J Cell Mol Med,2019,23(5):3271-3279

    • [32] KONDO Y,SHINJO K,KATSUSHIMA K.Long non⁃coding RNAs as an epigenetic regulator in human cancers [J].Cancer Sci,2017,108(10):1927-1933

    • [33] 史维俊,李欣灿,陆飞,等.长链非编码 RNA MIR4713HG 调节结直肠癌进展及预后的生物信息学分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(8):1149-1155

    • [34] 汪冬艳,张静静.YY1 通过下调长链非编码 RNA SOX2OT抑制胰腺癌细胞的迁移和侵袭[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(2):187-192

    • [35] 渠辉恒,王宁,陈义钢,等.长链非编码RNA SNHG14 可能通过促进胃癌细胞增殖和转移影响胃癌的进展 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(1):50-55

    • [36] DIAO P,GE H,SONG Y,et al.Overexpression of ZEB2⁃ AS1 promotes epithelial ⁃ to ⁃ mesenchymal transition and metastasis by stabilizing ZEB2 mRNA in head neck squamous cell carcinoma[J].J Cell Mol Med,2019,23(6):4269-4280

    • [37] JIN J Q,ZHOU X Y,QIN Y,et al.Clinical significance of long non ⁃ coding RNA ZEB2 ⁃ AS1 in locally advanced colorectal cancer[J].Int J Clin Exp Pathol,2018,11(2):888-893

    • [38] GUO X,JING Y M,LOU H Z,et al.Effect and mechanism of long non ⁃ coding RNA ZEB2 ⁃ AS1 in the occurrence and development of colon cancer[J].Math Biosci Eng,2019,16(6):8109-8120

    • [39] SHI X,LI J,MA L,et al.Overexpression of ZEB2⁃AS1 lnc⁃ RNA is associated with poor clinical outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia[J].Oncol Lett,2019,17(6):4935-4947

    • [40] GUO Y,HU Y,HU M,et al.Long non⁃coding RNA ZEB2⁃ AS1 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in human lung cancer cells[J].Oncol Lett,2018,15(4):5220-5226

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BRAY F,FERLAY J,SOERJOMATARAM I,et al.Global cancer statistics 2018:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J].CA:a Cancer J Clin,2018,68(6):394-424

    • [2] SIEGEL R L,MILLER K D,JEMAL A.Cancer statistics,2020[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2020,70(1):7-30

    • [3] GBD 2015 MORTALITY AND CAUSES OF DEATH COL⁃ LABORATORS.Global,regional,and national life expectancy,all⁃cause mortality,and cause⁃specific mortality for 249 causes of death,1980⁃2015:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015[J].Lancet,2016,388(10053):1459-1544

    • [4] CHEN W,ZHENG R,ZHANG S,et al.Cancer incidence and mortality in China,2013[J].Cancer Lett,2017,401:63-71

    • [5] SCHMITT A M,CHANG H Y.Long noncoding RNAs in cancer pathways[J].Cancer Cell,2016,29(4):452-463

    • [6] LIM L J,WONG S Y S,HUANG F Y,et al.Roles and regulation of long noncoding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Cancer Res,2019,79(20):5131-5139

    • [7] CHANDRA GUPTA S,NANDAN TRIPATHI Y.Potential of long non ⁃ coding RNAs in cancer patients:from biomarkers to therapeutic targets[J].Int J Cancer,2017,140(9):1955-1967

    • [8] DJEBALI S,DAVIS CA,MERKEL A,et al.Landscape of transcription in human cells[J].Nature,2012,489(7414):101-108

    • [9] RINN J L,CHANG H Y.Genome regulation by long noncoding RNAs[J].Annu Rev Biochem,2012,81:145-166

    • [10] LEE J T.Epigenetic regulation by long noncoding RNAs [J].Science,2012,338(6113):1435-1439

    • [11] PANG K C,FRITH M C,MATTICK J S.Rapid evolution of noncoding RNAs:lack of conservation does not mean lack of function[J].Trends Genet,2006,22(1):1-5

    • [12] HALLSTROM T C,NEVINS J R.Balancing the decision of cell proliferation and cell fate[J].Cell Cycle,2009,8(4):532-535

    • [13] WU X,YAN T,WANG Z,et al.LncRNA ZEB2⁃AS1 promotes bladder cancer cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis by regulating miR ⁃ 27b[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2017,96:299-304

    • [14] CORY S,HUANG D C,ADAMS J M.The Bcl⁃2 family:roles in cell survival and oncogenesis[J].Oncogene,2003,22(53):8590-8607

    • [15] LIU A,LIU L.Long non ⁃ coding RNA ZEB2 ⁃ AS1 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of colon cancer cells via miR⁃143/bcl⁃2 axis[J].Am J Transl Res,2019,11(8):5240-5248

    • [16] GUAN J M,LIU P,WANG A X,et al.Long non ⁃coding RNA ZEB2 ⁃ AS1 affects cell proliferation and apoptosis via the miR⁃122⁃5p/PLK1 axis in acute myeloid leukemia [J].Int J Mol Med,2020,46(4):1490-1500

    • [17] XU Q S,LIU H Y,YU B,et al.Long noncoding RNA ZEB2⁃AS1 facilitates laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma progression by miR ⁃ 6840⁃3p/PLXNB1 axis[J].Oncotargets Ther,2019,12:7337-7345

    • [18] XU J H,CHEN R Z,LIU L Y,et al.LncRNA ZEB2⁃AS1 promotes the proliferation,migration and invasion of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell through miR ⁃ 574 ⁃ 3p/HMGA2 axis[J].Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci,2020,24(10):5391-5403

    • [19] LAN T,CHANG L,WU L,et al.Downregulation of ZEB2⁃ AS1 decreased tumor growth and metastasis in hepatocel⁃ lular carcinoma[J].Mol Med Rep,2016,14(5):4606-4612

    • [20] XU H,YU B,SHEN W,et al.Over⁃expression of long non ⁃coding RNA ZEB2⁃AS1 may predict poor prognosis and promote the migration,invasion,and epithelial⁃mesenchymal transition of tumor cells in non⁃small cell lung cancer [J].Int J Biol Markers,2020,35(3):29-35

    • [21] XU C,CUI H,LI H,et al.Long non⁃coding RNA ZEB2⁃ AS1 expression is associated with disease progression and predicts outcome in gastric cancer patients[J].J Buon,2019,24(2):663-671

    • [22] HANAHAN D,WEINBERG R A.Hallmarks of cancer:the next generation[J].Cell,2011,144(5):646-674

    • [23] WARBURG O.The metabolism of carcinoma cells[J].J Cancer Res,1925,9(1):148-163

    • [24] WARBURG O.On the origin of cancer cells[J].Science,1956,123(3191):309-314

    • [25] LI Y L,ZHANG X X,YAO J N,et al.ZEB2⁃AS1 regulates the expression of TAB3 and promotes the development of colon cancer by adsorbing microRNA ⁃ 188[J].Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci,2020,24(8):4180-4189

    • [26] GAO H,GONG N,MA Z,et al.LncRNA ZEB2⁃AS1 promotes pancreatic cancer cell growth and invasion through regulating the miR⁃204/HMGB1 axis[J].Int J Biol Macromol,2018,116:545-551

    • [27] WU F,GAO H,LIU K,et al.The lncRNA ZEB2⁃AS1 is upregulated in gastric cancer and affects cell proliferation and invasion via miR⁃143⁃5p/HIF⁃1α axis[J].Onco Targets Ther,2019,12:657-667

    • [28] JIANG Y,LIU G,YE W,et al.ZEB2⁃AS1 accelerates epithelial/mesenchymal transition through miR ⁃ 1205/CRKL pathway in colorectal cancer[J].Cancer Biother Radio⁃ pharm,2020,35(2):153-162

    • [29] CHEN X,WANG K.lncRNA ZEB2⁃AS1 aggravates progression of non⁃small cell lung carcinoma via suppressing PTEN level[J].Med Sci Monit,2019,25:8363-8370

    • [30] WU X,ZHU H,XIE Y,et al.Knockdown of ZEB2⁃AS1 inhibits cell invasion and induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer[J].J Buon,2020,25(1):194-201

    • [31] ZHANG G,LI H,SUN R,et al.Long non ⁃ coding RNA ZEB2⁃AS1 promotes the proliferation,metastasis and epithelial mesenchymal transition in triple ⁃ negative breast cancer by epigenetically activating ZEB2[J].J Cell Mol Med,2019,23(5):3271-3279

    • [32] KONDO Y,SHINJO K,KATSUSHIMA K.Long non⁃coding RNAs as an epigenetic regulator in human cancers [J].Cancer Sci,2017,108(10):1927-1933

    • [33] 史维俊,李欣灿,陆飞,等.长链非编码 RNA MIR4713HG 调节结直肠癌进展及预后的生物信息学分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(8):1149-1155

    • [34] 汪冬艳,张静静.YY1 通过下调长链非编码 RNA SOX2OT抑制胰腺癌细胞的迁移和侵袭[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(2):187-192

    • [35] 渠辉恒,王宁,陈义钢,等.长链非编码RNA SNHG14 可能通过促进胃癌细胞增殖和转移影响胃癌的进展 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(1):50-55

    • [36] DIAO P,GE H,SONG Y,et al.Overexpression of ZEB2⁃ AS1 promotes epithelial ⁃ to ⁃ mesenchymal transition and metastasis by stabilizing ZEB2 mRNA in head neck squamous cell carcinoma[J].J Cell Mol Med,2019,23(6):4269-4280

    • [37] JIN J Q,ZHOU X Y,QIN Y,et al.Clinical significance of long non ⁃ coding RNA ZEB2 ⁃ AS1 in locally advanced colorectal cancer[J].Int J Clin Exp Pathol,2018,11(2):888-893

    • [38] GUO X,JING Y M,LOU H Z,et al.Effect and mechanism of long non ⁃ coding RNA ZEB2 ⁃ AS1 in the occurrence and development of colon cancer[J].Math Biosci Eng,2019,16(6):8109-8120

    • [39] SHI X,LI J,MA L,et al.Overexpression of ZEB2⁃AS1 lnc⁃ RNA is associated with poor clinical outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia[J].Oncol Lett,2019,17(6):4935-4947

    • [40] GUO Y,HU Y,HU M,et al.Long non⁃coding RNA ZEB2⁃ AS1 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in human lung cancer cells[J].Oncol Lett,2018,15(4):5220-5226