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中图分类号:R445.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)12-1774-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20211210

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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:采用高分辨血管壁成像(high⁃resolution vessel wall imaging,HR⁃VWI)探讨大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery, MCA)斑块特征与缺血性卒中复发的相关性。方法:回顾性分析本院105例经血管壁成像确认MCA存在斑块的患者资料,根据有无狭窄血管同侧急性缺血性卒中事件及其发生次数分为初发组(n=61)、复发组(n=19)、非症状组(n=25)。采用方差分析、卡方检验、Fisher精确概率法或Kruskal⁃Wallis检验对比分析3组患者MCA狭窄率、重构指数及斑块特征(强化比率、强化等级、斑块负荷、T1高信号、斑块位置)。将与复发可能相关的危险因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果:复发组及初发组与非症状组比较,均具有更大的斑块负荷、强化比率及更多的正性重构(P 均< 0.05)。复发组与初发组比较,有更大的斑块负荷(P = 0.005)、管腔狭窄率(P =0.006)及更多的环周斑块(P =0.008)。多因素分析示斑块负荷是与复发相关的唯一独立危险因素(OR= 1.075,95%CI:1.019~1.133,P =0.008)。结论:斑块负荷是与MCA缺血性卒中复发相关的独立危险因素,可作为预警缺血性卒中复发的有效影像学标志物。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to investigate the relationship between middle cerebral artery(MCA)plaque features on high⁃ resolution vessel wall imaging(HR⁃VWI)and acute ischemic stroke/TIA recurrence. Methods:The HR⁃VWI and clinical data of 105 patients with atherosclerotic plaques on MCA were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into group 1,with the first episode of acute ischemic stroke/TIA(n=61);group 2,with recurrent acute ischemic stroke/TIA(n=19);group 3,with no occurrence of clinical event(n=25). The degree of stenosis,remodeling index and plaque features(enhancement ratio,enhancement grade,plaque burden,T1 signal intensity,and plaque distribution)were measured and compared among groups using analysis of variance,chi⁃square,Fisher’s exact test or Kruskal ⁃ Wallis test. Regression models investigated risk factors for recurrent stroke/TIA. Results:Plaque burden, enhancement ratio,remodeling index were all significantly higher in group 1 and 2,compared to group 3(all P < 0.05). Higher plaque burden(P =0.005),higher stenosis degree(P =0.006)and more concentric plaque(P =0.008)were found in group 2 compared to group 1 (P < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression shows plaque burden was the only significant plaque marker associated with recurrent stroke/TIA(OR=1.075,95% CI 1.019~1.133,P =0.008). Conclusion:Higher plaque burden of MCA was independently associated with recurrent acute ischemic stroke/TIA and can be an effective imaging marker for alarming the ischemic stroke recurrence.

  • 颅内动脉粥样硬化疾病(intracranial atherosclerotic disease,ICAD)是亚洲缺血性卒中患者最常见的病因。据报道,我国约有46.6%的急性缺血性卒中由ICAD引起,即使是经过规范的临床治疗,相关的脑血管事件每年的复发率仍然高达17.1%~38.2%[1]。目前,高分辨磁共振血管壁成像技术(high ⁃ resolution vessel wall imaging,HR⁃VWI)是评价颅内动脉粥样硬化最广泛、最为可靠的在体无创影像检查技术,不仅能对病变血管管壁进行定性及定量分析,如血管狭窄率及血管重构,同时能显示动脉粥样硬化斑块形态、位置、信号特点等。既往研究表明,斑块强化比率、T1信号强度、血管重构模式等与症状性缺血性卒中的发生密切相关[2-8],但斑块特征对于缺血性卒中复发事件的意义尚不明确。因此,本研究基于HR⁃VWI探讨大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)粥样硬化斑块特征与卒中复发之间的关系,为预警缺血性卒中复发提供影像学标志物。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究回顾性收集了南京医科大学第一附属医院神经内科2016年7月—2019年7月所有完成HR⁃VWI扫描进行颅内血管病变评估的患者。具体纳入标准如下:①2周内MCA供血区发生急性缺血性卒中事件,弥散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)显示高信号梗死灶或短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA);②HR⁃VWI图像上确认MCA存在斑块;③有完整的临床及实验室检查资料;④磁共振血管造影(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)或颈动脉超声图像示同侧颈内动脉(internal carotid artery,ICA)狭窄程度<30%;⑤有高血压、高血脂、糖尿病、吸烟等1个及以上动脉粥样硬化危险因素;⑥图像质量良好,达到评估条件。排除标准:①有动脉炎、夹层、烟雾病等非动脉粥样硬化性血管病;②有房颤、心脏瓣膜病、感染性心内膜炎等心源性栓塞的高危因素;③后循环或大脑前动脉供血区缺血性卒中患者;④MCA供血区慢性脑卒中患者;⑤图像质量差不能进一步分析。进一步将症状性缺血性卒中患者分为两组:①初发组:首次发生缺血性卒中事件;②复发组:同一侧MCA供血区曾发生1次或以上缺血性卒中事件,患者原神经系统症状和体征好转和消失后,再次出现同侧新的缺血症状及体征,或头颅DWI发现同侧新的急性梗死灶。将满足纳入标准2~4及排除标准,但从未发生缺血性卒中事件的患者纳入非症状对照组。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 HR⁃VWI图像采集

  • 采用德国西门子公司3.0T MR 32或20通道头线圈进行扫描,MRI序列包括三维时间飞跃磁共振脑血管造影(three⁃dimensional time⁃of⁃flight magnetic resonance angiography,3D⁃TOF⁃MRA)、DWI、利用可变翻转角实现最优化采集的三维快速自旋回波 (sampling perfection with application optimized contrast using different angle evolutions,SPACE)T1加权平扫及增强、二维黑血(two⁃dimensional black blood, 2D⁃BB)快速自旋回波T1及T2加权。具体扫描参数如下:①3D ⁃TOF ⁃MRA:重复时间/回波时间(repetition time/echo time,TR/TE)=22ms/3.6ms,翻转角=18°,视野(field of view,FOV)=210mm×190mm,分辨率=0.55mm×0.55mm×0.55mm;②DWI:b值=0或1 000mm2/s,FOV=230mm×230mm,矩阵=192× 192,层厚=5mm;③3D ⁃ T1 ⁃ SPACE:TR/TE=900/4.2ms,FOV=240mm×216mm,自旋回波因子=43,回波间隙=4.2ms,分辨率=0.75mm×0.75mm×0.75mm,并且重建为0.40mm×0.40mm×0.75mm;④2D⁃BB T2WI:TR/TE=2400/50ms,FOV=130mm×130mm,矩阵=320×320,分辨率=0.4mm×0.4mm,层厚=2mm; ⑤2D ⁃ BB T1WI:TR/TE=600/10ms,FOV=130mm× 130mm,矩阵=320×320,分辨率=0.4mm×0.4mm,层厚=2mm。3D⁃T1⁃SPACE增强扫描采用Gd⁃DTPA对比剂,注射剂量0.1mmol/kg,注射对比剂5min后扫描。

  • 1.2.2 HR⁃VWI图像分析

  • 由2名经验丰富的神经影像医生独立评估所有的HR⁃VWI图像,评估内容如下:①确定责任斑块:如果梗死同侧MCA只有1个斑块,则确定它为责任斑块;如果梗死同侧MCA有多个斑块,则确定管腔最狭窄处的斑块为责任斑块。②HR⁃VWI斑块及管壁定量及定性分析:选择责任斑块管腔最狭窄处,手动勾画血管壁外周轮廓及管壁内轮廓,测量出相应的外周管壁面积(outer wall area,OWA)、管腔面积(lumen area,LA)。选择狭窄MCA近端无明显斑块的层面作为参照血管,测量参照血管的OWA及LA。

  • 斑块特征及其定量及定性分析方法如下:①管腔狭窄率(面积法)=(1-LA 责任斑块/LA 参照)×100%;② 斑块强化比率:分别在平扫及增强图像的同一斑块层面勾画相同的感兴趣区(region of interest,ROI),测量ROI的平均信号强度(signal intensity,SI)。斑块强化比率定义为(SI 增强-SI 平扫)/SI 平扫×100%[9];③ 斑块强化等级:0级,无强化,指斑块强化程度与正常管壁相当;1级,轻度强化,指斑块强化程度高于正常管壁,但弱于垂体柄强化;2级,明显强化,指斑块强化程度与垂体柄相当甚至更高[3];④斑块负荷=(1-LA 责任斑块/OWA 责任斑块)×100%[610];⑤T1高信号:定义为平扫图像上责任斑块SI大于正常参照血管管壁SI的150%[7],提示斑块内出血;⑥重构指数(remodeling index,RI):RI=OWA 责任斑块/OWA 参照×100%, RI>1.05为正性重构;0.95≤RI≤1.05为非重构;RI< 0.95为负性重构[8];⑦斑块位置:将MCA的垂直横断面划分为前壁、后壁、上壁、下壁4个象限[11]。当MCA斑块横跨2个象限时,则以斑块的主要分布象限作为斑块所在的位置。当斑块分布超越2个象限时,则定义此斑块为环周斑块[12]

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS22.0统计软件进行统计学分析。计量资料用均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,计数资料用频数及百分比表示。采用Shapiro⁃Wilk检验计量资料均符合正态分布。3组间计量资料的比较先采用方差分析,有差异时再行两两比较,计数资料的比较采用卡方检验、Fisher精确概率法或Kruskal⁃Wallis检验。将缺血性卒中复发可能的影响因素分别进行单因素Logistic回归分析,将单因素分析中有意义 (P< 0.1)的因素纳入多因素Logistic回归分析(逐步后退法)。危险因素之间的相关性分析采用Pearson或Spearman相关。用Kappa值或组内相关系数(intraclass correlation coefficient,ICC)评估2名医生测量结果的一致性:<0.40为一致性较差;0.40~0.75为一致性中等;>0.75为一致性较好。P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 临床基线资料的比较

  • 本研究共纳入105例患者,其中非症状组25例,初发组61例,复发组19例。3组患者之间临床资料的比较结果如表1所示。3组患者性别、年龄及危险因素(高血压、糖尿病及吸烟)的差异均无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。与非症状组及初发组分别相比,复发组患者服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷及他汀3种药物的比例更高(P均<0.05),血液中低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平也更低(P均<0.05)。非症状组与初发组相比,患者中服用3种药物的人数比例及血液中低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平差异均无统计学意义。

  • 2.2 血管壁及斑块特征的比较

  • 2名医生对狭窄率、斑块强化比率、强化等级及斑块负荷的评估一致性较好(ICC:0.772~0.837),对重构指数、T1高信号及斑块位置的评估取得中等程度一致性(Kappa或ICC:0.694~0.737)。初发组与非症状组相比,有更大的斑块负荷(82.1%vs.74.0%, P=0.024)、斑块强化比率(96.9%vs.31.5%,P< 0.001)、重构指数(1.01vs.0.88,P=0.005)、更多的明显强化(72.1%vs.12.0%,P< 0.001)及正性重构 (41.0%vs.16.0%,P=0.026)。复发组与非症状组相比,有更大的斑块负荷(91.8%vs.74.0%,P< 0.001)、斑块强化比率(88.2%vs.31.5%,P< 0.001)、狭窄率(83.2%vs.53.1%,P=0.005)、更多的明显强化(68.4%vs.12.0%,P< 0.001)、环周斑块(52.6%vs.8.0%,P=0.001)及正性重构(47.4%vs.16.0%,P=0.024)。复发组与初发组相比,有更大的斑块负荷 (91.8%vs.82.1%,P=0.005)、狭窄率(83.2%vs.61.9%,P=0.006)及更多的环周斑块(52.6%vs.21.3%,P=0.008,表2)。3组代表性病例如图1所示。

  • 2.3 管壁及斑块特征与缺血性卒中复发的相关性

  • 单因素Logistic回归分析表明,斑块负荷(OR=1.075,95%CI:1.019~1.133,P=0.008)、狭窄率(OR=1.032,95%CI:1.007~1.057,P=0.011)及环周斑块 (OR=1.423,95%CI:1.084~1.869,P=0.011)这三者可能是缺血性卒中复发的独立危险因素(P< 0.1)。相关性分析显示斑块负荷、狭窄率及环周斑块这三者互相之间存在显著相关(斑块负荷vs.狭窄率,r=0.936,P< 0.001;斑块负荷vs.环周斑块,r=0.520, P< 0.001;狭窄率vs.环周斑块,r=0.484,P< 0.001)。为了避免危险因素的多重共线性,使用逐步后退法进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果表明,斑块负荷是与MCA缺血性卒中复发相关的唯一独立危险因素(OR=1.075,95%CI:1.019~1.133,P=0.008,表3)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 颅内动脉粥样硬化是导致缺血性卒中的首要原因,并以发生于MCA的粥样硬化斑块为主。缺血性卒中具有致死、致残、复发率高的特点,并且每次复发造成的功能损害及疾病负担均明显大于首次发作,因此防治脑卒中复发意义重大。年龄、高血压病、糖尿病作为缺血性卒中复发的临床危险因素已得到公认,但有关颅内动脉粥样硬化斑块与缺血性卒中复发之间关系的研究少见[13]。本研究基于HR⁃VWI探讨MCA粥样硬化斑块特征与卒中复发之间的关系,结果显示,斑块负荷是MCA缺血性卒中复发相关的独立危险因素,有助于为预警缺血性卒中复发提供有价值的影像学标志物。

  • 表1 3组患者之间临床资料的比较

  • Table1 Comparisons among3groups in terms of clinical characteristics

  • *:采用卡方检验;#:采用Fisher精确概率法。

  • 表2 3组患者之间血管壁及斑块特征的比较

  • Table2 Comparisons among3groups in terms of plaque features

  • *:采用卡方检验;#:采用Fisher精确概率法;&:Kruskal⁃Wallis检验。

  • 本研究中,3组患者在年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病、吸烟方面的差异均无统计学意义。与初发组比较,复发组患者中服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、他汀的比例更高,血低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平更低。这表明,即使经过规范的临床药物治疗,一些患者的卒中复发风险依然没有降低。因此,仅依靠临床指标预测卒中复发风险是不充分的,探讨预测卒中复发的影像学标志物有较大的临床意义。

  • 在非症状组与初发组的对比中,发现明显强化、正性重构与更大的斑块负荷是不稳定斑块的重要特征,从而容易引发缺血性卒中事件,这与既往研究结果一致[381014]。杨万群等[15-16] 的研究显示,炎症参与粥样硬化斑块的形成与进展,斑块强化程度可反映斑块内新生血管形成、炎细胞浸润的程度,而新生血管、炎细胞的聚集与斑块破裂有关,从而较易引发急性缺血性卒中事件。本研究单因素回归显示,管腔狭窄率、斑块负荷及环周斑块与缺血性卒中事件复发相关,且三者之间存在相关性。多因素回归显示,斑块负荷是唯一与卒中复发相关的独立危险因素,这与Ran等[6] 研究结果一致。这可能是因为斑块负荷同时体现了管腔狭窄率及环周斑块两方面管壁的异常改变:管腔狭窄率越大,环周斑块越多,则管壁斑块负荷越大。既往张雪凤等[17] 多项研究认为MCA管腔狭窄率高是卒中复发的重要危险因素,但由于正性重构的存在,仅凭管腔狭窄率预测卒中复发容易低估管壁斑块负荷,本研究结果解释了依据管腔狭窄率预测卒中复发风险的局限性,而斑块负荷是兼顾管腔狭窄率及是否环周斑块的综合影像学标志物,也是唯一与缺血性卒中复发相关的独立危险因素。

  • 图1 非症状组、初发组及复发组的代表性病例

  • Fig.1 Representative patients with no occurrence of clinical event,with the first episode of acute ischemic stroke/TIA and with recurrent acute ischemic stroke/TIA

  • 表3 初发组与复发组Logistic回归分析

  • Table3 Logistic regression analysis between group 1and group 2

  • 本研究存在一些不足:①本研究为单中心的回顾性研究,样本量较小,今后需要多中心、前瞻性、大样本研究来评估斑块特征对缺血性卒中复发风险的预判价值;②斑块特征测量时存在不可避免的主观误差,比如在评估斑块信号强度时我们采用勾画ROI的方式,更精确客观的测量方法可能进一步提高结果的可靠性;③由于颅内动脉细小,目前3.0T HR⁃VWI血管壁成像的分辨率观察粥样硬化斑块的病理成分如纤维帽、脂质核心等存在局限性[18],今后更高的磁场强度、优化的成像序列及参数将为分辨斑块成分提供更多信息[19-20]

  • 综上所述,斑块负荷是与MCA缺血性卒中复发相关的独立危险因素,可作为预测卒中复发的有效影像学标志物。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] WANG Y,ZHAO X,LIU L,et al.Prevalence and outcomes of symptomatic intracranial large artery stenoses and occlusions in China:the Chinese Intracranial Athero⁃ sclerosis(CICAS)Study[J].Stroke,2014,45(3):663-669

    • [2] ZHAO D L,DENG G,XIE B,et al.High⁃resolution MRI of the vessel wall in patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic stenosis of the middle cerebral artery[J].J Clin Neurosci,2015,22(4):700-704

    • [3] QIAO Y,ZEILER S R,MIRBAGHERI S,et al.Intracranial plaque enhancement in patients with cerebrovascular events on high⁃spatial⁃resolution MR images[J].Radiology,2014,271(2):534-542

    • [4] GUPTA A,BARADARAN H,AL⁃DASUQI K,et al.Gado⁃ linium enhancement in intracranial atherosclerotic plaque and ischemic stroke:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2016,5(8):e003816

    • [5] YU Y N,LI M L,XU Y Y,et al.Middle cerebral artery geometric features are associated with plaque distribution and stroke[J].Neurology,2018,91(19):e1760-e1769

    • [6] RAN Y,WANG Y,ZHU M,et al.Higher plaque burden of middle cerebral artery is associated with recurrent ischemic stroke:a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study[J].Stroke,2020,51(2):659-662

    • [7] WU F,MA Q,SONG H,et al.Differential features of culprit intracranial atherosclerotic lesions:a whole⁃brain vessel wall imaging study in patients with acute ischemic stroke[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2018,7(15):e009705

    • [8] QIAO Y,ANWAR Z,INTRAPIROMKUL J,et al.Patterns and implications of intracranial arterial remodeling in stroke patients[J].Stroke,2016,47(2):434-440

    • [9] ALEXANDER M D,DE HAVENON A,KIM S E,et al.Assessment of quantitative methods for enhancement mea⁃ surement on vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of intracranial atherosclerosis[J].Neuroradiology,2019,61(6):643-650

    • [10] TENG Z,PENG W,ZHAN Q,et al.An assessment on the incremental value of high ⁃ resolution magnetic resonance imaging to identify culprit plaques in atherosclerotic disease of the middle cerebral artery[J].Eur Radiol,2016,26(7):2206-2214

    • [11] XU W H,LI M L,GAO S,et al.Plaque distribution of stenotic middle cerebral artery and its clinical relevance[J].Stroke,2011,42(10):2957-2959

    • [12] DIELEMAN N,YANG W,ABRIGO J M,et al.Magnetic resonance imaging of plaque morphology,burden,and distribution in patients with symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis[J].Stroke,2016,47(7):1797-1802

    • [13] KIM J M,JUNG K H,SOHN C H,et al.Intracranial plaque enhancement from high resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging predicts stroke recurrence[J].Int J Stroke,2016,11(2):171-179

    • [14] ZHANG D F,CHEN Y C,CHEN H,et al.A high⁃resolution MRI study of relationship between remodeling patterns and ischemic stroke in patients with atherosclerotic middle cerebral artery stenosis[J].Front Aging Neurosci,2017,9:140

    • [15] 杨万群,黄飚,梁长虹,等.缺血性卒中患者颅内动脉硬化斑块强化特征的高分辨MRI研究[J].中华放射学杂志,2014,48(6):462-466

    • [16] 焦晟,黄娟,宋焱,等.缺血性卒中病人颅内动脉硬化斑块的HRMRI特征及相关临床危险因素研究 [J].国际医学放射学杂志,2017,40(5):506-510

    • [17] 张雪凤,刘崎,陈士跃,等.复发急性缺血性脑卒中患者大脑中动脉斑块的高分辨率MRI研究[J].磁共振成像,2016,7(11):808-812

    • [18] YANG W J,WONG K S,CHEN X Y.Intracranial athero⁃ sclerosis:from microscopy to high⁃resolution magnetic resonance imaging[J].J Stroke,2017,19(3):249-260

    • [19] ZHU C,HARALDSSON H,TIAN B,et al.High resolution imaging of the intracranial vessel wall at 3 and 7T using 3D fast spin echo MRI[J].Magma,2016,29(3):559-570

    • [20] HARTEVELD A A,VAN DER KOLK A G,VAN DER WORP H B,et al.High⁃resolution intracranial vessel wall MRI in an elderly asymptomatic population:comparison of 3T and 7T[J].Eur Radiol,2017,27(4):1585-1595

  • 参考文献

    • [1] WANG Y,ZHAO X,LIU L,et al.Prevalence and outcomes of symptomatic intracranial large artery stenoses and occlusions in China:the Chinese Intracranial Athero⁃ sclerosis(CICAS)Study[J].Stroke,2014,45(3):663-669

    • [2] ZHAO D L,DENG G,XIE B,et al.High⁃resolution MRI of the vessel wall in patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic stenosis of the middle cerebral artery[J].J Clin Neurosci,2015,22(4):700-704

    • [3] QIAO Y,ZEILER S R,MIRBAGHERI S,et al.Intracranial plaque enhancement in patients with cerebrovascular events on high⁃spatial⁃resolution MR images[J].Radiology,2014,271(2):534-542

    • [4] GUPTA A,BARADARAN H,AL⁃DASUQI K,et al.Gado⁃ linium enhancement in intracranial atherosclerotic plaque and ischemic stroke:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2016,5(8):e003816

    • [5] YU Y N,LI M L,XU Y Y,et al.Middle cerebral artery geometric features are associated with plaque distribution and stroke[J].Neurology,2018,91(19):e1760-e1769

    • [6] RAN Y,WANG Y,ZHU M,et al.Higher plaque burden of middle cerebral artery is associated with recurrent ischemic stroke:a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study[J].Stroke,2020,51(2):659-662

    • [7] WU F,MA Q,SONG H,et al.Differential features of culprit intracranial atherosclerotic lesions:a whole⁃brain vessel wall imaging study in patients with acute ischemic stroke[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2018,7(15):e009705

    • [8] QIAO Y,ANWAR Z,INTRAPIROMKUL J,et al.Patterns and implications of intracranial arterial remodeling in stroke patients[J].Stroke,2016,47(2):434-440

    • [9] ALEXANDER M D,DE HAVENON A,KIM S E,et al.Assessment of quantitative methods for enhancement mea⁃ surement on vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of intracranial atherosclerosis[J].Neuroradiology,2019,61(6):643-650

    • [10] TENG Z,PENG W,ZHAN Q,et al.An assessment on the incremental value of high ⁃ resolution magnetic resonance imaging to identify culprit plaques in atherosclerotic disease of the middle cerebral artery[J].Eur Radiol,2016,26(7):2206-2214

    • [11] XU W H,LI M L,GAO S,et al.Plaque distribution of stenotic middle cerebral artery and its clinical relevance[J].Stroke,2011,42(10):2957-2959

    • [12] DIELEMAN N,YANG W,ABRIGO J M,et al.Magnetic resonance imaging of plaque morphology,burden,and distribution in patients with symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis[J].Stroke,2016,47(7):1797-1802

    • [13] KIM J M,JUNG K H,SOHN C H,et al.Intracranial plaque enhancement from high resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging predicts stroke recurrence[J].Int J Stroke,2016,11(2):171-179

    • [14] ZHANG D F,CHEN Y C,CHEN H,et al.A high⁃resolution MRI study of relationship between remodeling patterns and ischemic stroke in patients with atherosclerotic middle cerebral artery stenosis[J].Front Aging Neurosci,2017,9:140

    • [15] 杨万群,黄飚,梁长虹,等.缺血性卒中患者颅内动脉硬化斑块强化特征的高分辨MRI研究[J].中华放射学杂志,2014,48(6):462-466

    • [16] 焦晟,黄娟,宋焱,等.缺血性卒中病人颅内动脉硬化斑块的HRMRI特征及相关临床危险因素研究 [J].国际医学放射学杂志,2017,40(5):506-510

    • [17] 张雪凤,刘崎,陈士跃,等.复发急性缺血性脑卒中患者大脑中动脉斑块的高分辨率MRI研究[J].磁共振成像,2016,7(11):808-812

    • [18] YANG W J,WONG K S,CHEN X Y.Intracranial athero⁃ sclerosis:from microscopy to high⁃resolution magnetic resonance imaging[J].J Stroke,2017,19(3):249-260

    • [19] ZHU C,HARALDSSON H,TIAN B,et al.High resolution imaging of the intracranial vessel wall at 3 and 7T using 3D fast spin echo MRI[J].Magma,2016,29(3):559-570

    • [20] HARTEVELD A A,VAN DER KOLK A G,VAN DER WORP H B,et al.High⁃resolution intracranial vessel wall MRI in an elderly asymptomatic population:comparison of 3T and 7T[J].Eur Radiol,2017,27(4):1585-1595