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通讯作者:

韩文敏,E⁃mail:minminhan0416@163.com

中图分类号:R733.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)12-1780-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20211211

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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 20
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:研究正常核型的髓系肿瘤患者的基因突变谱系。方法:回顾性检测2013年6月—2017年8月于南京医科大学附属常州第二人民医院及苏州大学附属第一医院门诊及住院治疗的正常核型的原发急性髓系白血病(acute myelogenous leukemia,AML)及骨髓增生异常综合征(myelodysplastic syndrome,MDS)患者共102例。采用第二代基因测序技术检测49种靶基因;采用Sanger测序法检测FLT3⁃ITD、NPM1基因12号外显子、CALR基因9号外显子及CEBPA基因的TAD、BZIP功能结构域突变发生情况。结果:①82例AML患者中,总突变发生率为98.8%(81/82),其中≥ 3个基因突变共存发生率为52.4%(43/ 82)。突变检出率最高为 NPM1(35.4%,29/82),其他突变率>10%的基因依次为 FLT3⁃ITD(25.6%,21/82)、CEBPA 双突变 (24.4%,20/82)、DNMT3A(19.5%,16/82)、TET2(18.3%,15/82)、NRAS(13.4%,11/82)、RUNX1(11.0%,9/82)、CSF3R(11.0%,9/ 82)。②20 例 MDS 患者的总突变率为 90%(18/20),其中≥3 个基因突变共存发生率为 55.0%(11/20)。突变检出率最高为 RUNX1(35.0%,7/20),其他突变依次为ASXL1(25.0%,5/20)、SF3B1(15.0%,3/20)、BCOR(15.0%,3/20)、FLT3⁃TKD(15.0%,3/20)。 ③AML患者总的基因突变率与MDS患者相似(P =0.097)。 AML患者中,NPM1、CEBPA 双突变在AML中的发生率明显高于 MDS患者(P < 0.05)。MDS患者基因突变主要为RUNX1、ASXL1、SF3B1及BCOR为主,发生率明显高于AML患者(P < 0.05)。 ④功能归类后显示,DNA甲基化调节基因及酪氨酸激酶受体基因突变在AML中的发生率明显高于MDS患者(P < 0.05),而组蛋白修饰基因及RNA剪接因子突变在MDS中的发生率明显高于AML(P < 0.05)。结论:正常核型的髓系肿瘤患者体内存在多个不同功能基因突变组合的亚克隆,原发AML与MDS在基因突变谱上有很大不同。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to characterize the gene mutation in myeloid malignancies with normal karyotype by exploring multiple gene mutations. Methods:Tatal102 acute myelogenous leukemia(AML) with normal karyotype and myelodysplastic syndrome(MDS)paticnts were retrospectively analyzed in Changzhou Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univcrsity and the First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University. Targeted second generation sequencing were performed using a custom⁃designed 49⁃gene panel. CALR,FLT3 internal tandem duplication(FLT3⁃ITD),NPM1 and CEBPA mutation were detected by Sanger sequencing. Results:①Together,gene mutations accounted for a considerable frequency of 98.8% AML patients. Coexistence of ≥ 3 mutations was identified in 52.4% patients. The most commonly mutated gene was NPM1(35.4%),followed by FLT3 ⁃ ITD (25.6%),CEBPA double mutations(24.4%),DNMT3A(19.5%),TET2(18.3%),NRAS(13.4%),RUNX1(11.0%)and CSF3R (11.0%)mutations. ②The gene mutations were present in 90% MDS patients. Coexistence of ≥ 3 mutations was in 55.0% patients. The most commonly mutated gene was RUNX1(35.0%),followed by ASXL1(25.0%),SF3B1(15.0%),FLT3⁃TKD(15.0%)and BCOR(15.0%)mutations. ③The incidence of mutation was similar in AML patients and MDS patients(P =0.097). The mutation rate of each of NPM1 and CEBPA double mutations was higher in patients with AML(P < 0.05),while RUNX1,ASXL,SF3B1 and BCOR mutations were identified more frequently in MDS patients,both differences were significant(P < 0.05). ④Gene aberrations involved in DNA methylation(DNMT3A,TET2,IDH1/2)and receptors/kinases(FLT3⁃ITD,FLT3⁃TKD,JAK1,JAK2,JAK3,c⁃KIT,PDGFRA, PDGFRB,MPL,CSF3R,NOTCH1,IL7R)significantly predominated in AML while post⁃translational chromatin modification(EZH2, ASXL1/2,SETD2)and RNA splicing(SRSF2,SF3B1,ZRSR2,U2AF1)significantly predominated in MDS(P < 0.05). Conclusion: Different functional mutation combinations revealed multiple sub ⁃ clones in myeloid malignancies with normal karyotype. The genomic landscape of AML patients was different from MDS patients.

  • 急性髓系白血病(acute myelogenous leukemia, AML)和骨髓增生异常综合征(myelodysplastic syndrome,MDS)是一类临床和分子遗传学异质性很强的造血干细胞克隆性恶性疾病。尽管细胞遗传学改变已成为AML及MDS患者重要的致病机制及独立预后指标之一,但仍有部分正常核型患者预后差异较大,致病机制不明。随着分子学研究的进展,近年来,国外学者在正常核型患者中检测到多个基因异常,推测单一的分子事件不足以导致细胞恶性转化,肿瘤细胞的形成需要2次或多次基因事件协同完成[1-2]。因此,对此类患者进行多基因多位点检测有助于进一步精确诊断,为实现个体化治疗及靶向治疗提供新的理论依据。本研究在前期研究基础上,综合检测了102例正常核型髓系肿瘤患者51种肿瘤相关基因突变,初步探讨正常核型患者的分子学特点。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 回顾性检测2013年6月—2017年8月于南京医科大学附属常州第二人民医院及苏州大学附属第一医院门诊及住院治疗的正常核型的原发AML及MDS患者共102例。82例AML患者中,男48例,女34例,中位年龄45(17~68)岁,包括M0 2例,M17例, M2 28例,M4 7例,M5 35例,M6 1例,未能分型AML 2例。20例MDS患者中,男11例,女9例,中位年龄49(29~70)岁,包括难治性贫血伴有环形铁粒幼细胞增多(refractory anemia with ring sideroblast, RARS)1例,难治性血细胞减少伴有多系发育异常 (refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia, RCMD)2例,难治性贫血伴原始细胞增多1型 (refractory anemia with excess of blasts⁃1,RAEB⁃1) 7例,RAEB⁃2型10例。所有患者均经骨髓形态学、白血病免疫分型、染色体核型及分子生物学检查(morphology immunology cytogenetics molecular, MICM)确诊,其中MDS分型依据WHO⁃2016标准。本研究经医院伦理委员会批准,所有受试者知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 基因组DNA的提取

  • 取患者首诊时乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)抗凝的骨髓或者外周血单个核细胞,按照DNA提取试剂盒 (Gentra公司,美国)标准步骤抽取基因组DNA。根据吸光度值确定DNA浓度和纯度,并将基因组DNA样品统一稀释至50ng/μL。

  • 1.2.2 高通量DNA测序

  • 取所检样品基因组DNA 12ng,通过多重PCR扩增基因组DNA的目标区域,并将PCR产物进行酶切反应,消化引物;参考IonAmpliSeq文库试剂盒操作的标准流程,将Am⁃Pure XP磁珠与PCR产物结合,纯化文库,去除小的片段,在避光条件下检测文库浓度。采用Termofisher科技(中国)有限公司S5系统进行49种基因的所有外显子突变。平均基因覆盖率>99%,平均测序深度×2 000,检测灵敏度约3.0%。采用IGV软件分析结果,读取数据选择基因组外显子上的突变,突变频率>3%被认为阳性,同时去除基因多态性及同义突变。49种髓系相关肿瘤基因突变包括PTPN11、BCOR、NRAS、WT1、 MYD88、C⁃KIT、TET2、IDH1、IDH2、FLT3、DNMT3A、 CBL、ZRSR2、BCORL1、U2AF1、GATA2、ETV6、 SH2B3、MPL、CSF3R、SETBP1、ASXL1、ASXL2、 ETNK1、SETD2、PDGFRA、CALR、PDGFRB、CSMD1、 RUNX1、SRSF2、TP53、NOTCH1、JAK1、JAK2、JAK3、 IL7R、PAX5、EZH2、STAG2、PIGA、PHF6、BIRC3、 KRAS、SF3B1、CDKN2A、PTEN、BRAF及FBXW7基因突变。

  • 1.2.3 Sanger测序

  • 鉴于第2代高通量DNA测序技术对大片段插入缺失序列结果读取的局限性,本研究采用Sanger测序法对FLT3⁃ITD、NPM1基因12号外显子补充突变检测及CEBPA基因的TAD、BZIP功能区、CALR基因9号外显子进行突变检测[3-4]

  • 1.2.4 染色体核型分析

  • 抽取肝素抗凝骨髓悬液2~4mL,采用24h短期培养法、常规R显带技术进行核型分析。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 结果均采用SPSS21.0软件分析。计数资料采用卡方检验或Fisher确切概率法,P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 基因突变在正常核型AML患者中的分布情况

  • 82例正常核型AML患者中,81例患者至少携带1个基因突变,总突变率为98.8%,其中,单基因突变发生率18.3%(15/82),双基因突变发生率为28.0%(23/82),≥ 3个基因突变共存发生率为52.4%(43/82)。突变检出率最高为NPM1(35.4%,29/82),其他突变率>5%的基因依次为FLT3⁃ITD(25.6%, 21/82)、CEBPA双突变(24.4%,20/82)、DNMT3A (19.5%,16/82)、TET2(18.3%,15/82)、NRAS(13.4%, 11/82)、RUNX1(11.0%,9/82)、CSF3R(11.0%,9/82)、IDH1(9.8%,8/82)、IDH2(8.5%,7/82)、FLT3⁃ TKD(7.3%,6/82)、PTPN11(6.1%,5/82)、JAK3 (6.1%,5/82),见图1。

  • 按照基因功能进行归类为参与DNA甲基化的调节基因、RNA剪接因子、酪氨酸激酶受体基因、 RAS信号转导通路相关基因、转录调节基因及组蛋白修饰基因6组基因,NPM1作为核仁磷酸化蛋白单独分类(表1)。82例AML患者中,酪氨酸激酶受体基因突变阳性率最高(56.1%,46/82);其他依次为转录调节基因(41.5%,34/82)、DNA甲基化的调节基因(40.2%,33/82)、RAS信号转导通路相关基因 (14.6%,12/82)、组蛋白修饰基因(8.5%,7/82)和RNA剪接因子(4.9%,4/82),见图1。

  • 表1 51种突变基因功能分类

  • Table1 Functional classification of 51mutated genes

  • 图1 AML患者常见基因突变分布及功能基因突变率比较

  • Fig.1 Comparison of common gene mutation distribution and functional gene mutation rate in patients with AML

  • 2.2 基因突变在正常核型MDS患者中的分布情况

  • 20例正常核型MDS患者中,17例患者至少携带1个基因突变,总突变率为85%,其中单基因突变发生率15.0%(3/20),双基因突变发生率为20.0%(4/20),≥ 3个基因突变共存发生率为55.0%(11/20)。突变检出率最高为RUNX1(35.0%,7/20),其他突变依次为ASXL1(25.0%,5/20)、SF3B1(15.0%,3/20)、 BCOR(15.0%,3/20)、FLT3⁃TKD(15.0%,3/20),突变发生率为10%(2/20)的基因包括DNMT3A、SH2B3、 U2AF1、PHF6、PTPN11、GATA2及NPM1。仅1例MDS患者发生FLT3⁃ITD突变(图2)。

  • 功能归类后显示,约60%(12/20)的患者携带转录调节基因突变;30%(6/20)的患者携带RNA剪接因子及组蛋白修饰基因突;分别有25%(5/20)和20%(4/20)的患者携带酪氨酸激酶受体基因及RAS信号转导通路相关基因突变;仅有15%(3/20)的患者携带参与DNA甲基化的调节基因突变,见图2。

  • 所有AML及MDS患者中,分别有94%(15/16) 的RUNX1突变及90%(28/31)的NPM1均与其他突变共存。其中,NPM1最常见的共存基因为FLT3⁃ ITD及参与DNA甲基化的表观遗传学调节基因DNMT3A、TET2和IDH1/2突变,未检测到IDH1与IDH2突变、RUNX1与NPM1突变共存。各基因突变在不同患者中的分布情况见图3。

  • 2.3 基因突变在AML及MDS患者间的分布差异比较

  • 经统计学分析显示,正常核型的AML患者与MDS组患者在总的基因突变率、单基因突变、双基因突变及≥3个基因突变共存上比较差异均无统计学意义。AML患者主要以NPM1、FLT3⁃ITD、CEBPA双突变、DNMT3A及TET2突变为主,其中NPM1、 CEBPA双突变在AML中的发生率明显高于MDS患者,差异有统计学意义(P< 0.05)。MDS患者基因突变主要以RUNX1、ASXL1、SF3B1及BCOR为主,发生率明显高于AML患者,差异均达统计学意义 (P< 0.05)。功能归类后显示,除NPM1突变外,正常核型的AML患者主要为酪氨酸激酶受体基因突变、转录因子突变及DNA甲基化调节基因突变;正常核型MDS患者主要为转录因子突变、RNA剪接因子突变及组蛋白修饰基因突变。其中,DNA甲基化调节基因突变及酪氨酸激酶受体基因突变在AML中的发生率明显高于MDS患者,而组蛋白修饰基因及RNA剪接因子突变在MDS中的发生率明显高于AML,以上功能基因在两组患者间的分布差异均达统计学意义(P< 0.05,表2)。

  • 图2 MDS患者常见基因突变分布及功能基因突变率比较

  • Fig.2 Comparison of gene mutation distribution and functional gene mutation rate in patients with MDS

  • 图3 常见基因突变在AML及MDS中的共存及分布情况(红色高亮代表突变基因)

  • Fig.3 Coexistence and distribution of common gene mutations in AML and MDS(red highlight represents mutation gene)

  • 3 讨论

  • 截至目前,约半数的AML及MDS患者表现为正常核型,此类患者在诊断、微小残留病灶(minimal residual disease,MRD)监测、预后判定等方面往往缺乏理论参考依据,为临床诊断和治疗选择带来困惑。近年来,随着分子学研究的进展,越来越多的基因事件被发现与正常核型相关并具有预后价值,如NPM1及FLT3⁃ITD等突变,以上基因已被WHO作为AML危险度分层的分子标志纳入了AML的常规诊疗指南[5]。然而,尽管AML患者有相同NPM1突变,其临床表现及预后仍有较大异质性,提示AML患者存在多基因突变共存可能[6]

  • 国外学者在正常核型AML、MDS患者中综合检测了16种髓系肿瘤基因,发现有85%的患者至少携带1种基因突变,其中,ASXL1和TET2在继发性AML患者中的突变率分别高达48.5%和30.3%[7]。 Lin等[8]通过高通量DNA测序技术在112例原发AML患者中检测260种肿瘤基因,发现平均每个患者发生17.2个基因突变。以正常核型为主的中危组患者中,大多数患者显示为多基因突变共存。其中,NPM1突变往往与FLT3、PTPN11、PRF8及SF3B1突变共存,而IDH2则主要与DNMT3A、JAK1 ⁃ 3、 AXSL1和U2AF1突变共存,但与TET2突变互排[8]。本研究综合检测了51种肿瘤基因突变,结果显示,半数以上的原发AML及MDS患者同时存在≥ 3个基因突变。正常核型AML患者中以NPM1、FLT3⁃ ITD及CEBPA突变为主,其他突变率>10%的基因为DNMT3A、TET2、NRAS、RUNX1及CSF3R。MDS患者的主要突变基因与AML有很大不同,主要为RUNX1、ASXL1、SF3B1、BCOR。参考相关研究,按照基因功能进行归类分析[9-11],发现DNA甲基化调节基因及酪氨酸激酶受体基因突变在AML中的发生率明显高于MDS患者,而组蛋白修饰基因及RNA剪接因子突变在MDS中的发生率明显高于AML,差异均较显著。以上研究说明,正常核型的髓系肿瘤可能是多个不同功能基因突变不断叠加的结果,尽管MDS具有高的AML转化风险,并被称为“白血病前期”,但其基因表达谱与原发AML有很大不同,应属2种不同类型的疾病实体。

  • 表2 常见基因突变在AML及MDS组的分布差异比较

  • Table2 Comparison of the distribution of gene mutations in patients with AML and MDS

  • DNA甲基化是最常见的表观遗传学事件,参与DNA甲基化调控的基因发生突变可以通过介导基因组甲基化的异常而导致细胞发生致瘤性转化[12]。 DNMT3A及TET2突变是AML患者中阳性率最高的DNA甲基化调节基因,文献报道,其在正常核型AML患者中的检出率分别在35%~38.9%和13.2%~16%之间[113-14]。DNMT3A突变者平均年龄高于野生型,并与较短的总体生存时间有关,是患者在完全缓解期仍持续存在的主要分子事件[15-16]。伴有TET2纯和突变者具有更高的复发率及更短的无病生存时间,是正常核型AML患者独立不良预后标志[14]。Guo等[17] 和Hunter等[18] 多个研究行Meta分析显示,TET2突变在MDS中并无预后价值,但去甲基化治疗对伴有TET2突变而ASXL1突变阴性的患者效果最好。本研究中TET2突变率与国外报道相仿,但DNMT3A突变发生率稍低于国外报道,分析这一差异的主要原因可能为纳入的研究对象中患者的年龄性别分布不同、检测方法的灵敏性不同、样本的数量及种族差异等,需扩大样本量进一步研究。

  • RUNX1突变是目前发现的最常见的转录因子突变,在AML及MDS发生率约为10%[1019-20],在MDS⁃RAEB⁃1/2及继发性AML患者中检出率>20%,与低的血小板计数、不成熟的细胞形态及短的生存期有关[19]。ASXL1是最常见的组蛋白修饰基因之一,该基因突变主要见于继发性AML(30%),在原发AML及MDS中的检出率分别为6.1%及11%,并与RUNX1及IDH2突变密切相关[1021]。伴ASXL1突变的AML患者,其总体缓解率低,生存时间短,而伴有此突变的MDS患者则更易出现白血病转化[22]。以上2种基因突变已被作为新危险度分层的分子标志纳入了2017急性髓系白血病诊疗指南[23]。SF3B1基因在MDS⁃RARS患者中阳性率达57%~75%,在其他类型的MDS中为6%~18%,具有该突变的患者较少发生血细胞减少并具有更长的无事件生存期,但在AML中非常罕见[24-25]。本研究在原发AML中未检测到SF3B1突变,在MDS中的突变发生率与国外报道基本一致,预后意义暂不明确。

  • 总之,正常核型的髓系肿瘤患者体内存在多个不同功能基因突变组合的亚克隆,其中,原发AML与MDS在基因突变谱上有很大不同,这些不同功能的基因突变如何共同决定其临床表型及预后尚不明确,未来进一步行基因功能研究可能有助于我们更深入认识此类疾病的发生机制。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SALMOIRAGHI S,CAVAGNA R,ZANGHì P,et al.High throughput molecular characterization of normal karyotype acute myeloid leukemia in the context of the prospective trial 02/06 of the northern italy leukemia group(NILG)[J].Cancers(Basel),2020,12(8):2242

    • [2] XU F,WU LY,HE Q,et al.Exploration of the role of gene mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes through a sequencing design involving a small number of target genes [J].Sci Rep,2017,7:43113

    • [3] GREEN C L,KOO K K,HILLS R K,et al.Prognostic significance of CEBPA mutations in a large cohort of younger adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia:impact of double CEBPA mutations and the interaction with FLT3 and NPM1 mutations[J].J Clin Oncol,2010,28(16):2739-2747

    • [4] 刘洁,华海应,晁红颖,等.急性髓系白血病中 DN⁃ MT3A p.R882 的共存基因突变分析.南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(9):1331-1337

    • [5] ARBER D A,ORAZI A,HASSERJIAN R,et al.The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia[J].Blood,2016,127(20):2391-2405

    • [6] FALINI B,BRUNETTI L,SPORTOLETTI P,et al.NPM1⁃ mutated acute myeloid leukemia:from bench to bedside [J].Blood,2020,136(15):1707-1721

    • [7] FERNANDEZ ⁃ MERCADO M,YIP B H,PELLAGATTI A,et al.Mutation patterns of 16 genes in primary and secondary acute myeloid leukemia(AML)with normal cytogenetics[J].PLoS One,2012,7(8):e42334

    • [8] LIN P H,LI H Y,FAN S C,et al.A targeted next⁃generation sequencing in the molecular risk stratification of adult acute myeloid leukemia:implications for clinical practice[J].Cancer Med,2017,6(2):349-360

    • [9] XING S,WANG B,GAO Y,et al.Cytogenetics and associated mutation profile in patients with acute monocytic leukemia[J].Int J Lab Hematol,2019,41(4):485-492

    • [10] GILL H,LEUNG A Y,KWONG Y L.Molecular and cellular mechanisms of myelodysplastic syndrome:implications on targeted therapy[J].Int J Mol Sci,2016,17(4):440

    • [11] GANGULY B B,KADAM N N.Mutations of myelodysplastic syndromes(MDS):an update[J].Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res,2016,769:47-62

    • [12] NEBBIOSO A,TAMBARO F P,DELL’AVERSANA C,et al.Cancer epigenetics:moving forward[J].PLoS Genet.2018,14(6):E1007362

    • [13] EISFELD A K,MRóZEK K,KOHLSCHMIDT J,et al.The mutational oncoprint of recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities in adult patients with de novo acute myeloid [J].Leukemia,2017,31(10):2211-2218

    • [14] AHN J S,KIM H J,KIM Y K,et al.Adverse prognostic effect of homozygous TET2 mutation on the relapse risk of acute myeloid leukemia in patients of normal karyotype [J].Haematologica,2015,100(9):e351-353

    • [15] ROTHENBERG ⁃ THURLEY M,AMLER S,GOERLICH D,et al.Persistence of pre⁃leukemic clones during first remission and risk of relapse in acute myeloid leukemia[J].Leukemia,2018,32(7):1598-1608

    • [16] AHN J S,KIM H J,KIM Y K,et al.DNMT3A R882 mutation with FLT3⁃ ITD positivity is an extremely poor prognostic factor in patients with normal⁃karyotype acute myeloid leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation[J].Biol Blood Marrow Transplant,2016,22(1):61-70

    • [17] GUO Z,ZHANG S K,ZOU Z,et al.Prognostic significance of TET2 mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes:a meta⁃analysis[J].Leuk Res,2017,58:102-107

    • [18] HUNTER A M,KOMROKjI R S,YUN S,et al.Baseline and serial molecular profiling predicts outcomes with hypomethylating agents in myelodysplastic syndromes[J].Blood Adv,2021,5(4):1017-1028

    • [19] GAIDZIK V I,TELEANU V,PAPAEMMANUIL E,et al.RUNX1 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia are associated with distinct clinico ⁃ pathologic and genetic features [J].Leukemia,2016,30(11):2160-2168

    • [20] 蔡晓辉,陈梅玉,晁红颖,等.骨髓增生异常综合症患者RUNX1基因突变分析[J].中国实验血液学杂志,2020,28(1):202-208

    • [21] PASCHKA P,SCHLENK R F,GAIDZIK V I,et al.ASXL1 mutations in younger adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia:a study by the German ⁃ Austrian Acute Myeloid Leukemia Study Group[J].Haematologica,2015,100(3):324-330

    • [22] PRATS⁃MARTíN C,BURILLO⁃SANZ S,MORALES⁃CA⁃ MACHO RM,et al.ASXL1 mutation as a surrogate marker in acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia⁃related changes and normalkaryotype[J].Cancer Med,2020,9(11):3637-3646

    • [23] 中华医学会血液学分会白血病淋巴瘤学组.成人急性髓系白血病(非急性早幼粒细胞白血病)中国诊疗指南(2017年版)[J].中华血液学杂志,2017,38(3):177-182

    • [24] PAPAEMMANUIL E,CAZZOLA M,BOULTWOOD J,et al.Somatic SF3B1 mutation in myelodysplasia with ring sideroblasts[J].N Engl J Med,2011,365(15):1384-1395

    • [25] PATNAIK M M,LASHO T L,HODNEFIELD J M,et al.SF3B1 mutations are prevalent in myelodysplastic syndromes with ring sideroblasts but do not hold independent prognostic value[J].Blood,2012,119(2):569-572leukemia

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SALMOIRAGHI S,CAVAGNA R,ZANGHì P,et al.High throughput molecular characterization of normal karyotype acute myeloid leukemia in the context of the prospective trial 02/06 of the northern italy leukemia group(NILG)[J].Cancers(Basel),2020,12(8):2242

    • [2] XU F,WU LY,HE Q,et al.Exploration of the role of gene mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes through a sequencing design involving a small number of target genes [J].Sci Rep,2017,7:43113

    • [3] GREEN C L,KOO K K,HILLS R K,et al.Prognostic significance of CEBPA mutations in a large cohort of younger adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia:impact of double CEBPA mutations and the interaction with FLT3 and NPM1 mutations[J].J Clin Oncol,2010,28(16):2739-2747

    • [4] 刘洁,华海应,晁红颖,等.急性髓系白血病中 DN⁃ MT3A p.R882 的共存基因突变分析.南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(9):1331-1337

    • [5] ARBER D A,ORAZI A,HASSERJIAN R,et al.The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia[J].Blood,2016,127(20):2391-2405

    • [6] FALINI B,BRUNETTI L,SPORTOLETTI P,et al.NPM1⁃ mutated acute myeloid leukemia:from bench to bedside [J].Blood,2020,136(15):1707-1721

    • [7] FERNANDEZ ⁃ MERCADO M,YIP B H,PELLAGATTI A,et al.Mutation patterns of 16 genes in primary and secondary acute myeloid leukemia(AML)with normal cytogenetics[J].PLoS One,2012,7(8):e42334

    • [8] LIN P H,LI H Y,FAN S C,et al.A targeted next⁃generation sequencing in the molecular risk stratification of adult acute myeloid leukemia:implications for clinical practice[J].Cancer Med,2017,6(2):349-360

    • [9] XING S,WANG B,GAO Y,et al.Cytogenetics and associated mutation profile in patients with acute monocytic leukemia[J].Int J Lab Hematol,2019,41(4):485-492

    • [10] GILL H,LEUNG A Y,KWONG Y L.Molecular and cellular mechanisms of myelodysplastic syndrome:implications on targeted therapy[J].Int J Mol Sci,2016,17(4):440

    • [11] GANGULY B B,KADAM N N.Mutations of myelodysplastic syndromes(MDS):an update[J].Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res,2016,769:47-62

    • [12] NEBBIOSO A,TAMBARO F P,DELL’AVERSANA C,et al.Cancer epigenetics:moving forward[J].PLoS Genet.2018,14(6):E1007362

    • [13] EISFELD A K,MRóZEK K,KOHLSCHMIDT J,et al.The mutational oncoprint of recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities in adult patients with de novo acute myeloid [J].Leukemia,2017,31(10):2211-2218

    • [14] AHN J S,KIM H J,KIM Y K,et al.Adverse prognostic effect of homozygous TET2 mutation on the relapse risk of acute myeloid leukemia in patients of normal karyotype [J].Haematologica,2015,100(9):e351-353

    • [15] ROTHENBERG ⁃ THURLEY M,AMLER S,GOERLICH D,et al.Persistence of pre⁃leukemic clones during first remission and risk of relapse in acute myeloid leukemia[J].Leukemia,2018,32(7):1598-1608

    • [16] AHN J S,KIM H J,KIM Y K,et al.DNMT3A R882 mutation with FLT3⁃ ITD positivity is an extremely poor prognostic factor in patients with normal⁃karyotype acute myeloid leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation[J].Biol Blood Marrow Transplant,2016,22(1):61-70

    • [17] GUO Z,ZHANG S K,ZOU Z,et al.Prognostic significance of TET2 mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes:a meta⁃analysis[J].Leuk Res,2017,58:102-107

    • [18] HUNTER A M,KOMROKjI R S,YUN S,et al.Baseline and serial molecular profiling predicts outcomes with hypomethylating agents in myelodysplastic syndromes[J].Blood Adv,2021,5(4):1017-1028

    • [19] GAIDZIK V I,TELEANU V,PAPAEMMANUIL E,et al.RUNX1 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia are associated with distinct clinico ⁃ pathologic and genetic features [J].Leukemia,2016,30(11):2160-2168

    • [20] 蔡晓辉,陈梅玉,晁红颖,等.骨髓增生异常综合症患者RUNX1基因突变分析[J].中国实验血液学杂志,2020,28(1):202-208

    • [21] PASCHKA P,SCHLENK R F,GAIDZIK V I,et al.ASXL1 mutations in younger adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia:a study by the German ⁃ Austrian Acute Myeloid Leukemia Study Group[J].Haematologica,2015,100(3):324-330

    • [22] PRATS⁃MARTíN C,BURILLO⁃SANZ S,MORALES⁃CA⁃ MACHO RM,et al.ASXL1 mutation as a surrogate marker in acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia⁃related changes and normalkaryotype[J].Cancer Med,2020,9(11):3637-3646

    • [23] 中华医学会血液学分会白血病淋巴瘤学组.成人急性髓系白血病(非急性早幼粒细胞白血病)中国诊疗指南(2017年版)[J].中华血液学杂志,2017,38(3):177-182

    • [24] PAPAEMMANUIL E,CAZZOLA M,BOULTWOOD J,et al.Somatic SF3B1 mutation in myelodysplasia with ring sideroblasts[J].N Engl J Med,2011,365(15):1384-1395

    • [25] PATNAIK M M,LASHO T L,HODNEFIELD J M,et al.SF3B1 mutations are prevalent in myelodysplastic syndromes with ring sideroblasts but do not hold independent prognostic value[J].Blood,2012,119(2):569-572leukemia