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通讯作者:

孙凯,E⁃mail:sunkai@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R575.4

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)12-1791-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20211213

参考文献 1
KHIM G,EM S,MO S,et al.Liver abscess:diagnostic and management issues found in the low resource setting [J].Br Med Bull,2019,132(1):45-52
参考文献 2
NEPAL P,OJILI V,KUMAR S,et al.Beyond pyogenic liver abscess:a comprehensive review of liver infections in emergency settings[J].Emerg Radiol,2020,27(3):307-320
参考文献 3
KIM E,PARK D H,KIM K J,et al.Current status of amebic liver abscess in korea comparing with pyogenic liver abscess[J].Korean J Gastroenterol,2020,76(1):28-36
参考文献 4
ANGELIN A,GIL ⁃ DE ⁃ GÓMEZ L,DAHIYA S,et al.Foxp3 reprograms T cell metabolism to function in low ⁃ glucose,high⁃lactate environments[J].Cell Metab,2017,25(6):1282⁃1293.e7
参考文献 5
DU Z Q,ZHANG L N,LU Q,et al.Clinical charateristics and outcome of pyogenic liver abscess with different size:15 ⁃ year experience from a single center[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:35890
参考文献 6
姚娜,毕铭辕,康文,等.肝脓肿371例临床特点分析[J].中国感染与化疗杂志,2021,21(3):249-253
参考文献 7
KIM E J,HA K H,KIM D J,et al.Diabetes and the risk of infection:a national cohort study[J].Diabetes Metab J,2019,43(6):804-814
参考文献 8
SINGER M,DEUTSCHMAN C S,SEYMOUR C W,et al.The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock(Sepsis ⁃ 3)[J].JAMA,2016,315(8):801-810
参考文献 9
陈帆,张艳亭,周东辉,等.542 例肝脓肿临床分析 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2016,36(7):850-854
参考文献 10
PARK K S,LEE S H,RYU S,et al.Neutrophil⁃to⁃lymphocyte ratio as a feasible prognostic marker for pyogenic liver abscess in the emergency department[J].Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg,2019,45(2):343-351
参考文献 11
ZHANG S,ZHANG X,WU Q,et al.Clinical,microbiological,and molecular epidemiological characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae ⁃induced pyogenic liver abscess in southeastern China[J].Antimicrob Resist Infect Control,2019,8:166
参考文献 12
沈旭晨,蔡培泉,糜祖煌,等.肺炎克雷伯菌分离株毒力基因分布与临床特征的相关性研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(7):1053-1057
参考文献 13
LIN Y T,CHENG Y H,CHUANG C,et al.Molecular and clinical characterization of multidrug⁃resistant and hyper⁃ virulent klebsiella pneumoniae strains from liver abscess in Taiwan[J].Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2020,64(5):e00174-20
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:分析肝脓肿继发脓毒症患者的临床特征,为早期诊断提供依据。方法:取南京医科大学第一附属医院2017年 1月—2021年4月期间诊治的237例肝脓肿患者为研究对象,分为无脓毒症组和继发脓毒症组,分析两组的临床特征。结果:糖尿病患者更容易发生肝脓肿(72.6%);依qSOFA对继发脓毒症组患者行回顾性评估,其在呼吸频率≥22次/min(P <0.007)、 GCS评分<13分(P < 0.001)和收缩压≤100 mmHg(P < 0.001)方面较无脓毒症组差异有统计学意义;继发脓毒症组患者白细胞计数[(13.81±6.89)×109 个/L vs.(10.91±6.89)×109 个/L,P < 0.001]和中性粒细胞比值(84.29±8.15)% vs.(79.86±12.68)%,P = 0.021]明显升高,C反应蛋白(P =0.048)和降钙素原(P < 0.001)较无脓毒症组也升高,继发脓毒症组血糖控制较差(P =0.016); 导致肝脓肿的首位细菌是肺炎克雷伯杆菌(76.8%)。结论:糖尿病患者易继发肝脓肿;qSOFA可用于肝脓肿病情严重程度的早期判断;肺炎克雷伯杆菌是肝脓肿的主要致病菌;白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比值、C反应蛋白、降钙素原可用于早期诊断肝脓肿。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to analyze the clinical features of patients with sepsis secondary to liver abscess and find the early diagnostic indicators. Methods:A total of 237 patients with liver abscess diagnosed and treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2017 to April2021 were selected as the research subjects. They were divided into two groups: the non⁃sepsis group and the sepsis group,and the clinical characteristics of the two groups were analyzed. The data was analyzed using SPSS 22.0. Results:Diabetic patients were more prone to liver abscess(72.6%). Patients in the sepsis group were retrospectively evaluated according to qSOFA. Compared with the non⁃sepsis group,the differences in respiratory rate ≥22 cpm(0.007),GCS<13(P < 0.001)and systolic blood pressure were statistically significant. The white blood cell count of patients with sepsis group[(13.81±6.89)× 109 /L vs.(10.91±6.89)×109 /L,P < 0.001],the neutrophil ratio[(84.29±8.15)% vs.(79.86±12.68)%,P =0.021],C⁃reactive protein (P =0.048)and procalcitonin(P < 0.001)were higher than those in the non⁃sepsis group. Blood glucose control was worse in the sepsis group(P =0.016). There was no difference in abscess growth location and bacteriological culture between the two groups. The leading cause of liver abscess was Klebsiella pneumoniae(76.8%). Conclusion:Diabetic patients are prone to secondary liver abscess. The qSOFA can be used for the early judgment of the severity of liverabscess. WBC count,neutrophil ratio,C ⁃ reactive protein and procalcitonin can be used for early diagnosis of liver abscess and further prediction of disease development. Klebsiella pneumoniae is the main pathogen of liver abscess.

  • 肝脓肿是一种常见的肝脏感染性疾病,严重的肝脓肿可导致脓毒症、脓毒性休克等严重并发症[1-2]。随着现代诊疗技术的发展,糖尿病、恶性肿瘤等疾病患者的生存时间明显延长,继发于此类疾病的肝脓肿发病率也逐年上升,且多首诊于急诊科。本研究拟通过回顾性研究近年南京医科大学第一附属医院诊治的肝脓肿患者,分析其临床特征,为肝脓肿的早期诊断提供依据。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究回顾性分析南京医科大学第一附属医院2017年1月—2021年4月期间诊治的肝脓肿患者,纳入标准:经肝脏穿刺、脓液培养确诊为肝脓肿,或影像学提示为肝脓肿且抗感染治疗有效。脓毒症的诊断依据脓毒症诊断3.0之qSOFA标准,即: qSOFA[呼吸频率(RR)≥22次/min、GCS<13分及收缩压(SBP)≤100mmHg,每项各计1分]≥2分。排除标准:影像学提示肝脓肿,但无细菌学证据,且在获得充分的诊断依据前自动出院、死亡的患者;临床资料不完全的患者。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 收集患者的性别、年龄等人口资料以及死亡例数,记录糖尿病、高血压、肝胆疾病史、恶性肿瘤史等既往病史,症状和体征包括发热、乏力、腹痛、腹泻和肝区叩击痛、RR、GCS评分、SBP,以及血常规、 C反应蛋白、降钙素原、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、糖化血红蛋白等检验资料,脓肿位置、细菌学检查结果等。检验资料中糖化血红蛋白为住院第2天结果,余检验资料为患者于急诊科就诊时结果,影像学以及细菌学结果为诊治期间结果。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS22.0软件进行统计分析,计量资料以均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,两组间比较采用成组t检验;计数资料以构成比或率(%)表示,两组间比较用校正χ2 检验或Fisher’s精确检验。P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 一般资料比较

  • 本研究共纳入237例患者,其中,男170例 (71.7%),女67例(28.3%),平均年龄(60.3±12.4) 岁,其中无脓毒症组平均发病年龄(61.5±13.2)岁,继发脓毒症组平均发病年龄(55.37±13.1)岁(P=0.005)。死亡5例(2.11%),皆为继发脓毒症组。

  • 所有肝脓肿患者中既往有糖尿病者172例 (72.6%),其中无脓毒症组128例(68.1%),继发脓毒症组44例(89.8%),两组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.002)。继发脓毒症组39例(79.1%)既往有高血压史,以及15例(30.6%)肝胆疾病史、9例(18.4%)恶性肿瘤史,与无脓毒症组比较差异无统计学意义(表1)

  • 2.2 临床症状和体征比较

  • 症状比较,两组在发热、腹痛、腹泻方面无明显差异。继发脓毒症组30例(61.2%)患者出现乏力,发生率较无脓毒症组低(P=0.046)。依据qSOFA,本研究比较了两组间RR≥22次/min(P< 0.007)、GCS< 13分(P< 0.001)和SBP≤100mmHg(P< 0.001)的差异,结果有统计学意义。共有99例(41.8%)的患者有肝区叩击痛,其中无脓毒症组75例(39.9%)、继发脓毒症组24例(49.0%),两组间差异无统计学意义 (表2)。

  • 2.3 实验室检查比较

  • 继发脓毒症组患者就诊时,白细胞计数明显升高[(13.81±6.89)×109 个/L vs.(10.91±6.89)×109 个/L, P< 0.001],且中性粒细胞比值也高于无脓毒症组 [(84.29±8.15)%vs.(79.86±12.68)%,P=0.021],C反应蛋白(P=0.048)和降钙素原(P< 0.001)检查在两组间存在差异。糖化血红蛋白的结果显示,继发脓毒症组血糖控制差于无脓毒症组(P=0.016),而两组丙氨酸氨基转移酶和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.698,P=0.808,表3)。

  • 表1 两组患者一般资料比较

  • Table1 Comparison of the general data between the two groups

  • 表2 两组患者临床症状和体征比较

  • Table2 Comparison of clinical symptoms and signs between the two groups

  • 进一步的ROC分析显示,白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比值、C反应蛋白、降钙素原、糖化血红蛋白的AUC值分别为0.654(95%CI:0.5270.782)、0.626 (95%CI:0.498~0.753)、0.543(95%CI:0.426~0.659)、 0.601(95%CI:0.458~0.744)、0.651(95%CI:0.542~0.761),白细胞计数(P=0.018)、糖化血红蛋白(P=0.020)可以作为肝脓肿患者是否发生脓毒症的预测因子(表4,图1)。

  • 表3 两组患者实验室检查比较

  • Table3 Comparison of laboratory tests between the two groups

  • 表4 肝脓肿致脓毒症早期诊断因子ROC曲线

  • Table4 ROC curve of early diagnosis factor of abscess induced sepsis

  • 2.4 脓肿位置和细菌学检查比较

  • 肝脓肿多发生于肝右叶(149例,62.9%),但两组在脓肿生长位置方面无差异。所有237例患者中,共96例行血液和/或脓液培养,其中发现肺炎克雷伯杆菌96例(76.8%),大肠埃希菌18例(14.4%),以及6例产酸克雷伯杆菌,1例金黄色葡萄球菌,1例咽峡炎链球菌,1例粪肠球菌。有3例细菌学(脓液)培养显示阴性结果(表5)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 肝脓肿是一类当前比较常见的消化系统感染性疾病,其感染途径包括胆源性逆行感染、血源性如来自门脉系统的感染。肝脓肿多发生于合并有基础病的老年人,有韩国学者报道韩国地区细菌性肝脓肿的发病年龄为66岁[3],与本研究相当;同时本研究注意到无脓毒症组平均发病年龄(61.5± 13.2)岁,而继发脓毒症组平均发病年龄(55.4 ± 13.1)岁(P=0.005),提示当前低龄肝脓肿患者可能更易发展为脓毒症,考虑到样本量较小,这一临床特点仍需进一步研究。随着诊疗技术的发展,诸如糖尿病、恶性肿瘤等疾病的生存率越来越高,糖尿病血糖水平控制不佳时可因高血糖对白细胞功能的抑制[4],以及恶性肿瘤的综合治疗所导致的免疫功能的相对低下而导致肝脓肿的发生。该类患者多首诊于急诊科,且可继发脓毒症甚至脓毒性休克,国内有学者报道的病死率在0.5%~9.7%[5⁃6],本研究发现的病死率为2.11%,因此提高急诊医师对之的诊断率至关重要。

  • 图1 肝脓肿致脓毒症早期诊断因子ROC曲线

  • Fig.1 ROC curve of early diagnosis factors of abscess induced sepsis

  • 表5 两组患者脓肿位置和细菌学检查比较

  • Table5 Comparison of abscess location and bacteriological examination between the two groups

  • 糖尿病患者更易发生肝脓肿[7],本研究中72.6%的肝脓肿患者有糖尿病病史,同时通过对糖化血红蛋白的进一步分析发现,既往血糖控制不佳者发展为脓毒症的概率增高,提示糖尿病是诊治肝脓肿过程中需要密切关注的重要因素。肝脓肿患者一般无特异性的临床症状,本研究观察到有发热、乏力、腹痛症状的患者分别为90.3%、72.6%、 54.9%,出现肝区叩痛的患者仅为41.8%,因此在诊治存在高危险因素的发热患者时,虽无明显的腹痛、肝区叩痛等表现,也应警惕肝脓肿的可能。

  • 脓毒症3.0诊断标准推荐:有至少2项以下临床标准,包括RR>22次/min或更高、GCS<13分、SBP< 100mmHg或更低,应考虑脓毒症的存在,即qSOFA[8]。本研究依据脓毒症3.0将纳入患者分为无脓毒症组和继发脓毒症组,并再以qSOFA回顾分析两组患者RR、意识状态、SBP的差别,发现继发脓毒症组较无脓毒症在RR≥22次/min、GCS<13分、SBP≤100mmHg3项标准方面均有独立的统计学意义,分别为P=0.007、P< 0.001、P< 0.001。因此,急诊对于已诊断的肝脓肿患者,评估时发现符合qSOFA诊断标准之一或者更多时,应警惕已发生脓毒症的可能,尽早采取干预措施。

  • 白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比值、C反应蛋白、降钙素原均是临床常用的感染判别指标,且容易在急诊开展,有学者发现以上指标对于重症患者感染预后判断均有一定价值[9];在肝脓肿患者中,也被发现该类指标的升高,且中性粒细胞比值可作为预测病情严重程度的因子[10]。本研究观察到继发脓毒症组此4项指标的升高较无脓毒症组差异有统计学意义,提示肝脓肿出现此4项指标的明显升高时,应警惕继发脓毒症的可能;进一步的ROC分析显示白细胞计数、糖化血红蛋白可作为肝脓肿是否进展为脓毒症的预测因子。

  • 肝脏超声及CT等检查是诊断肝脓肿的重要手段,可确定脓肿的大小、位置等信息,肝脓肿以右叶为主(62.9%);脓肿的位置与是否发展为脓毒症无明显相关性。

  • 研究表明,肝脓肿常见的致病菌为肺炎克雷伯杆菌[11],本研究与此相符。肺炎克雷伯杆菌是常见的院内感染致病菌之一,且渐对常见抗菌药物耐药[12];近年来,多重耐药肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染发病率较前上升,并存在社区流行的趋势[13]。因此,急诊医师在诊断肝脓肿后,可针对这一特点予以对应的经验性治疗,效果不佳时应同时考虑是否存在耐药菌株的可能。

  • 综上所述,肝脓肿若诊治不及时,可继发脓毒症甚至脓毒性休克;糖尿病是肝脓肿的独立预测因子;肝脓肿早期临床症状不典型,qSOFA可用于早期识别肝脓肿所致的脓毒症;肺炎克雷伯杆菌是肝脓肿的主要致病菌;实验室检查可有白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比值、C反应蛋白、降钙素原的升高,此类指标明显升高时应警惕病情进展为脓毒症的可能,急诊医师应采取必要的干预措施。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] KHIM G,EM S,MO S,et al.Liver abscess:diagnostic and management issues found in the low resource setting [J].Br Med Bull,2019,132(1):45-52

    • [2] NEPAL P,OJILI V,KUMAR S,et al.Beyond pyogenic liver abscess:a comprehensive review of liver infections in emergency settings[J].Emerg Radiol,2020,27(3):307-320

    • [3] KIM E,PARK D H,KIM K J,et al.Current status of amebic liver abscess in korea comparing with pyogenic liver abscess[J].Korean J Gastroenterol,2020,76(1):28-36

    • [4] ANGELIN A,GIL ⁃ DE ⁃ GÓMEZ L,DAHIYA S,et al.Foxp3 reprograms T cell metabolism to function in low ⁃ glucose,high⁃lactate environments[J].Cell Metab,2017,25(6):1282⁃1293.e7

    • [5] DU Z Q,ZHANG L N,LU Q,et al.Clinical charateristics and outcome of pyogenic liver abscess with different size:15 ⁃ year experience from a single center[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:35890

    • [6] 姚娜,毕铭辕,康文,等.肝脓肿371例临床特点分析[J].中国感染与化疗杂志,2021,21(3):249-253

    • [7] KIM E J,HA K H,KIM D J,et al.Diabetes and the risk of infection:a national cohort study[J].Diabetes Metab J,2019,43(6):804-814

    • [8] SINGER M,DEUTSCHMAN C S,SEYMOUR C W,et al.The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock(Sepsis ⁃ 3)[J].JAMA,2016,315(8):801-810

    • [9] 陈帆,张艳亭,周东辉,等.542 例肝脓肿临床分析 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2016,36(7):850-854

    • [10] PARK K S,LEE S H,RYU S,et al.Neutrophil⁃to⁃lymphocyte ratio as a feasible prognostic marker for pyogenic liver abscess in the emergency department[J].Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg,2019,45(2):343-351

    • [11] ZHANG S,ZHANG X,WU Q,et al.Clinical,microbiological,and molecular epidemiological characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae ⁃induced pyogenic liver abscess in southeastern China[J].Antimicrob Resist Infect Control,2019,8:166

    • [12] 沈旭晨,蔡培泉,糜祖煌,等.肺炎克雷伯菌分离株毒力基因分布与临床特征的相关性研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(7):1053-1057

    • [13] LIN Y T,CHENG Y H,CHUANG C,et al.Molecular and clinical characterization of multidrug⁃resistant and hyper⁃ virulent klebsiella pneumoniae strains from liver abscess in Taiwan[J].Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2020,64(5):e00174-20

  • 参考文献

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