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通讯作者:

王雪梅,E⁃mail:treebranch701@sina.com

中图分类号:R743.31

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)12-1796-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20211214

参考文献 1
杨静,史兆春,戚志强,等.血小板⁃中性粒细胞比值与急性脑梗死患者神经功能损害及预后的相关性研究 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(3):376-380
参考文献 2
HACKE W,KASTE M,BLUHMKI E,et al.Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke [J].N Engl J Med,2008,359(13):1317-1329
参考文献 3
BERKHEMER O A,FRANSEN P S,BEUMER D,et al.A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke[J].N Engl J Med,2015,372(1):11-20
参考文献 4
CAMPBELL B C,MITCHELL P J,KLEINIG T J,et al.Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke with perfusion ⁃ imaging selection[J].N Engl J Med,2015,372(11):1009-1018
参考文献 5
GOYAL M,DEMCHUK A M,MENON B K,et al.Ran⁃ domized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke[J].N Engl J Med,2015,372(11):1019-1030
参考文献 6
JOVIN T G,CHAMORRO A,COBO E,et al.Thrombectomy within 8 hours after symptom onset in ischemic stroke [J].N Engl J Med,2015,372(24):2296-2306
参考文献 7
SAVER J L,GOYAL M,BONAFE A,et al.Stent⁃retriever thrombectomy after intravenous t⁃PA vs.t⁃PA alone in stroke[J].N Engl J Med,2015,372(24):2285-2295
参考文献 8
ALBERS G W,MARKS M P,KEMP S,et al.Thrombectomy for stroke at 6 to 16 hours with selection by perfusion imaging[J].N Engl J Med,2018,378(8):708-718
参考文献 9
NOGUEIRA R G,JADHAV A P,HAUSSEN D C,et al.Thrombectomy 6 to 24 hours after stroke with a mismatch between deficit and infarct[J].N Engl J Med,2018,378(1):11-21
参考文献 10
HAO Y,ZHANG Z,ZHANG H,et al.Risk of intracranial hemorrhage after endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke:systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].In⁃ terv Neurol,2017,6(1⁃2):57-64
参考文献 11
常红,赵洁,王晓娟,等.急性缺血性脑卒中患者静脉溶栓后出血预警模型的构建[J].中华护理杂志,2019,54(11):1648-1652
参考文献 12
邱凯,施海彬,祖庆泉,等.急性缺血性脑卒中机械取栓后大面积脑梗死发生及其影响因素[J].介入放射学杂志,2020,29(12):1182-1186
参考文献 13
FINLAYSON O,JOHN V,YEUNG R,et al.Interobserver agreement of ASPECT score distribution for noncontrast CT,CT angiography,and CT perfusion in acute stroke[J].Stroke,2013,44(1):234-236
参考文献 14
PAYABVASH S,QURESHI M H,KHAN S M,et al.Differentiating intraparenchymal hemorrhage from contrast extravasation on post ⁃ procedural noncontrast CT scan in acute ischemic stroke patients undergoing endovascular treatment[J].Neuroradiology,2014,56(9):737-744
参考文献 15
徐慈航,李敬伟,朱晓蕾.急性缺血性卒中出血转化的研究进展[J].中国卒中杂志,2020,15(4):446-451
参考文献 16
ENOMOTO M,SHIGETA K,OTA T,et al.Predictors of intracranial hemorrhage in acute ischemic stroke after endovascular thrombectomy[J].Interv Neuroradiol,2020,26(4):368-375
参考文献 17
HASSAN A E,KOTTA H,SHARIFF U,et al.There is no association between the number of stent retriever passes and the incidence of hemorrhagic transformation for patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy[J].Front Neurol,2019,10:818
参考文献 18
RAYCHEV R,SAVER J L,JAHAN R,et al.The impact of general anesthesia,baseline ASPECTS,time to treatment,and IV tPA on intracranial hemorrhage after neuro⁃ thrombectomy:pooled analysis of the SWIFT PRIME,SWIFT,and STAR trials[J].J Neurointerv Surg,2020,12(1):2-6
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:分析超时间窗急性缺血性脑卒中(acute ischemic stroke,AIS)患者动脉取栓后颅内出血的危险因素,建立预警模型以指导临床。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月—2020年6月接受动脉取栓治疗的146例超时间窗AIS患者的临床资料,依据是否发生颅内出血转化分为出血组和非出血组,比较两组患者的人口学、临床和影像资料。采用Logistic回归分析动脉取栓后颅内出血的危险因素并建立预警模型。采用受试者工作特性(receiver operator characteristic,ROC)曲线评估预警模型对动脉取栓后颅内出血的预测效能。结果:48例(32.9%)出现颅内出血。与非出血组比较,出血组基线美国国立卫生研究院脑卒中量表(NIHSS)评分更高(P < 0.001)、支架取栓次数更多(P =0.049)、基线 Alberta 卒中项目早期 CT(ASPECT)评分更低(P < 0.001)。Logistic回归显示,高NIHSS评分(P =0.001)和低ASPECT评分(P < 0.001)是出血转化的危险因素。预警模型为:颅内出血风险值=-0.535+0.130×NIHSS评分-0.597×ASPECT评分。模型预测取栓后颅内出血的ROC曲线下面积灵敏度和特异度分别为0.875、0.854和0.837。结论:高基线NIHSS评分和低基线ASPECT评分是超时间窗AIS患者动脉取栓后发生颅内出血的危险因素。预警模型可为超时间窗AIS患者动脉取栓后的临床观察和出血转化防治提供依据。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to analyze the risk factors of intracranial hemorrhage(IH)in patients with acute ischemic stroke(AIS)treated with intra⁃arterial thrombectomy(IAT)in extended time window,and to establish the predictive model for guiding clinical decision. Methods:From January 2018 and June2020,clinical data of 146 AIS patients treated with IAT in extended time window were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into hemorrhage and no ⁃ hemorrhage group. Demographic,clinical and imaging data were compared between two groups. Logistic regression(LR)analysis was applied to clarify the risk factor of IH after IAT, and to establish the predictive model. Receiver operator characteristic curve(ROC)analysis was used to evaluate the performance of the model for predicting IH after IAT. Results:IH occurred in 48(32.9%)patients. Compared with no⁃hemorrhage group,hemorrhage group showed higher baseline National Institute of Health stroke scale(NIHSS)(P < 0.001),higher numbers of stent thrombectomy(P = 0.049)and lower baseline alberta stroke program early computed tomography score(ASPECTS)(P < 0.001). LR analysis indicated that,high NIHSS(P =0.001)and low ASPECTS(P < 0.001)were risk factors of IH. The predictive model was as follows:hemorrhage risk value =-0.535+0.130×NIHSS-0.597×ASPECTS. The predictive model showed an area under the ROC curve,sensitivity and specificity of 0.875,0.854 and 0.837,respectively. Conclusion:In the AIS patients in extended time window,the patients with high baseline NIHSS and low ASPECTS were prone to IH after IAT. The predictive model can provide reference for prevention of IH and clinical observation.

  • 我国急性缺血性脑卒中(acute ischemic stroke, AIS)标化患病率逐年上升,是致死和致残的重要病因[1]。经静脉使用重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂 (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator,rt⁃PA)溶栓是治疗AIS的首要方法,但具有严格的时间窗限制,且对大血管闭塞AIS患者疗效欠佳[2]。2015年以来,多个随机对照研究结果提示,在经过筛选的前循环大血管闭塞AIS患者中,以动脉取栓为主的血管内治疗可以让患者获益[3-9]。颅内出血转化是AIS静脉溶栓和动脉取栓后的主要并发症,文献报道的发生率为1.9%~7.0%,与AIS预后不良密切相关[10]。目前国内外研究主要聚焦溶栓后的颅内出血转化[11],针对动脉取栓,尤其是超时间窗AIS患者动脉取栓后出血转化的预测研究仍不多见。因此,本研究以动脉取栓后发生颅内出血转化为主要观察指标,拟研究超时间窗AIS患者动脉取栓后发生颅内出血转化的危险因素,构建预警模型,为AIS动脉取栓后的临床观察和出血转化防治提供依据。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 回顾性分析2018年1月—2020年6月146例在南京医科大学第一附属医院介入放射科接受血管内治疗的AIS患者临床资料。纳入标准:①年龄≥ 18岁;②美国国立卫生研究院脑卒中量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分≥6分;③ 大脑中动脉M1/M2段闭塞和/或颈内动脉颅内段闭塞;④发病时间6~24h或醒后卒中,影像资料完整且图像清晰,影像学参数符合DEFUSE 3临床研究标准[8];⑤术前头颅计算机断层扫描(computed to⁃ mography,CT)未见颅内出血或异常高密度;⑥采用Solitaire AB支架进行取栓。排除标准:①基线改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin scale,mRS)评分>2分; ②术前头颅CT显示低密度区超过大脑中动脉供血区域1/3;③临床资料不完整。本回顾性研究已经通过南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会审批(编号2019⁃SRFA⁃063)

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 一般资料

  • 收集患者的姓名、年龄、性别、既往卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attacks,TIA)史、房颤史、高血压、冠状动脉疾病史、糖尿病史、吸烟史。收集发病时间、到院时间、股动脉穿刺时间、血管再通时间、手术结束时间、是否进行静脉溶栓、基线NIHSS评分、基线国际标准化比值、基线血小板、血管闭塞部位、血管再通分级、是否使用动脉内溶栓或盐酸替罗非班注射液、是否进行血管成形/支架植入、支架取栓次数和基线Alberta卒中项目早期CT(Alberta stroke program early CT score,ASPECT) 评分。血管闭塞部位依据取栓前脑血管造影结果来判断。血管再通分级采用改良脑梗死溶栓分级 (modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction score, mTICI)标准进行评估,达到mTICI 2b或3被定义为良好再通[12]。到院至穿刺(door to puncture,DTP)时间定义为从患者到达医院到穿刺的时间。总手术时间定义为从股动脉穿刺到实现mTICI 2b或3,或没有实现再通的患者手术结束的时间。基线ASPECT评分依据术前CT平扫图像来评估。ASPECT评分主要评估大脑中动脉供血区的10个区域。总分10分,累及一个区域扣1分[13]

  • 1.2.2 术后评估及颅内出血的诊断

  • 所有患者常规在动脉取栓后24~48h复查头颅CT平扫。若24h内症状加重,立即复查头颅CT平扫。CT平扫图像上出现的高密度,可以是颅内出血或造影剂渗出。若高密度影在随访CT中很快消失,则认为造影剂渗出,反之则是颅内出血[14]

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 20.0软件进行数据分析。符合正态分布的计量资料用均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验。不符合正态分布的计量资料用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,组间比较采用Mann⁃Whitney U 检验。计数资料以百分数(频数)表示,组间比较采用Fisher确切概率法检验或卡方检验。将单因素分析中P< 0.05的变量纳入Logistic回归,以明确出血转化的危险因素,并构建预警模型。以受试者工作特性(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线法评估预警模型对颅内出血转化的预测效能。P< 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 本研究共纳入AIS患者146例。其中女57例 (39.0%),平均年龄(72.6±10.1)岁。67例(45.9%)为大脑中动脉闭塞,79例(54.1%)合并颈内动脉闭塞。95例(65.1%)合并高血压、37例(25.3%)合并高血糖、35例(24.0%)合并房颤、26例(17.8%)合并冠心病、27例(18.5%)合并卒中/短暂性卒中病史、37例 (25.3%)合并吸烟史。中位基线NIHSS评分为14(10,18)分,中位基线国际标准化比值为1.05(1.01, 1.14),平均基线血小板计数为(184.5±66.1)×109 个/L。中位CT平扫ASPECT评分为7(6,9)分。中位患者到院至穿刺时间为89(72,109)min,中位手术总时间为91(60,121)min。

  • 29例(19.9%)患者在动脉取栓前接受了静脉溶栓。动脉内使用盐酸替罗非班33例(22.6%)。动脉内溶栓4例(2.7%)。动脉内取栓后行血管成形或支架植入41例(28.1%)。平均支架取栓2次。118例 (80.8%)患者实现良好再通。

  • 146例患者中,48例(32.9%)出现颅内出血转化。与非出血组比较,出血组基线NIHSS评分更高 (P< 0.001)、支架取栓次数更多(P=0.049)、ASPECT评分更低(P< 0.001)。两组间年龄(P=0.060)、性别 (P=0.414)、血管闭塞部位(P=0.474)、使用静脉溶栓 (P=0.263)、良好再通(P=0.722)、到院至穿刺时间 (P=0.320)和手术总时间(P=0.554)差异无统计学意义(表1)。

  • Logistic回归分析显示,高基线NIHSS评分(β=0.130,OR=1.139,95%CI:1.054~1.230,P=0.001)和低基线ASPECT评分(β=-0.597,OR=0.550,95%CI: 0.417~0.727,P< 0.001)是动脉取栓后颅内出血转化的危险因素。代表性病例见图1。

  • 依据回归分析结果及危险因素的偏回归系数,构建AIS患者动脉取栓后颅内出血的风险预测模型:颅内出血风险值=-0.535+0.130×NIHSS评分-0.597×ASPECT评分。模型预测取栓后颅内出血的ROC曲线下面积为0.875(95%CI:0.810~0.924)、灵敏度为0.854(95%CI:0.722~0.939)、特异度为0.837(95%CI:0.748~0.904)(图2)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 3.1 AIS患者动脉取栓后颅内出血的危险因素分析

  • 颅内出血转化是AIS静脉溶栓及动脉取栓后的重要并发症,与不良预后相关[15]。既往Enomoto等[16] 研究认为支架取栓次数与术后蛛网膜下腔出血密切相关。多次支架取栓在拖出血栓的同时,会损伤血管内膜,导致血管渗透性增加,增加出血风险。但Hassan等[17] 研究发现,支架取栓次数与颅内出血转化不相关。本研究发现,出血组支架取栓次数高于非出血组(2次vs.1次),但多因素分析未提示支架取栓次数是影响颅内出血的危险因素。NIHSS评分是评估AIS患者神经功能损伤程度最常用指标。 NIHSS越高,往往提示存在颅内大血管闭塞,缺血范围和程度更加严重。既往文献报道,NIHSS评分是AIS取栓后发生大面积脑梗死的危险因素[12]。本研究中,出血组基线NIHSS评分高于非出血组(19分vs.12分),与既往文献相符。ASPECT评分是反映AIS患者脑缺血范围的指标,评分越低提示缺血范围越大。既往Raychev等[18] 发现基线ASPECT评分与颅内出血转化风险负相关。本研究中,出血组ASPECT评分低于非出血组(6分vs.8分),表明ASPECT评分反映的基线梗死体积是影响AIS术后出血转化的重要因素。

  • 表1 出血组和非出血组临床资料对比

  • Table1 Comparison of clinical data between two groups

  • 图1 动脉取栓后发生颅内出血的急性缺血性脑卒中患者的影像资料

  • Fig.1 Images of one AIS patient with intracranial hemorrhage after intra⁃arterial thrombectomy

  • 图2 预警模型预测AIS患者动脉取栓后颅内出血的ROC曲线

  • Fig.2 ROC curve of the model in predicting intracranial hemorrhage in AIS patients

  • 3.2 AIS患者动脉取栓后颅内出血预警模型建立

  • 通过Logistic回归分析,本研究发现高NIHSS评分和低ASPECT评分是动脉取栓后颅内出血转化的危险因素。依据此结果和危险因素的偏回归系数,本研究构建的AIS患者动脉取栓后颅内出血的风险预测模型如下:颅内出血风险值=-0.535+0.130× NIHSS评分-0.597×ASPECT评分。Logistic回归是常用的建模方法,根据回归系数的权重对危险因素赋值,能更有针对性地预测AIS患者发生颅内出血的风险。模型的预测效能常用曲线下面积表示,取值越接近1说明预测效能越好。本模型预测取栓后颅内出血的线下面积达到0.875,提示预测效能良好。

  • 3.3 对临床工作的指导意义

  • AIS患者动脉取栓后颅内出血预警模型的构建,有利于医护人员在取栓术后对高风险的患者进行有针对性的观察、监测及护理。在实际临床工作中,可以借助信息化平台,依据NIHSS评分和ASPECT评分等信息自动计算出患者个体化的颅内出血风险值,并以警示信息形式推送至医护工作台。接收信息后,纳入工作安排的“优先”序列,启动针对动脉取栓后颅内出血风险的观察和管理,包括血压的个体化控制、神经系统症状和体征的观察、保持呼吸道通畅、避免尿潴留和便秘、保持循环动力学稳定,按需给氧,避免低氧血症。至少每30min观察血压及神经系统症状和体征。

  • 综上所述,超时间窗AIS患者中,高NIHSS评分和低ASPECT评分患者动脉取栓后发生颅内出血的风险较大。预警模型可为超时间窗AIS患者动脉取栓后的临床观察和出血转化防治提供依据。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 杨静,史兆春,戚志强,等.血小板⁃中性粒细胞比值与急性脑梗死患者神经功能损害及预后的相关性研究 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(3):376-380

    • [2] HACKE W,KASTE M,BLUHMKI E,et al.Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke [J].N Engl J Med,2008,359(13):1317-1329

    • [3] BERKHEMER O A,FRANSEN P S,BEUMER D,et al.A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke[J].N Engl J Med,2015,372(1):11-20

    • [4] CAMPBELL B C,MITCHELL P J,KLEINIG T J,et al.Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke with perfusion ⁃ imaging selection[J].N Engl J Med,2015,372(11):1009-1018

    • [5] GOYAL M,DEMCHUK A M,MENON B K,et al.Ran⁃ domized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke[J].N Engl J Med,2015,372(11):1019-1030

    • [6] JOVIN T G,CHAMORRO A,COBO E,et al.Thrombectomy within 8 hours after symptom onset in ischemic stroke [J].N Engl J Med,2015,372(24):2296-2306

    • [7] SAVER J L,GOYAL M,BONAFE A,et al.Stent⁃retriever thrombectomy after intravenous t⁃PA vs.t⁃PA alone in stroke[J].N Engl J Med,2015,372(24):2285-2295

    • [8] ALBERS G W,MARKS M P,KEMP S,et al.Thrombectomy for stroke at 6 to 16 hours with selection by perfusion imaging[J].N Engl J Med,2018,378(8):708-718

    • [9] NOGUEIRA R G,JADHAV A P,HAUSSEN D C,et al.Thrombectomy 6 to 24 hours after stroke with a mismatch between deficit and infarct[J].N Engl J Med,2018,378(1):11-21

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    • [11] 常红,赵洁,王晓娟,等.急性缺血性脑卒中患者静脉溶栓后出血预警模型的构建[J].中华护理杂志,2019,54(11):1648-1652

    • [12] 邱凯,施海彬,祖庆泉,等.急性缺血性脑卒中机械取栓后大面积脑梗死发生及其影响因素[J].介入放射学杂志,2020,29(12):1182-1186

    • [13] FINLAYSON O,JOHN V,YEUNG R,et al.Interobserver agreement of ASPECT score distribution for noncontrast CT,CT angiography,and CT perfusion in acute stroke[J].Stroke,2013,44(1):234-236

    • [14] PAYABVASH S,QURESHI M H,KHAN S M,et al.Differentiating intraparenchymal hemorrhage from contrast extravasation on post ⁃ procedural noncontrast CT scan in acute ischemic stroke patients undergoing endovascular treatment[J].Neuroradiology,2014,56(9):737-744

    • [15] 徐慈航,李敬伟,朱晓蕾.急性缺血性卒中出血转化的研究进展[J].中国卒中杂志,2020,15(4):446-451

    • [16] ENOMOTO M,SHIGETA K,OTA T,et al.Predictors of intracranial hemorrhage in acute ischemic stroke after endovascular thrombectomy[J].Interv Neuroradiol,2020,26(4):368-375

    • [17] HASSAN A E,KOTTA H,SHARIFF U,et al.There is no association between the number of stent retriever passes and the incidence of hemorrhagic transformation for patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy[J].Front Neurol,2019,10:818

    • [18] RAYCHEV R,SAVER J L,JAHAN R,et al.The impact of general anesthesia,baseline ASPECTS,time to treatment,and IV tPA on intracranial hemorrhage after neuro⁃ thrombectomy:pooled analysis of the SWIFT PRIME,SWIFT,and STAR trials[J].J Neurointerv Surg,2020,12(1):2-6

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