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通讯作者:

姜胜华,E⁃mail:jshh⁃008@163.com

中图分类号:R139.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)01-053-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20220109

参考文献 1
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参考文献 2
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参考文献 6
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参考文献 7
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参考文献 8
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
D’ARENA G,MUSTO P,CASCAVILLA N,et al.CD38 expression correlates with adverse biological features and predicts poor clinical outcome in B ⁃cell chronic lympho⁃ cytic leukemia[J].Leuk Lymphoma,2001,42:109-114
参考文献 16
RICHES J C,O’DONOVAN C J,KINGDON S J,et al.Trisomy 12 chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells exhibit upregulation of integrin signaling that is modulated by notchmutations[J].Blood,2014,123(26):4101-4110
参考文献 17
BRACHTL G,HOFBAUER J P,GREIL R,et al.The pathogenic relevance of the prognostic markers CD38 and CD49d in chronic lymphocytic leukemia[J].Ann Hema⁃ tol,2014,93(3):361-374
参考文献 18
MOREAU C,LIU Q,GRAEFF R,et al.CD38 structure ⁃ based inhibitor design using the n1⁃ cyclic inosine5′ ⁃ di⁃ phosphate ribose template[J].PLoS One,2013,8(6):e66247
参考文献 19
GLASSMANA B,HAYES K J.The value of fluorescence in situ hybridization in the diagnosis and prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia[J].Cancer Genet Cytogen⁃ et,2005,158(1):88-91
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨荧光原位杂交技术(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)在检测慢性淋巴细胞白血病(chronic lympho⁃ cytic leukemia,CLL)中的应用及与患者临床指标和特征的相关性,并分析其判断患者预后的价值。方法:收集2013年6月— 2020年10月初诊于南通大学附属医院CLL患者74例,男43例,女31例。收集患者相关的临床特征、实验室检查、骨髓涂片、 免疫分型及FISH结果等资料。分析FISH检测的分子遗传学异常与患者的性别、年龄、临床Binet分期、Rai分期及相关实验室检查[如外周血淋巴细胞绝对值计数、血红蛋白、血小板、β2⁃微球蛋白(β2⁃microglobulin,β2⁃MG)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydro⁃ genase,LDH)水平]的相关性。结果:①CLL患者FISH检测至少具有1种分子遗传学异常者为56例,发生率为75.68%。②各种遗传学异常情况与患者性别、年龄无相关性(P > 0.05),与外周血淋巴细胞绝对值计数、血红蛋白、血小板、β2⁃MG、LDH的表达水平无明显相关性(P > 0.05)。③就Binet分期而言,12号染色体三体(+12)仅在B期和C期患者中检出,在Binet分期中的分布差异具有统计学意义(χ 2 =4.696,P =0.041);C期的生存时间明显短于A和B期(χ 2 =14.242,P =0.001)。就改良的Rai分期而言,ATM基因缺失仅在高危组检出,且此种分布差异具有统计学意义(χ 2 =5.40,P < 0.001);低中危组的生存时间明显优于高危组(χ 2 =12.393,P < 0.001);单纯 del(13q)核型异常的 CLL 患者生存时间明显长于伴有其他核型异常及复杂核型的患者(χ 2 = 8.138,P =0.017)。结论:CLL为惰性疾病,但其疾病进展和临床预后具有高度异质性。FISH检测结果联合疾病临床分期可更好地预测患者预后。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to investigate the correlation between cytogenetic detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)and the patients’clinical features in chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL),to analyze the prognostic value. Methods:Total 74 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients were collected in Nantong University Affiliated Hospital from June 2013 to October 2020,with 74 cases of newly diagnosed patients,43 males and 31 females. The clinical characteristics of patients, laboratory tests,bone marrow smear results,immunological typing results,FISH results and other information were collected. The correlation between cytogenetic abnormalities and gender,age,the clinical Binet staging,Rai staging and the related laboratory examinations[including peripheral blood lymphocyte absolute count,hemoglobin,platelets,lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),β2 ⁃ microglobulin(β2⁃MG)]were analyzed. Results:①Cytogenetic abnormalities were found in 56 of 74 CLL patients(75.68%). ②There was no significant relationship among the cytogenetic abnormalities and the sex,age,peripheral blood lymphocytes,hemoglobin, platelet,β2⁃MG,LDH expression level(P > 0.05). ③In the case of Binet stage,chromosome 12(+12)was only detected in stage B and stage C,and the differences were statistically significant(χ 2 =4.696,P =0.041). The survival time of group C was significantly shorter than that of group A and group B(χ 2 =14.242,P =0.001). In the modified Rai stage,the deletion of ATM gene were only detected in the high risk group,and this distribution had statistical differences(χ 2 =5.40,P < 0.001). The survival time of the high risk group was shorter than that in the low and medium risk group(χ 2 =12.393,P < 0.001). The survival time of CLL patients with simple del (13q)karyotype abnormality was significantly longer than that of patients with complex karyotype(χ 2 =8.138,P =0.017). Conclusion: CLL is an inert disease,but its disease progression and clinical prognosis are highly heterogeneous. FISH test results combined with disease clinical staging can better predict the prognosis.

  • 慢性淋巴细胞白血病(chronic lymphocytic leu⁃ kemia,CLL),是一种以成熟小淋巴细胞在血液、骨髓、淋巴组织中慢性恶性增殖的疾病。其临床特点为恶性增生的小淋巴细胞系单克隆、免疫不成熟型细胞。虽然大多数初治的CLL患者属于低危组,但其随后疾病进展也表现出明显的异质性。约10%CLL患者疾病进展迅速,很易错失最佳治疗时机,而有些CLL患者可有数十年以上的无病进展期。低危CLL患者血清中β2⁃微球蛋白(β2⁃microglobulin,β 2⁃MG)、可溶性CD23及胸苷激酶水平的升高往往提示存在疾病进展的高风险[1-3]。随着荧光原位杂交技术(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)在染色体异常核型检测中的应用,CLL遗传学的检出率显著提高,为60%~80%[4]。本研究目的为探讨17p13缺失、11q23缺失是否提示CLL预后不佳,13q14缺失是否提示疾病预后尚佳,CLL患者分子遗传学的异常是否在一定程度上指导了临床靶向诊疗。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 74例CLL淋巴细胞白血病均为2013年6月— 2020年10月在南通大学附属医院就诊的门诊或住院患者,其中男43例,女31例,年龄43~87岁(中位年龄67.5岁)。其诊断根据患者临床表现、血象、骨髓象、免疫组化染色等测定结果并参照《中国慢性淋巴细胞白血病/小淋巴细胞淋巴瘤的诊断与治疗指南》[5]

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 FISH检查

  • CLL患者应用D13S25(13q14.3)、RB1(13q14)、 ATM(11q22.3)、p53(17p13)、CSP12探针检测分析。探针均购自北京金菩嘉医疗有限公司,操作方法按公司说明书进行。每例分析200个细胞,计算出现阳性信号的百分率及其均值(z)和标准差(s),以z±3s作为对比值,检测值大于正常阈值为阳性。

  • 1.2.2 资料质量的保证

  • 严格按照上述诊断标准诊断和收集CLL患者,并由南通大学附属医院血液科副主任及以上医师诊断,临床指标[血红蛋白、淋巴细胞计数、血小板计数、β2⁃MG、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)等]、骨髓涂片结果、免疫分型结果及FISH结果均由检验技术人员严格按操作规程检测。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 20.0软件进行统计学处理。计数资料采用卡方检验或Fisher’s精确检验;生存分析采用极限乘积法(Kaplan Meier法)计算,行Log⁃rank检验。P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 CLL患者的FISH结果

  • 74例初诊CLL患者中,FISH检查结果正常者为18例,占24.32%(18/74);至少具有1种分子遗传学异常者为56例,占75.68%(56/74);del(13q)异常44例,占59.46%(44/74),其中D13S25(13q14.3)缺失32例,占43.24%(32/74);RB1(13q14)缺失12例,占21.43%(12/74);D13S25和RB1共同缺失12例,占16.22%(12/74)。ATM基因缺失者仅6例,占10.71%(6/74);P53基因缺失者8例,占10.81%(8/74);12号染色体三体(+12)异常者14例,占18.92%(14/74) (表1)。

  • 2.2 CLL患者FISH检测的分子遗传学异常与临床及实验室检查的关系

  • 74例CLL患者遗传学异常情况与患者性别、年龄无相关性(P> 0.05),与外周血淋巴细胞绝对值计数、血红蛋白、血小板、β2⁃MG、LDH的表达水平无明显相关性(P> 0.05)。Rai分期中D13S25基因缺失分布的差异具有统计学意义(P< 0.001),主要分布在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期,可能与本研究的病例均为初诊患者有关。ATM基因缺失仅在高危组检出,且此种分布差异具有统计学意义(P< 0.001,表2)。

  • 表1 74例初诊CLL患者的FISH结果

  • Table1 FISH results of 74newly diagnosed CLL patients

  • 2.3 74例CLL患者的生存分析

  • 本研究对74例初诊患者进行了随访,随访时间2013年6月1日—2020年10月30日,其中位生存期超过39.71个月。随访期间74例CLL患者中有9例患者死亡,其中5例伴有P53基因缺失或ATM基因或复杂性核型异常,且均处于Binet分期C期、Rai改良分期的高危组。本研究发现低中危组的生存时间明显优于高危组(χ2=12.393,P< 0.001,图1);C期患者的生存时间明显短于A期和B期患者(χ2=14.242, P=0.001,图2);伴有单纯del(13q)核型异常的CLL患者生存时间明显长于伴有其他核型异常、复杂核型的患者(χ2=8.138,P=0.017,图3);伴P53基因缺失CLL患者的平均生存时间为18.00个月,明显短于不伴此种核型异常者(41.28个月);伴ATM基因缺失者的平均生存时间为18.33个月,明显短于不伴此异常者(41.30个月)。由于本研究中伴有P53或ATM基因异常的发生率相对较低,其平均生存时间的差异是否有统计学意义,可能仍需扩大样本量和延长随访时间继续观察。

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究应用D13S25探针和RB1探针检测13号染色体长臂的缺失、P53探针检测17p13缺失,ATM探针检测11q22.3缺失,CSP12探针检测12号染色体三体。结果显示,至少具有1种分子遗传学异常的发生率为75.68%,与国内相关研究报道的63.3%~83.1%一致[6-7],与国外相关报道的69%~82%也符合[48-10]

  • 本研究中del(13q)的发生率为59.46%,相近于Dohner等[4] 所报道的50%及国内所报道的54%[6-7],这一数据也说明del(13q)为CLL最常见的染色体异常。44例具有del(13q)的CLL患者在性别、年龄、临床分期、淋巴细胞绝对值计数、血红蛋白、血小板计数、β2⁃MG、LDH中的差异无统计学意义,随访期间,单纯del(13q)核型异常的生存期明显长于伴有其他核型异常、复杂核型的患者,这就提示单纯del (13q)核型异常往往提示CLL的预后良好。

  • Dohner等[4] 认为ATM基因缺失为CLL第二常见的细胞遗传学异常,发生率为10%~20%,且多发生于年轻CLL患者,伴有ATM基因的缺失往往提示疾病进展迅速。本研究共有6例患者伴有ATM基因缺失,发生率为8.11%,发生率较低,可能与所搜集的样本差异和地域差异有关。Binet分期显示,A期0例,B期0例,C期6例;Rai分期显示,0期0例, Ⅰ期0例,Ⅱ期0例,Ⅲ期2例,Ⅳ期4例,ATM基因缺失仅在Rai改良分期的高危组中出现,在低中危组和高危组的分布差异具有统计学意义,表明ATM基因异常提示疾病进展较快。

  • P53基因为重要的抑癌基因,位于染色体17q13,其缺失引起细胞周期和细胞凋亡失调,从而促进疾病的发生、进展。本研究中8例检出P53基因缺失,发生率为10.81%,Binet分期均处于C期, Rai分期均处于Ⅲ、Ⅳ期,疾病进展迅速,生存期较短,且伴P53基因缺失CLL患者的平均生存时间仅为18.00个月,明显短于不伴此种核型异常者(41.28个月),但是否有统计学意义,需扩大样本量及延长随访时间才能进一步明确,但存在这种差异,说明P53基因缺失可能提示预后不良。

  • 本研究中12号染色体三体的发生率为18.92%,且5例伴有其他染色体异常,均伴有del(13)。临床多见于Binet分期B和C期,且这种分期分布的差异具有统计学意义,这与相关文献报道的12号染色体三体多见于疾病晚期一致[11-12]。丛佳等[13] 研究发现+12遗传学异常在年龄较高组(≥60岁)中更易出现,本研究14例+12异常者,其中有12例≥60岁,2例< 60例,但年龄分布差异没有统计学意义。CD38是一个高度保守的跨膜糖蛋白,在血液和淋巴器官之间转运淋巴细胞及淋巴器官产生和淋巴细胞增殖中发挥重要作用,因此CD38抑制剂对部分CLL患者有特定疗效,目前CD38抑制剂正在研究开发中[14-17]。具有12号染色体三体的CLL患者往往具有高水平的CD20表达,这就表明具有12号染色体三体的CLL患者可能对利妥昔单抗有更好的反应[18],这些都为CLL患者的治疗策略提供了新思路,但其确切疗效和应用价值还有待进一步研究和更多证据验证。

  • 表2 FISH检测的遗传学异常与临床及实验室检查的关系

  • Table2 Relationship between genetic abnormalities detected by FISH and clinical and laboratory tests

  • 图1 低中危/高危组生存曲线

  • Fig.1 Survival curve of low⁃moderate/high⁃risk groups

  • 图2 Binet分期各期生存曲线

  • Fig.2 Survival curves of Binet stages

  • 图3 细胞遗传学异常的生存曲线

  • Fig.3 Survival curves for cytogenetic abnormalities

  • CLL患者的预后有着明显的异质性。分子遗传学研究发现染色体异常与患者的生存期密切相关,根据预后情况将分子遗传学异常从预后差至预后相对好排序为17p13缺失,其次是11q22.3缺失,接着是12号染色体三体,具有最好预后的染色体异常是del(13q)[19]。CLL为惰性疾病,临床表现各异,病程长短不一,预后差别较大,同一临床分期,也可有截然不同的疾病进展和结局。传统的CLL预后指标有其局限性,随着近年来分子检测技术的发展和不断深入,目前认为分子细胞遗传标志是CLL最具价值的预后指标,对于CLL预后的意义优于其他传统预后指标,将FISH结果与临床分期结合可更好地预测CLL患者的预后。

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] SARFATI M,CHEVRET S,CHASTANG C,et al.Prog⁃ nostic importance of serum soluble CD23 level in chronic lymphocytic leukemia[J].Blood,1996,88(11):4259-4264

    • [3] HALLEK M,LANGENMAYER I,NERL C,et al.Elevat⁃ ed serum thymidine kinase levels identify a subgroup at high risk of disease progression in early,nonsmoldering chronic lymphocytic leukemia[J].Blood,1999,93(5):1732-1737

    • [4] DOHNER H,STILGENBAUER S,BENNER A,et al.Ge⁃ nomic aberrations and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia[J].N Engl J Med,2000,343(26):1910-1916

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    • [6] 戴丹,张秀群,张学忠,等.30 例慢性淋巴细胞白血病分子遗传学异常的FISH检测的意义[J].中国实验血液学杂志,2009,17(1):31-35

    • [7] 傅蔷,林晓岚,陈万紫,等.59 例慢性淋巴细胞白血病分子遗传学异常的FISH检测[J].检验医学与临床,2015,12(20):2991-2993

    • [8] STILGENBAUER S,LICHTER P,DOHNER H.Genetic features of B ⁃cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia[J].Rev ClinExp Hematol,2000,4(1):48-72

    • [9] DEWALD G W,BROCKMAN S R,PATERNOSTER S F,et al.Chromosome anomalies detected by interphase fluo⁃ rescence in situhybridization:correlation with significant biological features of B ⁃cell chronic lymphocytic leukae⁃ mia[J].Br J Haematol,2003,121(2):287-295

    • [10] CHENA C,ARROSSAGARAY G,SCOLNIK M,et al.In⁃ terphase cytogenetic analysis in argentinean B⁃cell chron⁃ ic lymphocytic leukemia patients:association of trisomy 12 and del(13q14)[J].Cancer Genet Cytogenet,2003,146(2):154-160

    • [11] GLASSMAN A B.The value of fluorescence in situ hy⁃ bridization in the diagnosis and prognosis of chronic lym⁃ phocytic leukemia[J].Cancer Genet Cytogenet,2005,158:88-91

    • [12] GEISLER C H,PHILIP P,CHRISTENSEN B E,et al.In B⁃cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia chromosome17 ab⁃ normalities and not trisomy12 are the single most important cytogenetic abnormalities for theprognosis:acytogenetic and immunophenotypic study of 480 unselected newly diagnosed patients[J].Leuk Res,1997,21:1011-1023

    • [13] 丛佳,李辉,周道斌,等.84例慢性淋巴细胞白血病遗传学异常及预后分析[J].基础医学与临床,2012,32(1):1-6

    • [14] CRO L,FERRARIO A,LIONETTI M,et al.The clinical and biological features of a series of immunophenotypic variant of B⁃CLL[J].Eur J Haematol,2010,85(1):120-129

    • [15] D’ARENA G,MUSTO P,CASCAVILLA N,et al.CD38 expression correlates with adverse biological features and predicts poor clinical outcome in B ⁃cell chronic lympho⁃ cytic leukemia[J].Leuk Lymphoma,2001,42:109-114

    • [16] RICHES J C,O’DONOVAN C J,KINGDON S J,et al.Trisomy 12 chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells exhibit upregulation of integrin signaling that is modulated by notchmutations[J].Blood,2014,123(26):4101-4110

    • [17] BRACHTL G,HOFBAUER J P,GREIL R,et al.The pathogenic relevance of the prognostic markers CD38 and CD49d in chronic lymphocytic leukemia[J].Ann Hema⁃ tol,2014,93(3):361-374

    • [18] MOREAU C,LIU Q,GRAEFF R,et al.CD38 structure ⁃ based inhibitor design using the n1⁃ cyclic inosine5′ ⁃ di⁃ phosphate ribose template[J].PLoS One,2013,8(6):e66247

    • [19] GLASSMANA B,HAYES K J.The value of fluorescence in situ hybridization in the diagnosis and prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia[J].Cancer Genet Cytogen⁃ et,2005,158(1):88-91

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    • [5] 中华医学会血液学分会白血病淋巴瘤学组.中国抗癌协会血液肿瘤专业委员会.中国慢性淋巴细胞白血病/小淋巴细胞淋巴瘤的诊断与治疗指南(2018版)[J].中华血液学杂志,2018,39(5):353-358

    • [6] 戴丹,张秀群,张学忠,等.30 例慢性淋巴细胞白血病分子遗传学异常的FISH检测的意义[J].中国实验血液学杂志,2009,17(1):31-35

    • [7] 傅蔷,林晓岚,陈万紫,等.59 例慢性淋巴细胞白血病分子遗传学异常的FISH检测[J].检验医学与临床,2015,12(20):2991-2993

    • [8] STILGENBAUER S,LICHTER P,DOHNER H.Genetic features of B ⁃cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia[J].Rev ClinExp Hematol,2000,4(1):48-72

    • [9] DEWALD G W,BROCKMAN S R,PATERNOSTER S F,et al.Chromosome anomalies detected by interphase fluo⁃ rescence in situhybridization:correlation with significant biological features of B ⁃cell chronic lymphocytic leukae⁃ mia[J].Br J Haematol,2003,121(2):287-295

    • [10] CHENA C,ARROSSAGARAY G,SCOLNIK M,et al.In⁃ terphase cytogenetic analysis in argentinean B⁃cell chron⁃ ic lymphocytic leukemia patients:association of trisomy 12 and del(13q14)[J].Cancer Genet Cytogenet,2003,146(2):154-160

    • [11] GLASSMAN A B.The value of fluorescence in situ hy⁃ bridization in the diagnosis and prognosis of chronic lym⁃ phocytic leukemia[J].Cancer Genet Cytogenet,2005,158:88-91

    • [12] GEISLER C H,PHILIP P,CHRISTENSEN B E,et al.In B⁃cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia chromosome17 ab⁃ normalities and not trisomy12 are the single most important cytogenetic abnormalities for theprognosis:acytogenetic and immunophenotypic study of 480 unselected newly diagnosed patients[J].Leuk Res,1997,21:1011-1023

    • [13] 丛佳,李辉,周道斌,等.84例慢性淋巴细胞白血病遗传学异常及预后分析[J].基础医学与临床,2012,32(1):1-6

    • [14] CRO L,FERRARIO A,LIONETTI M,et al.The clinical and biological features of a series of immunophenotypic variant of B⁃CLL[J].Eur J Haematol,2010,85(1):120-129

    • [15] D’ARENA G,MUSTO P,CASCAVILLA N,et al.CD38 expression correlates with adverse biological features and predicts poor clinical outcome in B ⁃cell chronic lympho⁃ cytic leukemia[J].Leuk Lymphoma,2001,42:109-114

    • [16] RICHES J C,O’DONOVAN C J,KINGDON S J,et al.Trisomy 12 chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells exhibit upregulation of integrin signaling that is modulated by notchmutations[J].Blood,2014,123(26):4101-4110

    • [17] BRACHTL G,HOFBAUER J P,GREIL R,et al.The pathogenic relevance of the prognostic markers CD38 and CD49d in chronic lymphocytic leukemia[J].Ann Hema⁃ tol,2014,93(3):361-374

    • [18] MOREAU C,LIU Q,GRAEFF R,et al.CD38 structure ⁃ based inhibitor design using the n1⁃ cyclic inosine5′ ⁃ di⁃ phosphate ribose template[J].PLoS One,2013,8(6):e66247

    • [19] GLASSMANA B,HAYES K J.The value of fluorescence in situ hybridization in the diagnosis and prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia[J].Cancer Genet Cytogen⁃ et,2005,158(1):88-91