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通讯作者:

夏添松,E⁃mail:xiatsswms@163.com

中图分类号:R737.9

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)01-142-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20220128

参考文献 1
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参考文献 7
BIDARD F C,JACOT W,KIAVUE N,et al.Efficacy of circulating tumor cell count ⁃ driven vs.clinician ⁃ driven first ⁃ line therapy choice in hormone receptor ⁃ positive,ERBB2⁃negative metastatic breast cancer:the STIC CTC randomized clinical trial[J].JAMA Oncol,2021,7(1):34-41
参考文献 8
IWATA H,MASUDA N,YAMAMOTO D,et al.Circulat⁃ ing tumor cells as a prognostic marker for efficacy in the randomized phase Ⅲ JO21095 trial in Japanese patients with HER2⁃ negative metastatic breast cancer[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat,2017,162(3):501-510
参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
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参考文献 11
CRISTOFANILLI M,JY P,REUBEN J,et al.The clinical use of circulating tumor cells(CTCs)enumeration for stag⁃ ing of metastatic breast cancer(MBC):international ex⁃ pert consensus paper[J].Crit Rev Oncol Hematol,2019,134:39-45
参考文献 12
MUNZONE E,NOLÉ F,GOLDHIRSCH A,et al.Changes of HER2 status in circulating tumor cells compared with the primary tumor during treatment for advanced breast cancer[J].Clin Breast Cancer,2010,10(5):392-397
参考文献 13
ONSTENK W,SIEUWERTS A M,WEEKHOUT M,et al.Gene expression profiles of circulating tumor cells versus primary tumors in metastatic breast cancer[J].Cancer Lett,2015,362(1):36-44
参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
MOSTERT B,SIEUWERTS A M,KRAAN J,et al.Gene expression profiles in circulating tumor cells to predict prognosis in metastatic breast cancer patients[J].Ann Oncol,2015,26(3):510-516
参考文献 17
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参考文献 18
DOI T,SHITARA K,NAITO Y,et al.Safety,pharmacoki⁃ netics,and antitumour activity of trastuzumab deruxtecan(DS⁃8201),a HER2⁃targeting antibody⁃drug conjugate,in patients with advanced breast and gastric or gastro⁃oe⁃ sophageal tumours:a phase 1 dose ⁃ escalation study[J].Lancet Oncol,2017,18(11):1512-1522
参考文献 19
JACOT W,COTTU P,BERGER F,et al.Actionability of HER2 ⁃ amplified circulating tumor cells in HER2 ⁃ nega⁃ tive metastatic breast cancer:the Circe T ⁃DM1 trial[J].Breast Cancer Res,2019,21(1):121
参考文献 20
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参考文献 25
JORDAN N V,BARDIA A,WITTNER B S,et al.HER2 expression identifies dynamic functional states within cir⁃ culating breast cancer cells[J].Nature,2016,537(7618):102-106
目录contents

    摘要

    近年来,乳腺癌的个体化治疗越来越受到重视,在转移性乳腺癌患者中尤其如此。由于不同个体间和个体内部各肿瘤病灶间的异质性,治疗效果和生存时间差异明显。因此,准确、实时、高效地评估肿瘤负荷及相关生物学特性是进行个体化治疗的前提。相对于传统的组织活检手段,基于循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cell,CTC)的液体活检由于其无创性和便捷性逐渐在精准治疗方面展现出巨大的应用潜力。CTC在肿瘤的早期诊断、微小残余/复发病灶的检测、预后评价、耐药监测等方面的优势也被众多研究证实。本文主要讨论CTC计数和表型在转移性乳腺癌患者的预后评估、疗效评价、治疗决策方面的应用。

    Abstract

    Objective:In recent years,the individualized therapy of breast cancer,especially in the metastatic stage,has been put into spotlight. Medication efficacy and survival time of metastasis breast cancer are varied due to the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of tumor. Compared with the conventional methods such as tissue biopsy,circulating tumor cell(CTC)⁃ based liquid biopsy could become a potential surrogate in precise medicine as blood is easily accessible in the peripheral vessels without an invasive procedure. A large number of studies have shown the advantages of CTC in early diagnosis,detection of minimal residual or relapsed disease, prediction of prognosis and drug resistance. In this review,we discussed the count and the molecular characteristic of CTC in metastasis breast cancer focused on the prognosis,efficacy evaluation and treatment decision.

  • 在全世界范围内,乳腺癌是女性中发病率最高的肿瘤,在2020年因癌症死亡的女性中,乳腺癌占比最高[1]

  • 随着健康宣教、早期筛查的普及,临床确诊的早期乳腺癌的比例在逐渐增加,但仍有不少患者首次就诊时即处于局部进展期,甚至已有区域淋巴结及远处器官脏器的转移;早期乳腺癌是可治愈的,但还有一部分早期乳腺癌患者由于肿瘤侵袭性较高,术后出现复发、转移。转移性肿瘤的形成是一个“自然选择”的过程,仅有一小部分有“潜力”的癌细胞可能从原发灶被动或者主动脱落,进入淋巴循环或血液循环形成循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cell,CTC),逃避机体的免疫监控,然后到达靶器官形成转移性肿瘤。这是一个复杂的过程,目前机制尚没有完全明确。

  • 自1869年血液中的肿瘤细胞首次被发现以来,这方面的研究在相当长的一段时间内停滞不前,原因在于血液中的CTC数量极少,想从数毫升的外周血中分离出肿瘤细胞非常困难。随着医学物理学、分子生物学、生物工程技术的发展,捕获分离技术逐步改进优化,越来越多的分离设备被研发出来并用于临床。越来越多的学者开始着手研究CTC在肿瘤的早期诊断、微小残余/复发病灶的检测、预后评价、耐药监测等方面的应用。

  • 复发转移是乳腺癌患者主要死亡原因。虽然近些年来各种化疗、内分泌治疗、抗人表皮生长因子受体(human epidermalgrowth factor receptor ⁃ 2, HER⁃2)靶向治疗及免疫治疗药物广泛应用于转移性乳腺癌的治疗,但由于肿瘤细胞的异质性和治疗压力性进化使得这些患者总体的临床治疗效果仍欠佳。如果能早期及时检测复发和监测肿瘤耐药,就能尽早进行治疗干预并及时调整治疗方案。本文主要论述CTC在转移性乳腺癌预后评估、治疗决策、疗效评估方面的应用。

  • 1 CTC计数在转移性乳腺癌患者中的应用

  • 在预后评估方面,2004年发表的一项研究首次评估了CTC计数在转移性乳腺癌患者的预后价值。他们发现治疗前外周血中CTC计数≥5的患者中位无进展生存期(progression free survival, PFS)和总生存期(overall survival,OS)均显著短于CTC计数< 5的患者;而治疗后CTC计数仍较高者的中位PFS更短;CTC计数较影像学检查能更早评估疾病进展和预测生存时间[2],后续研究也进一步证实了CTC计数及其动态变化是独立有效的预后评价指标[3]。另一项回顾性分析表明,转移病灶数量,是否存在内脏转移,CTC计数≥5均为影响PFS和OS的独立危险因素。CTC计数与一般状况、全身肿瘤负荷、癌胚抗原和糖类抗原15⁃3等存在相关性。 CTC计数≥5的患者初始全身肿瘤负荷及治疗失败后转移病灶的增加均高于CTC计数< 5患者[4]。此外,还有研究者比较了CTC和CTC簇的预后价值,结果表明在行一线化疗的转移性乳腺癌患者中,病死率与CTC计数密切相关而与CTC簇计数无关[5]

  • 在治疗决策方面,SWOG S0500临床试验对拟行一线化疗的转移性乳腺癌患者先按照基线CTC计数≥5进行分组化疗,化疗后CTC计数仍高者分为两组,一组维持原方案化疗,另一组调整化疗方案,结果表明基于CTC计数调整化疗方案未能延长PFS和OS[6]。最近发表的STIC CTC研究聚焦于CTC能否指导HER⁃2基因不扩增(HER⁃2-)、激素受体阳性 (HR+)转移性乳腺癌的一线治疗方案选择,结果表明,在临床低风险+低CTC、临床高风险+高CTC和临床高风险+低CTC这3个亚组中,不同治疗方案选择并未影响PFS,而在临床低风险+高CTC亚组中, CTC指导治疗组的PFS更长。相较于传统的多指标临床评估手段而言,采取单一的CTC计数来指导治疗方案的选择并不存在劣势,并在临床低风险+高CTC亚组中存在明显的优势;将临床风险和CTC不一致的两亚组合并分析发现,化疗比内分泌治疗更能延长PFS和OS[7]

  • 在疗效评估方面,JO21095研究发现第一疗程后CTC计数持续较高的患者相较于CTC减少者和CTC阴性者有着更高的疾病进展风险,这意味着治疗期间CTC计数的变化有助于监测治疗效果[8]。另一项CirCe01研究表明,对于一、二线化疗已耐药的转移性乳腺癌患者,在后续的化疗中采取CTC计数进行疗效检测评价相较于传统方法并没有取得更好的效果[9]

  • CTC计数的阈值选择在临床试验的设计、实施和分析方面是比较重要的问题。目前大部分研究选择CTC计数≥5作为界值,然而也有选择CTC计数 ≥2 [8] 和≥1 [310] 的研究报道。还有研究人员发现在HER⁃2基因扩增(HER⁃2+)乳腺癌患者中CTC的检出率较低[4]。由于不同分子分型乳腺癌患者的预后、治疗方案、治疗效果均存在差别,因此CTC的界值是否需要根据分子分型调整有待进一步研究。 CTC在临床应用方面的国际专家共识确定可将CTC计数≥5作为一个预后评估、治疗效果评价的分层指标[11]。此外,由于转移性乳腺癌患者的异质性较大,可能接受过多线方案的治疗,在进一步研究过程中需要将CTC计数与传统评价手段相结合,以期获得更准确的研究结果。

  • 2 CTC表型检测在转移性乳腺癌中的意义

  • 目前对转移性乳腺癌患者CTC表型的研究主要聚焦于其HER⁃2表达水平。在预后价值方面, Munzone等[12] 的研究发现CTC阴性、HER⁃2-CTC和HER⁃2+ CTC患者的中位PFS分别为25周、20周和15周,提示HER⁃2+ CTC可能意味着不良预后;另一项研究表明CTC的HER⁃2表达水平并没有明显的预后价值[13];然而,还有研究团队报告了相反结果, HER⁃2+ CTC患者的PFS较长[14]。也有研究者通过分析ESR1mRNA含量来评估CTC的雌激素受体 (estrogen receptor,ER)表达水平的预后价值[15]。此外,相较于单个标志物的检测,有学者通过CTC的基因表达谱建立预后预测模型,虽然有着相对较高的灵敏度(85%),但特异度(32%)较低[16]。这几项研究结果不一致的主要原因可能与入组标准、样本含量、CTC计数等差异有关,而且,不同分子分型的乳腺癌其CTC的表型也可能存在差异,需要谨慎地看待这些结果。

  • 在治疗决策方面,曲妥珠单抗的应用显著改善了HER⁃2+ 乳腺癌患者治疗效果。HER⁃2-原发肿瘤、 HER⁃2+ CTC的转移性乳腺癌患者能否从靶向治疗中获益具有重要意义。有研究人员对4例HER⁃2-原发肿瘤、HER⁃2+ CTC的转移性乳腺癌患者使用曲妥珠单抗靶向治疗,1例完全缓解,2例部分缓解[17]。近期新型的抗体药物偶联物恩美曲妥珠单抗 (T⁃DM1)已在国内上市。先前已有研究者将抗体药物偶联物DS⁃8201用于转移性乳腺癌、胃癌和胃食管交界处癌患者,结果表明,即使原发肿瘤HER⁃2-的患者,DS⁃8201也表现抗肿瘤的活性[18]。最近开展的CirCe T⁃DM1研究显示,14例HER⁃2+ CTC的患者中,11例患者接受了T⁃DM1治疗,1例患者获得部分缓解,总体中位PFS和OS分别为4.9个月和9.5个月[19]。这些临床试验没有得到期望的结果,原因可能与最终纳入靶向治疗的HER⁃2+ CTC患者数量较少以及HER⁃2+ CTC检出率较低(9%)有关,此外有相当一部分的患者接受过一线、二线甚至更多的治疗,单纯应用抗HER⁃2靶向药物的疗效有可能不及联合内分泌治疗、化疗及靶向治疗。

  • 在疗效评估方面,有研究表明,对于先前接受靶向治疗的HER⁃2+ 转移性乳腺癌患者,在治疗后HER⁃2+ CTC数量及检出率显著下降,有助于评估治疗效果[20]。DETECT Ⅲ研究纳入HER⁃2-原发肿瘤、 HER⁃2+ CTC的转移性乳腺癌患者,采用标准化疗或内分泌治疗联合拉帕替尼或者安慰剂,通过PFS、 OS、客观缓解率,临床获益率和CTC计数变化来评估疗效,已于2020年3月完成患者入组,研究正在进行中,结果值得期待[21]

  • 对于转移性乳腺癌患者,需要重新评估转移灶的HER⁃2、HR表达水平。相较于穿刺活检,检测CTC可以实时、连续评估肿瘤的HER⁃2表达水平。多项研究指出在HER⁃2-原发肿瘤的乳腺癌患者外周血中可检测到HER⁃2+ CTC[1422]。原发肿瘤和转移灶的HER⁃2表达一致性可达70%~95%,CTC和转移灶的HER⁃2表达一致性约70%[23],但对于多发转移肿瘤的患者,单个转移瘤的穿刺活检结果并不能准确反映全部转移病灶的HER⁃2表达水平[24]。然而CTC的HER⁃2状态并不是持续不变的,有研究人员对HR+/HER⁃2- 原发肿瘤患者的CTC进行体外培养后分离HER⁃2+ 和HER⁃2- 亚群;HER⁃2+ CTC增殖能力更强,而HER⁃2- CTC的耐药性增强。HER⁃2+ 和HER⁃2- CTC可以自发地相互转化[25]。HER⁃2表型的动态变化可能与治疗压力性进化有关,并且可实时进行选择,这给肿瘤的治疗增加了不确定性,还需要更多的基础研究深入挖掘内部的相关机制。

  • 3 小结与展望

  • 综合上述相关研究,在转移性乳腺癌患者的预后评价方面,CTC计数是一个非常有应用前景的指标,CTC计数升高常常意味着更短的PFS和OS。基于目前的相关研究,CTC计数的界值还应选择≥5; 在不同的分子分型的转移性乳腺癌患者中,CTC计数可能不存在显著性差异。而在CTC表型(主要是HER⁃2)与预后的关系方面,尚没有确定性的结果。

  • 在现有的治疗手段下,转移性乳腺癌仍是不可治愈的疾病,相关的治疗方案不仅要以提高PFS和OS为目标,还需要充分考虑到患者的生存质量。目前的治疗决策依赖于临床的评估,包括原发肿瘤和转移灶的病理特征和分子分型、转移灶部位和数量、机体基础状态、先前曾接受过的治疗等。在二线、三线甚至更多线的治疗下,仅有部分患者能从中获益,而对于另一部分患者来说,更加激进的治疗并没有能显著延长生存期,反而可能产生治疗相关不良反应,提高有限生存期内的生活质量在一定意义上或许比单纯地增加短暂的生存时间更重要。在治疗后CTC的数量变化一定程度上能反映治疗效果,但是单纯通过CTC的数量变化来进行治疗决策的可信度还是不高。另一方面,虽然有少部分关于HER⁃2过表达CTC在指导转移性乳腺癌抗HER⁃2治疗方面研究报告了阳性结果,但受制于较少的样本量和入组患者的同质性较差等原因,结果尚不稳定。将CTC计数和表型相结合来指导治疗决策或许可以提高可靠性。针对CTC的HR表达相关的研究或许也能成为研究内分泌治疗耐药的一个切入点,CTC表型的动态变化与乳腺癌转移的内在关系还需要深入研究。

  • 如今,乳腺癌的治疗已进入精准治疗时代,准确、实时、高效地评估肿瘤的相关特征是进行个体化治疗的前提。由于肿瘤内部的异质性,传统活检的方法无法全面评估肿瘤基因图谱,而且反复多次对复发及转移肿瘤进行组织穿刺在临床诊疗过程中可行性较差。基于CTC的液体活检逐渐展现出巨大的优势,在转移性乳腺癌患者中尤其明显。这使得在疾病进展期间及治疗前后进行个体化纵向监测肿瘤的生物学行为、评估肿瘤异质性成为可能。实时监测肿瘤的生物学特征有助于观察疾病的进程和治疗反应,以便于调整后续的治疗方案。诚然,CTC在无创性和可重复性方面拥有明显的优势,但还需要更多的多中心、前瞻性研究来证实CTC在精准、合理地指导转移性乳腺癌患者的治疗选择、疗效评价及方案调整等方面的临床应用价值。

  • 参考文献

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    • [4] GIORDANO A,GIULIANO M,DE LAURENTIIS M,et al.Circulating tumor cells in immunohistochemical sub⁃ types of metastatic breast cancer:lack of prediction in HER2⁃ positive disease treated with targeted therapy[J].Ann Oncol,2012,23(5):1144-1150

    • [5] PAOLETTI C,MIAO J,DOLCE E M,et al.Circulating tu⁃ mor cell clusters in patients with metastatic breast cancer:a SWOG S0500 translational medicine study[J].Clin Cancer Res,2019,25(20):6089-6097

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    • [7] BIDARD F C,JACOT W,KIAVUE N,et al.Efficacy of circulating tumor cell count ⁃ driven vs.clinician ⁃ driven first ⁃ line therapy choice in hormone receptor ⁃ positive,ERBB2⁃negative metastatic breast cancer:the STIC CTC randomized clinical trial[J].JAMA Oncol,2021,7(1):34-41

    • [8] IWATA H,MASUDA N,YAMAMOTO D,et al.Circulat⁃ ing tumor cells as a prognostic marker for efficacy in the randomized phase Ⅲ JO21095 trial in Japanese patients with HER2⁃ negative metastatic breast cancer[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat,2017,162(3):501-510

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    • [10] SPARANO J,O’NEILL A,ALPAUGH K,et al.Associa⁃ tion of circulating tumor cells with late recurrence of es⁃ trogen receptor⁃positive breast cancer:a secondary analy⁃ sis of a randomized clinical trial[J].JAMA Oncol,2018,4(12):1700-1706

    • [11] CRISTOFANILLI M,JY P,REUBEN J,et al.The clinical use of circulating tumor cells(CTCs)enumeration for stag⁃ ing of metastatic breast cancer(MBC):international ex⁃ pert consensus paper[J].Crit Rev Oncol Hematol,2019,134:39-45

    • [12] MUNZONE E,NOLÉ F,GOLDHIRSCH A,et al.Changes of HER2 status in circulating tumor cells compared with the primary tumor during treatment for advanced breast cancer[J].Clin Breast Cancer,2010,10(5):392-397

    • [13] ONSTENK W,SIEUWERTS A M,WEEKHOUT M,et al.Gene expression profiles of circulating tumor cells versus primary tumors in metastatic breast cancer[J].Cancer Lett,2015,362(1):36-44

    • [14] AGELAKI S,DRAGOLIA M,MARKONANOLAKI H,et al.Phenotypic characterization of circulating tumor cells in triple negative breast cancer patients[J].Oncotarget,2017,8(3):5309-5322

    • [15] REIJM E A,SIEUWERTS A M,SMID M,et al.An 8⁃gene mRNA expression profile in circulating tumor cells pre⁃ dicts response to aromatase inhibitors in metastatic breast cancer patients[J].BMC Cancer,2016,16:123

    • [16] MOSTERT B,SIEUWERTS A M,KRAAN J,et al.Gene expression profiles in circulating tumor cells to predict prognosis in metastatic breast cancer patients[J].Ann Oncol,2015,26(3):510-516

    • [17] MENG S,TRIPATHY D,SHETE S,et al.HER ⁃ 2 gene amplification can be acquired as breast cancer progresses [J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2004,101(25):9393-9398

    • [18] DOI T,SHITARA K,NAITO Y,et al.Safety,pharmacoki⁃ netics,and antitumour activity of trastuzumab deruxtecan(DS⁃8201),a HER2⁃targeting antibody⁃drug conjugate,in patients with advanced breast and gastric or gastro⁃oe⁃ sophageal tumours:a phase 1 dose ⁃ escalation study[J].Lancet Oncol,2017,18(11):1512-1522

    • [19] JACOT W,COTTU P,BERGER F,et al.Actionability of HER2 ⁃ amplified circulating tumor cells in HER2 ⁃ nega⁃ tive metastatic breast cancer:the Circe T ⁃DM1 trial[J].Breast Cancer Res,2019,21(1):121

    • [20] DEUTSCH T M,RIETHDORF S,FREMD C,et al.HER2⁃ targeted therapy influences CTC status in metastatic breast cancer[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat,2020,182(1):127-136

    • [21] BIDARD F C,FEHM T,IGNATIADIS M,et al.Clinical application of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer:overview of the current interventional trials[J].Cancer Metastasis Rev,2013,32(1/2):179-188

    • [22] JAEGER B S,NEUGEBAUER J,ANDERGASSEN U,et al.The HER2 phenotype of circulating tumor cells in HER2 ⁃ positive early breast cancer:a translational re⁃ search project of a prospective randomized phase Ⅲ trial [J].PLoS One,2017,12(6):e0173593

    • [23] WALLWIENER M,HARTKOPF A D,RIETHDORF S,et al.The impact of HER2 phenotype of circulating tumor cells in metastatic breast cancer:a retrospective study in 107 patients[J].BMC Cancer,2015,15:403

    • [24] GANCBERG D,DI LEO A,CARDOSO F,et al.Compari⁃ son of HER ⁃2 status between primary breast cancer and corresponding distant metastatic sites[J].Ann Oncol,2002,13(7):1036-1043

    • [25] JORDAN N V,BARDIA A,WITTNER B S,et al.HER2 expression identifies dynamic functional states within cir⁃ culating breast cancer cells[J].Nature,2016,537(7618):102-106

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SUNG H,FERLAY J,SIEGEL R L,et al.Global cancer statistics 2020:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2021,71(3):209-249

    • [2] CRISTOFANILLI M,BUDD G T,ELLIS M J,et al.Circu⁃ lating tumor cells,disease progression,and survival in metastatic breast cancer[J].New Engl J Med,2004,351(8):781-791

    • [3] PIERGA J Y,HAJAGE D,BACHELOT T,et al.High in⁃ dependent prognostic and predictive value of circulating tumor cells compared with serum tumor markers in a large prospective trial in first⁃line chemotherapy for meta⁃ static breast cancer patients[J].Ann Oncol,2012,23(3):618-624

    • [4] GIORDANO A,GIULIANO M,DE LAURENTIIS M,et al.Circulating tumor cells in immunohistochemical sub⁃ types of metastatic breast cancer:lack of prediction in HER2⁃ positive disease treated with targeted therapy[J].Ann Oncol,2012,23(5):1144-1150

    • [5] PAOLETTI C,MIAO J,DOLCE E M,et al.Circulating tu⁃ mor cell clusters in patients with metastatic breast cancer:a SWOG S0500 translational medicine study[J].Clin Cancer Res,2019,25(20):6089-6097

    • [6] SMERAGE J B,BARLOW W E,HORTOBAGYI G N,et al.Circulating tumor cells and response to chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer:SWOG S0500[J].J Clin On⁃ col,2014,32(31):3483-3489

    • [7] BIDARD F C,JACOT W,KIAVUE N,et al.Efficacy of circulating tumor cell count ⁃ driven vs.clinician ⁃ driven first ⁃ line therapy choice in hormone receptor ⁃ positive,ERBB2⁃negative metastatic breast cancer:the STIC CTC randomized clinical trial[J].JAMA Oncol,2021,7(1):34-41

    • [8] IWATA H,MASUDA N,YAMAMOTO D,et al.Circulat⁃ ing tumor cells as a prognostic marker for efficacy in the randomized phase Ⅲ JO21095 trial in Japanese patients with HER2⁃ negative metastatic breast cancer[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat,2017,162(3):501-510

    • [9] CABEL L,BERGER F,COTTU P,et al.Clinical utility of circulating tumour cell⁃based monitoring of late⁃line che⁃ motherapy for metastatic breast cancer:the randomised Circe01 trial[J].Br J Cancer,2021,124(7):1207-1213

    • [10] SPARANO J,O’NEILL A,ALPAUGH K,et al.Associa⁃ tion of circulating tumor cells with late recurrence of es⁃ trogen receptor⁃positive breast cancer:a secondary analy⁃ sis of a randomized clinical trial[J].JAMA Oncol,2018,4(12):1700-1706

    • [11] CRISTOFANILLI M,JY P,REUBEN J,et al.The clinical use of circulating tumor cells(CTCs)enumeration for stag⁃ ing of metastatic breast cancer(MBC):international ex⁃ pert consensus paper[J].Crit Rev Oncol Hematol,2019,134:39-45

    • [12] MUNZONE E,NOLÉ F,GOLDHIRSCH A,et al.Changes of HER2 status in circulating tumor cells compared with the primary tumor during treatment for advanced breast cancer[J].Clin Breast Cancer,2010,10(5):392-397

    • [13] ONSTENK W,SIEUWERTS A M,WEEKHOUT M,et al.Gene expression profiles of circulating tumor cells versus primary tumors in metastatic breast cancer[J].Cancer Lett,2015,362(1):36-44

    • [14] AGELAKI S,DRAGOLIA M,MARKONANOLAKI H,et al.Phenotypic characterization of circulating tumor cells in triple negative breast cancer patients[J].Oncotarget,2017,8(3):5309-5322

    • [15] REIJM E A,SIEUWERTS A M,SMID M,et al.An 8⁃gene mRNA expression profile in circulating tumor cells pre⁃ dicts response to aromatase inhibitors in metastatic breast cancer patients[J].BMC Cancer,2016,16:123

    • [16] MOSTERT B,SIEUWERTS A M,KRAAN J,et al.Gene expression profiles in circulating tumor cells to predict prognosis in metastatic breast cancer patients[J].Ann Oncol,2015,26(3):510-516

    • [17] MENG S,TRIPATHY D,SHETE S,et al.HER ⁃ 2 gene amplification can be acquired as breast cancer progresses [J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2004,101(25):9393-9398

    • [18] DOI T,SHITARA K,NAITO Y,et al.Safety,pharmacoki⁃ netics,and antitumour activity of trastuzumab deruxtecan(DS⁃8201),a HER2⁃targeting antibody⁃drug conjugate,in patients with advanced breast and gastric or gastro⁃oe⁃ sophageal tumours:a phase 1 dose ⁃ escalation study[J].Lancet Oncol,2017,18(11):1512-1522

    • [19] JACOT W,COTTU P,BERGER F,et al.Actionability of HER2 ⁃ amplified circulating tumor cells in HER2 ⁃ nega⁃ tive metastatic breast cancer:the Circe T ⁃DM1 trial[J].Breast Cancer Res,2019,21(1):121

    • [20] DEUTSCH T M,RIETHDORF S,FREMD C,et al.HER2⁃ targeted therapy influences CTC status in metastatic breast cancer[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat,2020,182(1):127-136

    • [21] BIDARD F C,FEHM T,IGNATIADIS M,et al.Clinical application of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer:overview of the current interventional trials[J].Cancer Metastasis Rev,2013,32(1/2):179-188

    • [22] JAEGER B S,NEUGEBAUER J,ANDERGASSEN U,et al.The HER2 phenotype of circulating tumor cells in HER2 ⁃ positive early breast cancer:a translational re⁃ search project of a prospective randomized phase Ⅲ trial [J].PLoS One,2017,12(6):e0173593

    • [23] WALLWIENER M,HARTKOPF A D,RIETHDORF S,et al.The impact of HER2 phenotype of circulating tumor cells in metastatic breast cancer:a retrospective study in 107 patients[J].BMC Cancer,2015,15:403

    • [24] GANCBERG D,DI LEO A,CARDOSO F,et al.Compari⁃ son of HER ⁃2 status between primary breast cancer and corresponding distant metastatic sites[J].Ann Oncol,2002,13(7):1036-1043

    • [25] JORDAN N V,BARDIA A,WITTNER B S,et al.HER2 expression identifies dynamic functional states within cir⁃ culating breast cancer cells[J].Nature,2016,537(7618):102-106