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通讯作者:

古鉴,E⁃mail:Gujian@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R735.7

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)02-184-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20220206

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨乳酸转运载体单羧酸转运蛋白1(monocarboxylate transporter 1,MCT1)在肝细胞肝癌(hepatocellular car⁃ cinoma,HCC)患者预后预测中的应用价值及相应的调控机制。方法:筛选临床HCC患者行肝切除后的组织标本,通过比较与癌旁组织的表达差异区分MCT1高表达组与低表达组;研究不同组患者外周血免疫细胞分型与活化情况,以及肿瘤免疫浸润情况。回顾性分析43例HCC手术患者乳酸和MCT1高表达与低表达组的生存与复发差异。结果:MCT1高表达组与低表达组相比,外周血免疫细胞分型无明显差异,但CD4+ T细胞更易在乳酸刺激下转化为Treg(调节型T)细胞;乳酸环境下,MCT1高表达组Treg细胞具有明显升高的代谢水平;病理标本分析发现MCT1高表达组具有较低的炎性细胞浸润和较高的免疫抑制因子转录水平(Foxp3、CTLA4、IL⁃10)。回顾较早手术患者分析后显示,肿瘤内乳酸表达水平与患者预后无明显相关性,而MCT1高表达组预后和复发水平明显差于MCT1低表达组。结论:MCT1表达水平对HCC患者具备很好的预测价值,MCT1⁃Treg相关通路可能作为新的肝癌诊断、治疗、预后评估靶点。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to explore the application value and possible mechanism of monocarboxy transporter 1 (MCT1)in the prediction of prognosis for the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). Methods:We selected the tissues of HCC patients after liver resection,and used RT⁃PCR to estimate the expression of MCT1 and divided the patients into MCT1 high and MCT1 low groups;the phenotype and activation of the immune cells from the peripheral blood as well as the immune statues of the resected liver tissues from both groups were analyzed. A retrospective analysis of the relationship between the overall survival(OS)and disease⁃ free survival(DFS)rate to the expression of lactate or MCT1 between 43 HCC patients who underwent liver surgery was also compared. Results:Although there was no difference in the phenotype of immune cells from peripheral blood,CD4 + T cells were easier to transform into Treg cells under the stimulation of lactic acid in the high MCT1 expression group;under the environment of lactic acid, the Treg cells from the MCT1 high expression group presented a significant increase of metabolism level;MCT1 high expression group had lower immune cell infiltration and up ⁃ regulated expression of anti ⁃inflammatory cytokines(Foxp3,CTLA3,IL ⁃10). The OS and DFS rate were much worse in MCT1 high patients comparing with MCT1 low group. Conclusion:MCT1⁃Treg related targets may serve as a new target for the diagnosis,therapeutic and prognosis prediction of HCC.

    Keywords

    MCT1HCCTreg

  • 肝细胞肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是最常见的恶性肿瘤。除了手术切除和肝移植外,针对HCC的抗肿瘤药物治疗效果有限,患者预后较差[1]。调节性T细胞(Treg)是一类具有免疫调节功能的T细胞亚群,在肿瘤中可观察到明显升高的Treg浸润,这类细胞可通过多种途径抑制效应性细胞激活,诱导肿瘤免疫逃逸[2-4]。近年来文献表明,肿瘤代谢产物乳酸在调控肿瘤内Treg功能方面具有核心作用[5],而单羧酸转运蛋白1(monocarboxylate transporter,MCT1)是肿瘤环境中最重要的乳酸转运载体[6]。本研究以南京医科大学第一附属医院行肝切除术的HCC患者作为研究对象,探讨MCT1表达水平在HCC预后评估中的作用和可能机制。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • 为探讨MCT1在HCC预后评估中的作用,团队收集了2018年于南京医科大学第一附属医院行肝部分切除术的43例HCC患者的肝癌组织与癌旁组织标本。为分析HCC患者免疫细胞对乳酸的反应活性以及MCT1表达水平对Tregs分化和功能的影响,收集了2021年于南京医科大学第一附属医院行肝部分切除术的10例患者的肝癌组织与癌旁组织标本以及外周血标本,所有患者均有完整病历临床资料并签署知情同意书,所有程序均符合南京医科大学伦理委员会研究伦理委员会的伦理标准 (SYXK2018⁃0020)。

  • 纳入标准:①经临床综合检查,符合HCC诊断标准;②手术前有明显的炎症感染;③截至目前有完整的随访资料。排除标准:①免疫系统疾病或感染性疾病;②合并其他肿瘤;③手术治疗前曾接受其他抗肿瘤治疗(介入、药物、放疗等)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 RT⁃PCR

  • 根据说明书,利用RNA提取试剂盒提取组织中的总RNA,逆转录得到cDNA。根据试剂盒说明书配置25 μL反应体系,包括逆转录产物2 μL,上、下游引物各1 μL,Taq酶0.2 μL,2 × Buffer 12.5 μL, ddH2O 8.3 μL。反应条件:95℃预变性5min;95℃ 变性20s,62℃退火并延伸1min,循环40次;72℃ 总延伸5min。

  • 相关引物序列设计如下:MCT1,Forward Prim⁃ er:5′ ⁃CAATGCCACCAGCAGTTG ⁃ 3′,Reverse Prim⁃ er:5′⁃GCAAGCCCAAGACCTCCAAT⁃3′;Foxp3,For⁃ ward Primer:5′⁃GTGGCCCGGATGTGAGAAG⁃3′,Re⁃ verse Primer:5′ ⁃ GGAGCCCTTGTCGGATGATG ⁃ 3′; CTLA4,Forward Primer:5′ ⁃ CATGATGGGGAAT⁃GAGTTGACC⁃3′,Reverse Primer:5′⁃TCAGTCCTTG⁃ GATAGTGAGGTTC ⁃ 3′;IL ⁃ 10,Forward Primer:5′ ⁃ ATAAAAGGGGGACACCGGGC ⁃ 3′,Reverse Primer: 5′⁃CTCATAACCCATGGCTTGGC⁃3′。

  • 1.2.2 流式细胞仪检测

  • 运用Ficoll淋巴细胞分离液从肝素抗凝静脉血中提取PBMC,加入抗CD4、CD8、CD25、CD127等流式抗体,运用流式细胞仪检测外周血细胞分型差异。PBMC在进行表面染色后,PBS洗涤2次,加入固定剂固定,破膜剂打孔后,离心弃上清液后进行胞内Foxp3染色。4℃孵育30mins后PBS洗涤并上机检测。流式图像和数据采用Flowjo software处理。

  • 1.2.3 乳酸处理和Treg诱导效率检测

  • 运用磁珠分选仪(美天旎公司,德国)分选CD4+ CD45RA+ T细胞,流式细胞仪检测所得细胞纯度 (>97%),随后在CD4+ CD45RA+ T细胞中加入抗CD3/CD28扩增磁珠(1磁珠∶3细胞),TGF⁃β(20ng/mL) 和IL⁃2(100U/mL)培养7d,运用流式检测技术分析Treg诱导的情况。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 应用SPSS21.0统计软件,对于计数资料的组间比较使用χ2 检验,数值变量资料的组间比较使用t检验。生存分析采用Kaplan⁃Meier法进行分析并进行Log⁃rank检验,P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 HCC患者外周T细胞MCT1高表达导致Treg分化倾向

  • 为研究MCT1基因的表达差异与患者T细胞分化以及Treg功能的关系,收集了因HCC行肝切除患者的肿瘤与癌旁标本以及外周血,并统计和整理了相应的临床信息。通过qPCR检测比较肿瘤与癌旁表达MCT1的mRNA比率,随后通过MCT1表达的高低将患者人为进行排序,分为MCT1高表达组和MCT1低表达组(图1A)。运用流式细胞技术检测各患者的外周血分型,结果显示无论是CD4+ T、CD8+ T细胞抑或是CD4+ CD25+ CD127- Treg细胞,均无明显差异(图1B、C)。实际上,肿瘤微环境与外周血存在明显差异,而近年研究显示,糖酵解的发生和乳酸沉积是肿瘤微环境的重要组成部分[7-9]。因此,通过对naïve T细胞进行乳酸处理来模拟肿瘤微环境。运用10nmol/L乳酸处理各组CD4+ CD45RA+ naïve T细胞后,观察到添加乳酸明显升高MCT1高表达组的Foxp3表达,提示MCT1基因高表达患者的T细胞更易向Treg转化(图1D)。为了研究MCT1在其中发挥作用的可能机制,检测了两组中MCT1蛋白的表达情况,结果显示,MCT1基因高表达患者的MCT1蛋白表达水平在乳酸作用环境下明显升高(图1E),而在MCT1基因低表达患者组差异不明显。最后,在MCT1基因高表达患者的Treg诱导环境中加入乳酸和MCT1抑制剂,结果显示,虽然乳酸可以提高Treg的分化,但是MCT1抑制剂处理可逆转乳酸对Foxp3表达的促进作用(图1F)。

  • 2.2 MCT1 高表达的HCC中免疫细胞增殖频率降低而免疫抑制因子的表达上调

  • 接下来进一步分析HCC患者的肿瘤组织切片。分析结果显示,MCT1高表达HCC组织中浸润着较低频率增殖的免疫细胞,而MCT1低表达的HCC组织中浸润着大量活性免疫细胞,提示较好预后(图2A)。除此以外,qRT⁃PCR检测显示高表达MCT1的HCC内免疫抑制因子如Foxp3、CTLA4、 IL⁃10的表达显著上调,提示MCT1的高表达促进HCC免疫微环境内免疫抑制因子的转录从而抑制免疫细胞的浸润,导致HCC疾病进展和预后加重。

  • 图1 HCC患者外周T细胞MCT1高表达导致Treg分化倾向

  • Fig.1 High expression of MCT1in peripheral T cells of HCC patients leads to Treg differentiation tendency

  • 2.3 MCT1是HCC预后不良的标志物

  • 由于肿瘤微环境中乳酸通过MCT1进入免疫细胞发挥调节细胞分化与功能的作用[10-11],本研究评估了乳酸与MCT1在评价和预测HCC预后中的作用。使用表1方案,分析了2018年接受HCC切除手术的43例患者的肿瘤组织标本,分别将患者分为高乳酸组和低乳酸组或高MCT1高表达和MCT1低表达组(表1)。入组43例患者中,MCT1高表达患者的甲胎蛋白(AFP)明显高于MCT1低表达组,但是其他指标,如肿瘤大小、微血管癌栓发生率等无明显差异。本研究分析了不同分组的总生存期(overall survival,OS)和无病生存期(disease free survival, DFS)。结果显示,与乳酸水平较高的患者相比,乳酸水平较低的患者的OS率略低。但总体而言,OS和DFS分析无明显差异(图3A)。正如预期的那样,与较低MCT1组相比,具有较高MCT1的患者在OS和DFS率方面显示了不良的预后结果(图3B)。

  • 图2 MCT1高表达的HCC中免疫细胞增殖频率降低而免疫抑制因子的表达上调

  • Fig.2 In HCC with high MCT1expression,the frequency of immune cell proliferation is reduced while the expression of immunosuppressive factors is up⁃regulated

  • 3 讨论

  • HCC是一种起源于肝细胞的致命恶性肿瘤,是目前世界上第二大癌症相关死亡原因[12]。全球每年报告850 000例HCC新发病例和745 500例死亡,而中国发生466 000例HCC新发病例和422 000例死亡。由于HCC被发现时往往已严重进展,只有10%~15%的患者具备手术切除的指征。目前,原发性HCC的治疗方法多种多样;除了根治性手术切除外,还包括新型多靶点抗肿瘤药物、联合化疗、经动脉化疗栓塞、射频消融、无水酒精注射等[13]

  • 表1 HCC中MCT1表达与临床指标的相冯性

  • Table1 The correlation between MCT1expression in HCC and clinical indicators

  • 图3 MCT1是HCC预后不良的标志物

  • Fig.3 MCT1is a poor prognostic marker of HCC

  • Treg在抑制免疫细胞的抗肿瘤反应过程中起核心作用[14-15],Treg升高既可抑制具备杀伤毒性的CD8T细胞的功能,而且能够抑制NK等杀伤细胞的肿瘤杀伤作用[16-17]。最近研究表明,肿瘤代谢物乳酸在调节肿瘤免疫微环境中至关重要[18],目前报道的作用主要集中在乳酸调节Treg和巨噬细胞上[19-20]。乳酸可以调节TME中Treg的细胞数量、抑制功能和代谢方式[21-23];而乳酸作用于细胞的机制主要依赖MCT1作为载体的转运作用[624]。MCT1是一种转运蛋白,主要在细胞膜上具有功能活性,在包括乳腺癌、肝癌等多种人类癌症中普遍高表达,可以增加肿瘤细胞的乳酸转运[25-27]。在HCC中,MCT1的乳酸转运作用受到WNT⁃β⁃catenin信号调控[25]。基于以上研究基础,本研究以探究MCT1依赖其调控乳酸转运的能力影响HCC进展和预后的具体作用及相应机制为目的。

  • 本研究结果表明,在非乳酸环境下(外周血),T细胞以及Treg细胞的分化和表型没有差异;但是乳酸处理下,MCT⁃1高表达组的Treg获得明显提升,该结果提示MCT⁃1高表达组通过增加MCT1可以在肿瘤微环境下提高对乳酸的摄取,进而提高Treg的分化以及下游的免疫逃逸。运用MCT抑制剂处理可以废除乳酸对Treg的提升作用,进一步证实这种调节Treg的作用依赖MCT1通路的激活。在图2中,在组织标本中发现MCT1低表达组较高表达组存在更多的免疫细胞浸润,已有报道,免疫细胞浸润可以促进更多的抗肿瘤T细胞在肿瘤内增殖,是免疫细胞激活和抗肿瘤效果较好的标志,预示着较好的预后[228];本文猜想,MCT1高表达的肝脏中存在大量Treg等免疫抑制细胞,他们可以抑制周边的免疫细胞激活和增殖,进而阻断抗肿瘤免疫反应。通过qRT⁃PCR检测也观测到了MCT浸润的HCC肝脏中浸润大量的免疫抑制因子以及Treg相关因子如Foxp3、CTLA4、IL⁃10的表达,进一步证实了上述想法。最后,由于本课题组前期研究的患者均为2021年入院手术患者,为了评估MCT1对HCC患者远期预后的影响,分析了2018年行肝癌切除的患者组织样本43例,并进一步检测了乳酸和MCT1的表达与预后的关系。结果发现,MCT1高表达组而不是乳酸高表达组与预后相关。本研究结果表明,即便乳酸在HCC中堆积高表达,如果不能通过MCT1作为载体转运进入免疫细胞,则不能发挥免疫调节作用,从而促进肿瘤逃逸。

  • 综上所述,本研究通过细胞结合组织标本并依据临床数据从多方面探讨了HCC中MCT1表达与患者预后的关联,研究证实乳酸调控依赖MCT1通路促进Tregs,并支持MCT1表达作为HCC患者预后的预测标志物,提示MCT1高表达的HCC患者具有较差的生存预后。

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] TAKEUCHI Y,NISHIKAWA H.Roles of regulatory T cells in cancer immunity[J].Int Immunol 2016,28(8):401-409

    • [3] FRYDRYCHOWICZ M,BORUCZKOWSKI M,KOLEC⁃ KA⁃BEDNARCZYK A,et al.The dual role of treg in can⁃ cer[J].Scand J Immunol,2017,86(6):436-443

    • [4] TANAKA A,SAKAGUCHI S.Regulatory T cells in can⁃ cer immunotherapy[J].Cell Res,2017,27(1):109-118

    • [5] ANGELIN A,GIL ⁃ DE ⁃ GÓMEZ L,DAHIYA S,et al.Foxp3 reprograms T cell metabolism to function in low ⁃ glucose,high⁃lactate environments[J].Cell Metab,2017,25(6):1282-1293

    • [6] PAYEN V L,MINA E,VAN HÉE V F,et al.Monocarbox⁃ ylate transporters in cancer[J].Mol Metab,2020,33:48-66

    • [7] GARCÍA ⁃CAÑAVERAS J C,CHEN L,RABINOWITZ J D.The tumor metabolic microenvironment:lessons from lactate[J].Cancer Res,2019,79(13):3155-3162

    • [8] JIANG Z,LIU Z,LI M,et al.Increased glycolysis corre⁃ lates with elevated immune activity in tumor immune mi⁃ croenvironment[J].EBioMedicine,2019,42:431-442

    • [9] CORBET C,FERON O.Tumour acidosis:from the passen⁃ ger to the driver’s seat[J].Nat Rev Cancer,2017,17(10):577-593

    • [10] FAUBERT B,LI K Y,CAI L,et al.Lactate metabolism in human lung tumors[J].Cell,2017 Oct 5;171(2):358-371

    • [11] PÉREZ ⁃ESCUREDO J,DADHICH R K,DHUP S,et al.Lactate promotes glutamine uptake and metabolism in oxi⁃ dative cancer cells[J].Cell Cycle,2016,15(1):72-83

    • [12] KIM D W,TALATI C,KIM R.Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC):beyond sorafenib ⁃ chemotherapy[J].J Gastroin⁃ test Oncol,2017,8(2):256-265

    • [13] HARTKE J,JOHNSON M,GHABRIL M.The diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Semin Di⁃ agn Pathol,2017,34(2):153-159

    • [14] WOLF D,SOPPER S,PIRCHER A,et al.Treg(s)in can⁃ cer:friends or foe?[J].J Cell Physiol,2015,230(11):2598-2605

    • [15] CHAUDHARY B,ELKORD E.Regulatory T Cells in the tumor microenvironment and cancer progression:role and therapeutic targeting[J].Vaccines(Basel),2016,4(3):28

    • [16] STOCKIS J,ROYCHOUDHURI R,HALIM T Y F.Regu⁃ lation of regulatory T cells in cancer[J].Immunology,2019,157(3):219-231

    • [17] Bergmann C.Regulatory T cells and NK cells in cancer patients[J].HNO,2014,62(6):406-414

    • [18] CHOI S Y,COLLINS C C,GOUT P W,et al.Cancer⁃gen⁃ erated lactic acid:a regulatory,immunosuppressive me⁃ tabolite?[J].J Pathol,2013,230(4):350-355

    • [19] HARMON C,O’FARRELLY C,ROBINSON M W.The immune consequences of lactate in the tumor microenvi⁃ ronment[J].Adv Exp Med Biol,2020,1259:113-124

    • [20] CERTO M,TSAI C H,PUCINO V,et al.Lactate modula⁃ tion of immune responses in inflammatory versus tumour microenvironments[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2021,21(3):151-161

    • [21] LUO Y,LI L,CHEN X,GOU H,et al.Effects of lactate in immunosuppression and inflammation:Progress and pros⁃pects[J].Int Rev Imunol,2021,Sep 6:1-11

    • [22] GAN X,ZHANG R,GU J,et al.Acidic microenvironment regulates the severity of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion in⁃ jury by modulating the generation and function of tregs via the PI3K ⁃mTOR pathway[J].Front Immunol,2020,10:2945

    • [23] 吴茗,徐睿,刘书娜,等.卵巢癌细胞生长环境中 CD4 + Treg 细胞和 CD4 + Teff 细胞的糖代谢特征初探 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(7);999-1005

    • [24] SEMENZA G L.Tumor metabolism:cancer cells give and take lactate[J].J Clin Invest,2008,118(12):3835-3537

    • [25] FAN Q,YANG L,ZHANG X,et al.Autophagy promotes metastasis and glycolysis by upregulating MCT1 expres⁃ sion and Wnt/β ⁃ catenin signaling pathway activation in hepatocellularcarcinoma cells[J].J Exp Clin Cancer Res,2018,37(1):9

    • [26] JOHNSON J M,COTZIA P,FRATAMICO R,et al.MCT1 in invasive ductal carcinoma:monocarboxylate metabo⁃ lism and aggressive breast cancer[J].Front Cell Dev Bi⁃ ol,2017,5:27

    • [27] KIM Y,CHOI J W,LEE J H,et al.Expression of lactate symporters MCT1 and MCT4 and their chaperone CD147 predicts tumor progression in clear cell renal cell carcino⁃ ma:immunohistochemical and The Cancer Genome Atlas data analyses[J].Hum Pathol,2015,46(1):104-112

    • [28] JOCHEMS C,SCHLOM J.Tumor ⁃ infiltrating immune cells and prognosis:the potential link between convention⁃ al cancer therapy and immunity[J].Exp Biol Med(May⁃ wood),2011,236(5):567-579

  • 参考文献

    • [1] FORNER A,REIG M,BRUIX J.Hepatocellular carcino⁃ ma[J].Lancet,2018,391(10127):1301-1314

    • [2] TAKEUCHI Y,NISHIKAWA H.Roles of regulatory T cells in cancer immunity[J].Int Immunol 2016,28(8):401-409

    • [3] FRYDRYCHOWICZ M,BORUCZKOWSKI M,KOLEC⁃ KA⁃BEDNARCZYK A,et al.The dual role of treg in can⁃ cer[J].Scand J Immunol,2017,86(6):436-443

    • [4] TANAKA A,SAKAGUCHI S.Regulatory T cells in can⁃ cer immunotherapy[J].Cell Res,2017,27(1):109-118

    • [5] ANGELIN A,GIL ⁃ DE ⁃ GÓMEZ L,DAHIYA S,et al.Foxp3 reprograms T cell metabolism to function in low ⁃ glucose,high⁃lactate environments[J].Cell Metab,2017,25(6):1282-1293

    • [6] PAYEN V L,MINA E,VAN HÉE V F,et al.Monocarbox⁃ ylate transporters in cancer[J].Mol Metab,2020,33:48-66

    • [7] GARCÍA ⁃CAÑAVERAS J C,CHEN L,RABINOWITZ J D.The tumor metabolic microenvironment:lessons from lactate[J].Cancer Res,2019,79(13):3155-3162

    • [8] JIANG Z,LIU Z,LI M,et al.Increased glycolysis corre⁃ lates with elevated immune activity in tumor immune mi⁃ croenvironment[J].EBioMedicine,2019,42:431-442

    • [9] CORBET C,FERON O.Tumour acidosis:from the passen⁃ ger to the driver’s seat[J].Nat Rev Cancer,2017,17(10):577-593

    • [10] FAUBERT B,LI K Y,CAI L,et al.Lactate metabolism in human lung tumors[J].Cell,2017 Oct 5;171(2):358-371

    • [11] PÉREZ ⁃ESCUREDO J,DADHICH R K,DHUP S,et al.Lactate promotes glutamine uptake and metabolism in oxi⁃ dative cancer cells[J].Cell Cycle,2016,15(1):72-83

    • [12] KIM D W,TALATI C,KIM R.Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC):beyond sorafenib ⁃ chemotherapy[J].J Gastroin⁃ test Oncol,2017,8(2):256-265

    • [13] HARTKE J,JOHNSON M,GHABRIL M.The diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Semin Di⁃ agn Pathol,2017,34(2):153-159

    • [14] WOLF D,SOPPER S,PIRCHER A,et al.Treg(s)in can⁃ cer:friends or foe?[J].J Cell Physiol,2015,230(11):2598-2605

    • [15] CHAUDHARY B,ELKORD E.Regulatory T Cells in the tumor microenvironment and cancer progression:role and therapeutic targeting[J].Vaccines(Basel),2016,4(3):28

    • [16] STOCKIS J,ROYCHOUDHURI R,HALIM T Y F.Regu⁃ lation of regulatory T cells in cancer[J].Immunology,2019,157(3):219-231

    • [17] Bergmann C.Regulatory T cells and NK cells in cancer patients[J].HNO,2014,62(6):406-414

    • [18] CHOI S Y,COLLINS C C,GOUT P W,et al.Cancer⁃gen⁃ erated lactic acid:a regulatory,immunosuppressive me⁃ tabolite?[J].J Pathol,2013,230(4):350-355

    • [19] HARMON C,O’FARRELLY C,ROBINSON M W.The immune consequences of lactate in the tumor microenvi⁃ ronment[J].Adv Exp Med Biol,2020,1259:113-124

    • [20] CERTO M,TSAI C H,PUCINO V,et al.Lactate modula⁃ tion of immune responses in inflammatory versus tumour microenvironments[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2021,21(3):151-161

    • [21] LUO Y,LI L,CHEN X,GOU H,et al.Effects of lactate in immunosuppression and inflammation:Progress and pros⁃pects[J].Int Rev Imunol,2021,Sep 6:1-11

    • [22] GAN X,ZHANG R,GU J,et al.Acidic microenvironment regulates the severity of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion in⁃ jury by modulating the generation and function of tregs via the PI3K ⁃mTOR pathway[J].Front Immunol,2020,10:2945

    • [23] 吴茗,徐睿,刘书娜,等.卵巢癌细胞生长环境中 CD4 + Treg 细胞和 CD4 + Teff 细胞的糖代谢特征初探 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(7);999-1005

    • [24] SEMENZA G L.Tumor metabolism:cancer cells give and take lactate[J].J Clin Invest,2008,118(12):3835-3537

    • [25] FAN Q,YANG L,ZHANG X,et al.Autophagy promotes metastasis and glycolysis by upregulating MCT1 expres⁃ sion and Wnt/β ⁃ catenin signaling pathway activation in hepatocellularcarcinoma cells[J].J Exp Clin Cancer Res,2018,37(1):9

    • [26] JOHNSON J M,COTZIA P,FRATAMICO R,et al.MCT1 in invasive ductal carcinoma:monocarboxylate metabo⁃ lism and aggressive breast cancer[J].Front Cell Dev Bi⁃ ol,2017,5:27

    • [27] KIM Y,CHOI J W,LEE J H,et al.Expression of lactate symporters MCT1 and MCT4 and their chaperone CD147 predicts tumor progression in clear cell renal cell carcino⁃ ma:immunohistochemical and The Cancer Genome Atlas data analyses[J].Hum Pathol,2015,46(1):104-112

    • [28] JOCHEMS C,SCHLOM J.Tumor ⁃ infiltrating immune cells and prognosis:the potential link between convention⁃ al cancer therapy and immunity[J].Exp Biol Med(May⁃ wood),2011,236(5):567-579