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通讯作者:

陈明龙,E⁃mail:chenminglong@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R541.75

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)02-194-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20220208

参考文献 1
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参考文献 2
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参考文献 3
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参考文献 4
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参考文献 6
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参考文献 7
GOYAL M,MENON B K,VAN ZWAM W H,et al.Endo⁃ vascular thrombectomy after large ⁃ vessel ischaemic stroke:a meta⁃analysis of individual patient data from five randomised trials[J].Lancet,2016,387(10029):1723-1731
参考文献 8
ALAWIEH A,CHATTERJEE A,FENG W,et al.Throm⁃ bectomy for acute ischemic stroke in the elderly:a‘real world’experience[J].J Neurointerv Surg,2018,10(12):1209-1217
参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
HINDRICKS G,POTPARA T,DAGRES N,et al.2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atri⁃ al fibrillation developed in collaboration with the Europe⁃ an Association for Cardio⁃Thoracic Surgery(EACTS):the task force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fi⁃ brillation of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC)De⁃ veloped with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association(EHRA)of the ESC[J].Eur Heart J,2021,42(5):373-498
参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
AKBIK F,ALAWIEH A,CAWLEY C M,et al.Differen⁃ tial effect of mechanical thrombectomy and intravenous thrombolysis in atrial fibrillation associated stroke[J].J Neurointerv Surg,2020,13(10):883-888
参考文献 13
FREEMAN W D,AGUILAR M I.Prevention of cardioem⁃ bolic stroke[J].Neurotherapeutics,2011,8(3):488-502
参考文献 14
BERKHEMER O A,FRANSEN P S,BEUMER D,et al.A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute isch⁃ emic stroke[J].N Engl J Med,2015,372(1):11-20
参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
HUANG K,ZHA M,GAO J,et al.Increased intracranial hemorrhage of mechanical thrombectomy in acute isch⁃ emic stroke patients with atrial fibrillation[J].J Thromb Thrombolysis,2021,51(2):536-544
参考文献 17
SINGER O C,HARING H P,TRENKLER J,et al.Age de⁃ pendency of successful recanalization in anterior circula⁃ tion stroke:the ENDOSTROKE study[J].Cerebrovasc Dis,2013,36(5⁃6):437-445
参考文献 18
WANG Z,KORANTZOPOULOS P,LIU T.Carotid athero⁃ sclerosis in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Curr Ath⁃ eroscler Rep,2019,21(12):55
参考文献 19
GUGLIELMI V,LECOUFFE N E,ZINKSTOK S M,et al.Collateral circulation and outcome in atherosclerotic ver⁃ sus cardioembolic cerebral large vessel occlusion[J].Stroke,2019,50(12):3360-3368
参考文献 20
YANG P,ZHANG Y,ZHANG L,et al.Endovascular thrombectomy with or without intravenous alteplase in acute stroke[J].N Engl J Med,2020,382(21):1981-1993
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:评估因前循环大血管闭塞导致的急性缺血性脑卒中合并房颤的老年患者取栓治疗的临床结局及影响因素。 方法:2019 年 1 月—2021 年 7 月,前循环大血管闭塞且合并房颤的老年患者(≥80 岁)被纳入研究。主要终点为 90 d 改良 Rankin 评分(modified Rankin scale,mRS)。次要终点包括全因死亡率、血管再通等级(modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarc⁃ tion scale,mTICI)和颅内出血转化。采用多因素Logistic回归分析影响临床预后的因素。结果:最终纳入74例患者。良好预后 (90 d mRS 0~2分)率为21.6%,血流良好再通(mTICI 2b⁃3级)比例为77%,全因死亡率为36.4%,颅内出血转化率为35.1%。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,非阵发性心房颤动(OR=18.35,95%CI:1.98~169.77,P =0.010)、基线美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NI⁃ HSS)评分(OR=1.42,95%CI:1.15~1.75,P < 0.001)、总流程时长(OR=1.01,95%CI:1.00~1.02,P =0.030)是老年房颤患者机械取栓预后的独立危险因素。结论:老年房颤患者前循环急性缺血性脑卒中时,如合并基线NIHSS评分高和/或非阵发性房颤时,选择取栓治疗要更慎重。也需进一步提高老年房颤患者的抗凝率预防脑卒中。

    Abstract

    Objective:To evaluate the clinical outcomes after mechanical thrombectomy(MT)in elderly atrial fibrillation(AF) patients with anterior⁃circulation large vessel occlusion(LVO)⁃related acute ischemic stroke(AIS). Methods:Between January 2019 and July 2021,consecutive elderly(≥80 year)AF patients who received MT due to anterior ⁃ circulation stroke were enrolled. The primary outcome was modified Rankin scale(mRS)score at 90 days. Secondary outcomes included all ⁃ cause mortality,the recanalization status after MT(assessed using modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction scale,mTICI)and any intracranial hemorrhage(ICH). A multivariable logistic regression model was performed to identify predictors of the functional outcome. Results:A total of 74 eligible patients were finally enrolled. The proportion of patients with mRS score 0⁃2 at 90 days after stroke was 21.6%. The rate of satisfied recanalization with mTICI2b⁃3 was 77%. The rate of all⁃cause mortality and intracranial hemorrhage during 90 days after stroke was 36.4% and 35.1% ,respectively. A multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that non ⁃ paroxysmal atrial fibrillation(OR=18.35,95%CI:1.98~169.77,P =0.010),baseline National Institute of Health stroke scale(NIHSS)score(OR=1.42, 95%CI:1.15~1.75,P < 0.001),total procedure time(OR=1.01,95%CI:1.00~1.02,P =0.030)were independent risk factors for poor prognosis. Conclusions:MT treatment in elderly AF patients with AIS should be performed with caution,especially in those with high NIHSS scoreand/or non⁃paroxysmal AF. In addition,efforts should be made to improve the anticoagulant rate of elderly patients with AF to prevent stroke.

  • 心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)是心源性脑栓塞最常见的原因,约占急性缺血性卒中(acute isch⁃ emic stroke,AIS)的20%~30%[1]。AIS的患者中有1/3是年龄≥80岁的老年患者[2]。AF的发生率及AF相关脑卒中的发生风险随年龄的增加而显著增加,尤其是≥80岁的老年患者,因此在AIS合并AF的患者中,老年人比例很高[3]

  • 2015年,随着针对AIS机械取栓(mechanical thrombectomy,MT)治疗的随机对照研究[4] 相继发表,MT已经成了发病6h内前循环大血管闭塞 (large vessel occlusion,LVO)的一线治疗方法。近年来,对时间窗在6~24h内且符合DAWN[5] 或DEFUSE 3 [6] 入排标准的患者,也推荐行机械取栓治疗。然而,5项RCT研究的Meta分析[7] 显示,年龄≥80岁的患者90d改良Rankin量表评分(mRS)明显高于年龄较小的患者。此外,最近研究发现[8],相比保守治疗,老年患者MT治疗后90d,临床预后并未得到明显改善,同时术后出血转化风险更高。

  • AIS合并AF的老年患者因存在合并症多,器官功能下降、耐受性差、静脉溶栓出血风险高等问题,往往治疗手段受限,保守治疗预后差。与此同时,对于≥80岁合并AF的AIS患者,MT治疗的获益目前尚不明确。

  • 本研究旨在评估AIS合并AF的老年患者MT治疗后的临床结局及其影响预后的相关因素。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 这是一项单中心回顾性观察研究。收集了南京医科大学第一附属医院卒中中心2019年1月— 2021年7月,所有接受MT治疗的AIS患者。所有考虑AIS的患者都接受了计算机断层扫描血管造影 (computed tomography angiography,CTA)检查,明确颅内LVO。2019年9月,CTA被计算机断层血流灌注平扫(computed tomography perfusion,CTP)取代。神经内科和神经介入的医生在对患者基本情况和影像学进行评估后,制定相应的治疗策略。所有入组患者均符合美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会 (American Heart Association/American Stroke Associ⁃ ation,AHA/ASA)指南[9] 中取栓治疗的相关要求。

  • 本研究的排除标准如下:①非AF;②院内卒中; ③基线资料丢失或失访;④仅接受血管造影或动脉内溶栓;⑤椎基底动脉闭塞。

  • 本研究得到了南京医科大学第一附属医院医学伦理委员会的批准(2014⁃SR⁃113),所有入组患者均签署了知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 MT

  • 所有AIS且有取栓适应证的患者平卧手术床上,消毒、铺巾、局部麻醉,股动脉穿刺,造影评估栓塞部位,导丝越过栓塞部位,评估明确栓塞近端、远端血管情况,使用抽吸导管单纯抽吸或释放Solitaire AB支架(Medtronic,Irvine,美国)进行1次或多次取栓。每次取栓后评估血流恢复情况,对于原位狭窄重,取栓后仍有残余狭窄的患者,予球囊成形或支架置入,必要时可行动脉内溶栓或导管内注射替罗非班治疗。

  • 1.2.2 临床基线资料收集及评估

  • 收集患者年龄、性别、既往史[AF、高血压、糖尿病、冠状动脉粥样硬化疾病(cornhary atherosclerotic heart disease,CAD)、心力衰竭、卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作(transient Ischemic attack,TIA)、瓣膜性心脏病,以及抗血栓药物使用史]。入院后立即评估并记录患者美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分、Alberta卒中计划早期CT量表(Alberta stroke program early CT score,ASPECTS)评分和CHA2DS2⁃VASc评分(变量包括年龄、心力衰竭、高血压、糖尿病、血管疾病、卒中和全身栓塞、性别)。

  • 逐一记录患者发病、入院、股动脉穿刺、血管再开通时间,取栓次数,末次造影血流再通分级,即改良脑梗死溶栓血流分级(modified thrombolysis in ce⁃ rebral infarction scale,mTICI)。

  • 采集患者外周血,送检血常规、凝血功能、心肌肌钙蛋白T(c⁃TnT)、心房脑钠肽前体(NT⁃pro⁃BNP)、血清电解质、肝肾功能等。

  • 1.2.3 AF诊断及有效抗凝定义

  • 在本研究中,AF的诊断是基于患者既往房颤病史、入院时记录的心电图或术中心电监护捕捉到的AF发作。此外,对于不明原因栓塞患者(没有AF证据,末次造影无明显狭窄即缺血区供给血管因动脉粥样硬化导致的动脉血管腔狭窄<50%),术后进行1次或者多次的24~72h长程动态心电图监测。非阵发性AF被定义为永久性或持续性AF。服用华法林患者卒中当日的国际标准化比值(INR)≥1.7或卒中发作前48h内口服新型抗凝药物(NOAC)被认为有效抗凝[10]

  • 1.2.4 临床预后

  • 所有患者在卒中后90d,通过门诊复诊或电话进行随访。主要终点定义为脑卒中后90d改良后的Rankin积分(modified Rankin scale,mRS),mRS 0⁃ 2为预后良好。次要终点是90d的全因死亡率、 mTICI(2b⁃3为血流开通良好)和颅内出血转化(in⁃ tracranial hemorrhage,ICH)。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 所有统计分析均使用SPSS软件26.0。连续变量以平均数±标准差(x- ± s)或中位数四分位数[MP25P75)]表示。连续变量为正态分布时采用un⁃ paired Student’s t检验,非正态分布时采用非参数检验。分类变量以百分数表示,并用卡方检验或Fish⁃ er精确检验进行比较。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。采用多因素Logistic回归分析年龄≥80岁患者基线参数是否对机械取栓预后有独立影响。将单因素分析中P值<0.05的变量纳入多因素Logistic回归模型。计算比值比(odds ratio,OR)和相应的95%CI(confidence interval,CI)来评估相关性。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 基线及介入参数

  • 共纳入74例前循环AIS合并AF的老年患者。男22例(29.7%),平均(84.4±3.1)岁,阵发性AF19例 (25.7%),CHA2DS2⁃VASc平均(4.6±1.5)分,中位基线NIHSS评分19(14,26)分。2.7%(2/74)患者脑梗前接受了有效的抗凝(表1)。发病至穿刺中位数时间284(216,456)min,取栓治疗中位数时间81(46, 117)min,中位取栓次数2(1,3)次(表2)。

  • 2.2 临床预后

  • AIS合并AF的老年患者接受机械取栓治疗, 90d良好预后(mRS 0⁃2)率为21.6%,血流良好再通 (mTICI 2b⁃3)比例为77.0%,全因死亡率为36.4%,颅内出血转化率为35.1%(表2)。

  • 单因素分析性别、年龄、基线mRS、合并症(高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、卒中史、心衰)、卒中类型、栓塞部位、血清学指标、取栓次数、取栓方式、血流再通等级对患者预后无显著影响,取栓前静脉溶栓桥接治疗(OR=2.57,95%CI:0.52~12.68)和高CHA2DS2 ⁃VASc评分(OR=1.55,95%CI:0.97~2.49)有增加不良预后风险的趋势。单因素、多因素Logistic回归模型分析(表3)表明,非阵发性AF(OR=18.35,95%CI:1.98~169.77,P=0.010),基线NIHSS评分(OR=1.42,95%CI:1.15~1.75,P< 0.001),从发病到取栓结束的总流程时长(OR=1.01,95%CI:1.00~1.02,P=0.030)是不良预后(mRS 3~6)的独立危险因素(AUC=0.92,95%CI:0.84~1.00,P< 0.001,图1)。

  • 表1 基线资料

  • Table1 Baseline clinical characteristics

  • NTLR:中性粒细胞计数与淋巴细胞计数比值;TOAST:Org10172急性卒中治疗试验。

  • 共有27例患者在机械取栓治疗后90d内死亡。致死原因分别为:大面积脑梗死(13例)、脑出血 (7例)、严重肺部感染(6例)、室性心动过速(1例)。 Kaplan⁃Meier生存曲线显示(图2),与阵发性AF相比,非阵发性AF的死亡率更高(HR=3.45,95%CI: 1.04~11.47,P=0.034)。

  • 在随访期间,47例生存者中有26例(55.3%)患者在机械取栓后口服抗凝药;其中华法林4例,利伐沙班15例,达比加群7例。

  • 表2 介入参数和临床结局

  • Table2 Operation parameters and clinical outcomes

  • 总流程时长为发病到取栓结束时长。

  • 3 讨论

  • 本次回顾性观察性研究发现,AIS合并AF的老年患者取栓总体预后较差,血流再通等级差,病死率、出血转化风险高。非阵发性AF、基线NIHSS评分高、总流程时长是预后不良的独立危险因素;同时非阵发性AF是影响全因病死率的重要因素。

  • AF已被证实是AIS患者预后不良的独立预测因子[11],合并AF的AIS患者静脉溶栓、动脉取栓后脑出血的风险较高,这可能与AF相关的脑卒中患者血栓负荷重,容易导致颅内大血管闭塞,进而形成较大的缺血区域和核心梗死体积有关[12-13]。虽然指南推荐对符合取栓标准的AIS患者进行取栓治疗,但MR CLEAN亚组[14] 研究和近期一项单中心观察研究[15] 的分析均发现,与无AF患者相比,接受取栓治疗的AIS合并AF患者90d mRS评分更差。此外,另一项研究也发现AIS合并AF患者取栓术后出血转化率更高[16]

  • 老年AF患者的血管质量较差,容易导致再通失败和脑出血。ENDO⁃STROKE研究发现[17],患者年龄越大,特别是80岁以上,前循环血管再通成功率越低。持续性或永久性AF引起的异常血流所产生的剪切力可损伤脑血管内皮,促使动脉斑块、动脉粥样硬化甚至狭窄的形成[18],这可能会增加再通的难度,增加脑出血的风险。NIHSS评分越高,提示累及功能区越多,脑损害越重,这在既往研究中多有报道,被认为是预测卒中后不良结局的重要危险因素[7]

  • 表3 不良预后(90d mRS 3⁃6)的单因素和多因素分析模型

  • Table3 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression to predict unfavorable functional outcome(a Modified Rankin Scale score of 3⁃6)at 90days

  • 总流程时长为发病到取栓结束时长。

  • 多因素回归分析发现,总流程时长越短,临床预后越好。这主要是因为与颈动脉粥样硬化性脑卒中患者相比,AF相关性脑卒中患者侧支循环较少。既往研究表明,颅内血管狭窄程度与侧支循环的建立有关,严重的血管狭窄可促进侧支循环的代偿[19]。心源性卒中患者因血栓脱落导致颅内大血管闭塞,此时侧支循环尚不能及时建立,供血区脑组织血流供给显著减少甚至中断,短时间内脑组织受累范围广、损害严重。本研究27例死亡,13例 (48.1%)考虑大面积脑梗死致死,由此可见一斑。因此,对于AIS合并AF的老年患者来说,需要尽可能缩短总流程时长。

  • 本研究还表明,与直接取栓相比,静脉使用阿替普酶桥接治疗有增加不良预后风险的趋势。已有研究证实,在AIS患者大血管闭塞症状出现后4.5h内直接取栓与桥接治疗相比,预后相似[20]。此外,溶栓不仅增加了取栓过程中脑出血风险,溶栓及溶栓后评估同时增加了血流再灌注的总时长。因此直接取栓可能对老年AIS合并AF患者的临床预后更有利。

  • 图1 多因素分析预测模型ROC曲线

  • Fig.1 ROC curve of multivariate logistic regression model

  • 图2 阵发性AF和非阵发性AF取栓术后90d全因死亡率比较

  • Fig.2 Comparison of all ⁃ cause mortality during90days after MT between paroxysmal and non ⁃ paroxysmal AF

  • 因此,对于老年AIS合并AF的患者,尤其是合并非阵发性AF、高基线NIHSS评分、发病时间久的患者,是否选择取栓治疗需更为谨慎,应尤神经内科、介入科、急诊、心内科等多学科综合评估患者基本情况,充分告知患者家属风险及其预后。此外,抗凝药物的使用可有效预防老年AF患者发生脑卒中[10]。本研究中极少有老年AF患者在AIS发病前进行有效抗凝。考虑到老年AF患者的取栓治疗预后较差,提高在该人群抗凝药物的使用率以预防脑卒中发生显得尤为迫切。

  • 本研究有一定局限性。首先,这是一个小样本量的单中心回顾性分析;其次,本研究只分析了前循环闭塞的老年患者的临床基线数据,对后循环取栓预后,以及其他未纳入的潜在因素并未有效论证。因此,需要更大规模研究来阐明机械取栓对AIS合并AF的老年患者的治疗效果。

  • 老年AF患者前循环急性缺血性脑卒中时,如合并基线NIHSS评分高和/或非阵发性AF时,选择取栓治疗要更慎重。此外,需进一步提高老年AF患者的抗凝率预防脑卒中。

  • 参考文献

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    • [10] HINDRICKS G,POTPARA T,DAGRES N,et al.2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atri⁃ al fibrillation developed in collaboration with the Europe⁃ an Association for Cardio⁃Thoracic Surgery(EACTS):the task force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fi⁃ brillation of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC)De⁃ veloped with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association(EHRA)of the ESC[J].Eur Heart J,2021,42(5):373-498

    • [11] KAMEL H,HEALEY J S.Cardioembolic Stroke[J].Circ Res,2017,120(3):514-526

    • [12] AKBIK F,ALAWIEH A,CAWLEY C M,et al.Differen⁃ tial effect of mechanical thrombectomy and intravenous thrombolysis in atrial fibrillation associated stroke[J].J Neurointerv Surg,2020,13(10):883-888

    • [13] FREEMAN W D,AGUILAR M I.Prevention of cardioem⁃ bolic stroke[J].Neurotherapeutics,2011,8(3):488-502

    • [14] BERKHEMER O A,FRANSEN P S,BEUMER D,et al.A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute isch⁃ emic stroke[J].N Engl J Med,2015,372(1):11-20

    • [15] GIRAY S,OZDEMIR O,BAS D F,et al.Does stroke etiol⁃ ogy play a role in predicting outcome of acute stroke pa⁃ tients who underwent endovascular treatment with stent retrievers?[J].J Neurol Sci,2017,372:104-109

    • [16] HUANG K,ZHA M,GAO J,et al.Increased intracranial hemorrhage of mechanical thrombectomy in acute isch⁃ emic stroke patients with atrial fibrillation[J].J Thromb Thrombolysis,2021,51(2):536-544

    • [17] SINGER O C,HARING H P,TRENKLER J,et al.Age de⁃ pendency of successful recanalization in anterior circula⁃ tion stroke:the ENDOSTROKE study[J].Cerebrovasc Dis,2013,36(5⁃6):437-445

    • [18] WANG Z,KORANTZOPOULOS P,LIU T.Carotid athero⁃ sclerosis in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Curr Ath⁃ eroscler Rep,2019,21(12):55

    • [19] GUGLIELMI V,LECOUFFE N E,ZINKSTOK S M,et al.Collateral circulation and outcome in atherosclerotic ver⁃ sus cardioembolic cerebral large vessel occlusion[J].Stroke,2019,50(12):3360-3368

    • [20] YANG P,ZHANG Y,ZHANG L,et al.Endovascular thrombectomy with or without intravenous alteplase in acute stroke[J].N Engl J Med,2020,382(21):1981-1993

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 陶秋成,王远成,秦智,等.CT 成像下左心耳形态和左心耳孔面积与缺血性卒中的关系[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(11):1654-1658

    • [2] SWEID A,WEINBERG J H,XU V,et al.Mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke patients greater than 90 years of age:experience in 26 patients in a large tertiary care center and outcome comparison with younger patients[J].World Neurosurg,2020,133:e835-e41

    • [3] GUO Y,TIAN Y,WANG H,et al.Prevalence,incidence,and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation in China:new in⁃ sights into the global burden of atrial fibrillation[J].Chest,2015,147(1):109-119

    • [4] MOKIN M,ROJAS H,LEVY E I.Randomized trials of en⁃ dovascular therapy for stroke ⁃ impact on stroke care[J].Nat Rev Neurol,2016,12(2):86-94

    • [5] NOGUEIRA R G,JADHAV A P,HAUSSEN D C,et al.Thrombectomy 6 to 24 hours after stroke with a mismatch between deficit and infarct[J].N Engl J Med,2018,378(1):11-21

    • [6] ALBERS G W,MARKS M P,KEMP S,et al.Thrombecto⁃ my for stroke at 6 to 16 hours with selection by perfusion imaging[J].N Engl J Med,2018,378(8):708-718

    • [7] GOYAL M,MENON B K,VAN ZWAM W H,et al.Endo⁃ vascular thrombectomy after large ⁃ vessel ischaemic stroke:a meta⁃analysis of individual patient data from five randomised trials[J].Lancet,2016,387(10029):1723-1731

    • [8] ALAWIEH A,CHATTERJEE A,FENG W,et al.Throm⁃ bectomy for acute ischemic stroke in the elderly:a‘real world’experience[J].J Neurointerv Surg,2018,10(12):1209-1217

    • [9] POWERS W J,RABINSTEIN A A,ACKERSON T,et al.Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke:2019 update to the 2018 guide⁃ lines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke:a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association [J].Stroke,2019,50(12):e344-e418

    • [10] HINDRICKS G,POTPARA T,DAGRES N,et al.2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atri⁃ al fibrillation developed in collaboration with the Europe⁃ an Association for Cardio⁃Thoracic Surgery(EACTS):the task force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fi⁃ brillation of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC)De⁃ veloped with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association(EHRA)of the ESC[J].Eur Heart J,2021,42(5):373-498

    • [11] KAMEL H,HEALEY J S.Cardioembolic Stroke[J].Circ Res,2017,120(3):514-526

    • [12] AKBIK F,ALAWIEH A,CAWLEY C M,et al.Differen⁃ tial effect of mechanical thrombectomy and intravenous thrombolysis in atrial fibrillation associated stroke[J].J Neurointerv Surg,2020,13(10):883-888

    • [13] FREEMAN W D,AGUILAR M I.Prevention of cardioem⁃ bolic stroke[J].Neurotherapeutics,2011,8(3):488-502

    • [14] BERKHEMER O A,FRANSEN P S,BEUMER D,et al.A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute isch⁃ emic stroke[J].N Engl J Med,2015,372(1):11-20

    • [15] GIRAY S,OZDEMIR O,BAS D F,et al.Does stroke etiol⁃ ogy play a role in predicting outcome of acute stroke pa⁃ tients who underwent endovascular treatment with stent retrievers?[J].J Neurol Sci,2017,372:104-109

    • [16] HUANG K,ZHA M,GAO J,et al.Increased intracranial hemorrhage of mechanical thrombectomy in acute isch⁃ emic stroke patients with atrial fibrillation[J].J Thromb Thrombolysis,2021,51(2):536-544

    • [17] SINGER O C,HARING H P,TRENKLER J,et al.Age de⁃ pendency of successful recanalization in anterior circula⁃ tion stroke:the ENDOSTROKE study[J].Cerebrovasc Dis,2013,36(5⁃6):437-445

    • [18] WANG Z,KORANTZOPOULOS P,LIU T.Carotid athero⁃ sclerosis in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Curr Ath⁃ eroscler Rep,2019,21(12):55

    • [19] GUGLIELMI V,LECOUFFE N E,ZINKSTOK S M,et al.Collateral circulation and outcome in atherosclerotic ver⁃ sus cardioembolic cerebral large vessel occlusion[J].Stroke,2019,50(12):3360-3368

    • [20] YANG P,ZHANG Y,ZHANG L,et al.Endovascular thrombectomy with or without intravenous alteplase in acute stroke[J].N Engl J Med,2020,382(21):1981-1993