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通讯作者:

盛燕辉,E⁃mail:yhsheng@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R541.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)02-200-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20220209

参考文献 1
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参考文献 3
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参考文献 7
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参考文献 8
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 17
WERYNSKI P,SKOREK P,WOJCIK A,et al.Recent achievements in transcatheter closure of ventricular sep⁃ tal defects:a systematic review of literature and a meta ⁃ analysis[J].Kardiol Pol,2021,79(2):161-169
参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 20
朱鲜阳,刘玉昊,侯传举,等.膜周部室间隔缺损介入治疗术后早期心律失常危险因素的探讨[J].中华心血管病杂志,2007,35(7):633-636
参考文献 21
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参考文献 22
OU⁃YANG W B,WANG S Z,HU S S,et al.Perventricu⁃ lar device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect:effectiveness of symmetric and asymmetric occlud⁃ ers[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2017,51(3):478-482
参考文献 23
ZHOU Y,QIN Y,ZHAO X,et al.The impact of short or long transcatheter occluder waist lengths on postproce⁃ dure complete atrioventricular block:a retrospective study [J].J Invasive Cardiol,2015,27(11):E231-235
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:在前期总结的膜周部室间隔缺损(perimembranous ventricularseptal defect,pmVSD)介入治疗策略指导下,观察后续pmVSD介入封堵术后传导阻滞发生状况,分析其危险因素和预防措施。方法:分析2012年1月—2020年7月间成功接受介入封堵的196例pmVSD患者术后发生传导阻滞的情况,采用Logistic 单因素和多因素回归模型进行危险因素分析和探索。结果:术后新发传导阻滞18例(18/196,9.2%),包括完全性和不完全性右束支传导阻滞、左前分支传导阻滞、室内传导阻滞和Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞,未发生完全性左束支传导阻滞及高度房室传导阻滞,所有术后传导阻滞均在2个月内恢复。基底封堵组传导阻滞发生率(12.7%,17/134)较瘤内封堵组(1.6%,1/62)更高(P =0.014)。在基底封堵亚组,pmVSD上缘与主动脉瓣右冠瓣的距离(distance from the aortic valve to the defect,DAVD)越长(P =0.015)、破口直径越大(P =0.022),术后发生传导阻滞的风险越大。结论:基底封堵组传导阻滞发生率较高。在基底封堵组,DAVD及破口直径是术后传导阻滞发生的独立影响因素。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to observe the condition of post ⁃ procedure heart blocks after transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect(pmVSD)under the guidance of the new treatment strategy of transcatheter closure of pmVSD based on previous experience. To investigate the risk factors and prevent post⁃procedure heart blocks. Methods:The clinical data of the 196 patients who successfully underwent transcatheter closure of pmVSD from January 2012 to July 2020 were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyze and explore the risk factors. Results:Total 18 patients(18/ 196,9.2%)developed post ⁃ procedure heart blocks,including complete and incomplete right bundle branch block,left anterior fascicular block,intraventricular block and first degree atrioventricular block. No complete left bundle branch block and high⁃degree atrioventricular block occurred. All post⁃procedure heart blocks recovered within 2 months. The incidence of heart blocks in the basal occlusion group(12.7%,17/134)was higher than the intratumoral occlusion group(1.6%,1/62)(P =0.014). The analysis of basal occlusion group showed that distance from the aortic valve to the defect(DAVD)(P =0.015)and the diameter of the defect(P =0.022) were positively related to post ⁃ procedure heart blocks. Conclusion:The incidence of heart blocks is higher in the basal occlusion group. In the basal occlusion group,DAVD and the diameter of the defect are independent risk factors of post⁃procedure heart blocks.

  • 室间隔缺损是最常见的先天性心脏病之一,其中膜周部室间隔缺损(perimembranous ventricular sep⁃ tal defect,pmVSD)约占80%[1]。2002年Hijazi等将Amplatzer封堵器首次应用到介入封堵pmVSD后,因创伤小、术后恢复快等优点,该术式迅速得到应用和推广[2]。由于pmVSD与心脏传导束在解剖上相临近,传导阻滞是介入治疗pmVSD术后最常见的并发症之一[3],术后发生高度房室传导阻滞且不恢复的患者需要外科手术取出封堵器甚至起搏治疗[4]。预防pmVSD封堵术后传导阻滞的发生一直是介入治疗工作的重点和难点,国内外尚没有统一的诊疗策略。由于接受pmVSD封堵术的患者普遍年轻,且术后存在发生高度房室传导阻滞的风险,美国食品及药物管理局至今未批准任何类型的封堵器用于介入封堵pmVSD[4-5]

  • 南京医科大学第一附属医院心血管内科是国内最早开展先天性心脏病介入治疗的医院之一[6-7], 2011年本科室分析了从2003年1月—2007年12月接受pmVSD介入治疗并随访1年的数据(以下简称 “2011年分析”),结果表明,pmVSD上缘与主动脉瓣右冠瓣的距离(distance from the aortic valve to the defect, DAVD)过长、pmVSD下缘与三尖瓣隔瓣的距离(dis⁃ tance from lower rim of the defects to the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve,DDSTV)过短、封堵器直径与pm⁃ VSD直径的差值过大是术后传导阻滞的主要原因[8]。 2011年《常见先天性心脏病介入治疗中国专家共识》 中pmVSD介入治疗适应证要求DAVD≥2mm[9],尚未有指南或专家共识对DDSTV进行推荐。为了预防术后传导阻滞发生,结合2011年分析结果及专家共识,2012年后对pmVSD封堵手术做如下改进:①入选pmVSD患者术前超声心动图测量DDSTV≥2.5mm; ②采用对称型封堵器(北京华医圣杰有限公司),选用封堵器型号直径与pmVSD破口直径的差值<3mm。本文分析了2012年1月—2020年7月期间成功接受介入封堵pmVSD的患者术后发生传导阻滞的情况。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 连续入组2012年1月—2020年7月期间在南京医科大学第一附属医院心血管内科成功接受介入封堵的196例患者,其中,男80例(40.8%),女116例 (59.2%),平均年龄(25.8±15.1)岁。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 临床资料收集

  • 本研究的手术方式和随访内容等与2011年分析[8] 相似。分别穿刺股静脉和股动脉置入导管,行右心导管测量右房室腔压及肺动脉压,行左室造影评估室间隔缺损后,建立轨道送入释放封堵器。术后连续7d行心电图检查,术后5d和术后1、3、6、12个月行24h动态心电图及超声心动图检查。

  • 对术前评估及术中测量做出调整:术前统一通过经胸超声心动图在胸骨旁大动脉短轴切面测量DDSTV(图1);术中左心室造影增加测量pmVSD封堵前基底部直径、破口直径、瘤体长度(图2),其中未形成膜部瘤的pmVSD的基底部直径与破口直径相等,瘤体长度为0mm;根据封堵器左盘位于pm⁃ VSD的基底部左侧或pmVSD膜部瘤瘤内,将封堵方式分为基底封堵和瘤内封堵(图3);增加测量封堵术后封堵器实际的左盘直径、右盘直径、腰部直径、腰部长度(图4);用封堵器型号直径与封堵后封堵器的腰部直径的差值(diameter difference between the occluder and wasit,DDOW)取代封堵器型号直径与pmVSD破口直径的差值,更能反映封堵器释放后周围组织的受压程度。

  • 图1 经胸超声心动图大动脉短轴切面DDSTV测量图

  • Fig.1 DDSTV measurement of short axis section of aorta by transthoracic echocardiography

  • 1.2.2 传导阻滞治疗

  • 结合专家共识[9] 及临床实际情况,对于术中出现持续的完全性左束支传导阻滞或高度房室传导阻滞的患者,予地塞米松5mg静脉推注,待传导阻滞恢复后继续封堵,术后予严密心电监测。对于术后7d内出现的新发传导阻滞患者,予地塞米松5mg静脉推注治疗3~5d,并心电监测。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用IBM SPSS Statistics 25统计分析软件,计量数据用均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,计量数据呈正态分布且方差齐时采用t检验,非正态分布或方差不齐时采用秩和检验;计数资料采用例数(百分比)[n(%)]表示,组间比较根据实际情况使用χ2 检验或者Fisher确切概率法;危险因素与术后新发传导阻滞危险性高低的关系采用Logistic单因素和多因素回归分析。上述比较均为双侧检验,P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 图2 pmVSD封堵前左心室造影各参数测量图

  • Fig.2 Measurement of parameters by left ventricular angiography before closure of pmVSD

  • 图3 封堵方式判断示例

  • Fig.3 Example for the judgment of occlusion method

  • 图4 pmVSD封堵后左心室造影各参数测量图

  • Fig.4 Measurement of parameters by left ventricular angiography after closure of pmVSD

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 术后传导阻滞发生及转归

  • 196例入组患者通过门诊及电话全部完成随访,男80例(40.8%),女116例(59.2%),平均年龄 (25.8±15.1)岁。术后新发传导阻滞18例(18/196, 9.2%),其中与术中操作损伤相关的传导阻滞1例 (1/196,0.5%)。从传导阻滞的种类构成上看,新发完全性或不完全性右束支传导阻滞15例(15/18, 83.3%),其中1例合并Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞,1例合并左前分支传导阻滞;其余3例中新发Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞2例(2/18,11.1%),新发室内传导阻滞1例(1/18,5.6%)。传导阻滞初发时间集中在术后5d内,共15例(15/18,83.3%),初发时间的中位数为3d,最早出现在术中,最迟出现在术后32d。经随访,所有患者的新发传导阻滞在2个月内恢复。

  • 2.2 术后传导阻滞危险因素

  • 传导阻滞组与无传导阻滞组相比,DAVD更长 [(7.56 ± 5.31)mm vs.(4.60 ± 3.38)mm,P=0.026], DDSTV更短[(5.76±1.99)mm vs.(6.96±2.47)mm,P=0.022],破口直径更大[(4.28±2.69)mm vs.(3.29± 1.46)mm,P=0.040],采用基底封堵的占比更大 (OR=0.116,95%CI:0.015~0.890,P=0.014)。患者的年龄、性别、心脏房室腔大小、封堵器各参数、 DDOW、手术及X线曝光时间在两组间差异无统计学意义(表1)。

  • 2.3 亚组间pmVSD各参数比较

  • 按封堵方式将患者分为瘤内封堵组和基底封堵组,传导阻滞主要发生在基底封堵组。仅有1例瘤内封堵的患者术中出现了完全性右束支传导阻滞合并左前分支传导阻滞,经地塞米松治疗后,于1d后恢复。基底封堵组与瘤内封堵组相比,DAVD更长[(5.50 ± 3.91)mm vs.(3.50 ± 2.71)mm,P < 0.001],DDSTV更短[(6.37 ± 1.98)mm vs.(7.89 ± 3.00)mm,P=0.001],破口直径更小[(3.25±1.67)mm vs.(3.67±1.49)mm,P=0.015,表2]。

  • 2.4 基底封堵亚组术后传导阻滞危险因素的分析

  • 在总体分析中,DAVD、DDSTV和破口直径在传导阻滞组与无传导阻滞组间存在差异,故在分析基底封堵亚组时,将DAVD、DDSTV和破口直径纳入分析。传导阻滞组与无传导阻滞组相比,破口直径更大[(4.19±2.74)mm vs.(3.12±1.42)mm,P=0.020], DAVD及DDSTV在两组间无显著差异(表3)。单因素Logistic回归分析显示,DAVD和破口直径越大,术后发生传导阻滞的风险越高。多因素Logistic回归分析的结果显示,DAVD(OR=1.162,95%CI:1.030~1.310,P=0.015)和破口直径(OR=1.369,95%CI: 1.047~1.790,P=0.022)与术后传导阻滞有关,两个指标为影响术后传导阻滞发生的独立影响因素 (表4)。

  • 表1 pmVSD介入封堵术后传导阻滞危险因素分析

  • Table1 Analysis of risk factors of post⁃procedure heart blocks after transcatheter closure of pmVSD

  • a:采用Fisher确切概率法。

  • 表2 基底封堵亚组与瘤内封堵亚组pmVSD各参数比较

  • Table2 Comparison of pmVSD parameters between basal occlusion subgroup and in tratumoral occlusion subgroup

  • 3 讨论

  • 希氏束的穿透部穿过中心纤维体走行在膜部室间隔的后缘和下缘,向前和向下延伸至肌部室间隔的顶端,沿肌部室间隔顶部走行5~10mm后,分裂出左束支,另一支延伸并穿过室间隔到达右侧心内膜下形成右束支[10]。pmVSD是缺损超出膜部,向流入道间隔、肌小梁间隔和流出道间隔扩大而形成的,传导束走行位置离前两种pmVSD的距离较近。解剖上,偏向流入道间隔、肌小梁间隔的pmVSD距离三尖瓣隔瓣较近,距离主动脉瓣较远,偏向流出道的pmVSD距离三尖瓣隔瓣较远,距离主动脉瓣较近[11]。因此DAVD越长、DDSTV越短,pmVSD边缘距离传导束越近,术中损伤传导束的风险越大,这与2011年分析中的结论一致[8]

  • 表3 基底封堵亚组pmVSD介入封堵术后传导阻滞危险因素分析

  • Table3 Analysis of risk factors of post ⁃procedure heart blocks after transcatheter closure of pmVSD in basal occlusion subgroup

  • 国内外文献报道pmVSD介入封堵术后传导阻滞的发生率为9.7%~34.4%,其中高度房室传导阻滞发生率为0%~4.8%[12-18],术后新发传导阻滞不恢复者为0%~10.6%[12-1417-18]。在制定标准排除DDSTV过短的患者后,本研究中术后传导阻滞的情况较2011年分析明显改善。2011年分析中传导阻滞的总发生率为14.5%,本研究中发生率为9.2%。2011年分析中新发高度房室传导阻滞4例(4/228,1.8%) 和完全性左束支传导阻滞3例(3/228,1.3%),在本研究中均未发生。2011年分析中传导阻滞未恢复者10例(10/228,4.4%),本研究中新发传导阻滞均恢复。由于2011年分析中患者平均年龄为13.8岁,因年龄小,故未和本组数据进行对比分析。

  • 表4 基底封堵亚组单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析

  • Table4 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors in basal occlusion subgroup

  • pmVSD合并膜部瘤者,文献报道的瘤内封堵占比为26.7%~61.8%[1419],传导阻滞发生率明显下降,甚至不发生传导阻滞。亦有文献报道合并膜部瘤增加传导阻滞发生[20],可能原因为入组患者年龄偏小(平均10岁),为完全封堵pmVSD而选择基底封堵,当时国内主要为偏心封堵器,下端长,容易对靠三尖瓣的膜部间隔产生较强的压迫作用,损伤传导系统。本研究发现术后传导阻滞主要发生在基底封堵组,瘤内封堵组唯一1例新发传导阻滞与术中操作损伤相关。该患者第一次尝试封堵时所选封堵器偏大,可能牵拉左室面进瘤过程中,左室面对缺损口靠三尖瓣部位间隔压迫,出现传导阻滞,换小型号长腰封堵器封堵成功,传导阻滞1d后恢复。膜部瘤主要为增生的纤维结缔组织,很少有传导束通过,瘤内封堵时,整个封堵器对pmVSD基底部边缘室间隔不产生压迫,不容易损伤传导系统,因此分析DAVD、DDSTV对传导阻滞的影响意义不大,在今后介入封堵术前筛选患者时,术前超声评估为膜部瘤,预判可以进行瘤内封堵的病例,对DAVD和DDSTV可不做限制。对于基底封堵的患者,与2011年分析不同的是,DDSTV不再是传导阻滞发生的危险因素,说明我科制定的关于DDSTV的排除标准对减少和减轻术后传导阻滞的发生有积极作用。DAVD和破口直径为传导阻滞的危险因素,DAVD长、破口直径大的患者术后新发传导阻滞的风险更高,应采取更严密的监测手段。

  • 虽然2011年分析表明选择偏心型封堵器或对称型封堵器术后传导阻滞的发生率无统计学差异[8],但亦有研究表明选择偏心封堵器会提高各类传导阻滞的发生率[21-22]。其原因是偏心型封堵器下缘较长,腰长较短,更容易压迫损伤传导束。Zhou等[23] 的研究表明和短腰封堵器相比,选择长腰封堵器可减少高度房室传导阻滞的发生。本研究对封堵器类型的选择进行改进,均采用对称型封堵器,对瘤体直径长的患者选用长腰对称型封堵器。在确保封堵成功的基础上,尽量选择型号小的封堵器。与2011年分析不同的是,DDOW在传导阻滞组与未传导阻滞组中不再有显著差异。说明本研究中对封堵器型号的选择更合适,有效改善了术后传导阻滞的发生。

  • 本研究存在一定局限性,如单中心且样本量较少,尤其是传导阻滞组,未来制定统一的入排和手术标准,多中心纳入病例观察;随访时间较短,可能忽略迟发性术后传导阻滞,应延长随访时间。

  • 本研究提示DDSTV≥2.5mm的入选标准和封堵器型号直径与pmVSD破口直径的差值<3mm的选用标准对减少和减轻术后传导阻滞的发生有积极作用。基底封堵组的传导阻滞发生率较高,对DAVD和破口直径过大的pmVSD患者,术后应严密监测。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BAUMGARTNER H,DE BACKER J,BABU⁃NARAYAN S V,et al.2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of adult congenital heart disease[J].Eur Heart J,2021,42(6):563-645

    • [2] MIJANGOS ⁃ VAZQUEZ R,EL ⁃ SISI A,SANDOVAL JONES J P,et al.Transcatheter closure of perimembra⁃ nous ventricular septal defects using different generations of amplatzer devices:multicenter experience[J].J Interv Cardiol,2020,2020:8948249

    • [3] 韩咏,李俊杰,王树水,等.经导管膜周部室间隔缺损介入治疗并发症及危险因素分析[J].中国介入心脏病学杂,2020,28(8):445-450

    • [4] XIE L,ZHANG H,ZHANG R,et al.Management of late⁃ onset complete atrioventricular block post transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects[J].Front Pediatr,2019,7:545

    • [5] LI Y,ZHOU K,HUA Y.Whether heart blocks post peri⁃ membranous ventricular septal defect device closure re⁃ main threatening:how could Chinese experiences impact the world?[J].J Evid Based Med,2017,10(1):5-10

    • [6] 苏振扬,张浩,张海锋,等.经桡动脉入路行动脉导管未闭介入封堵术的临床应用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(12):1799-1801

    • [7] 华杨,娄宇轩,杨丰泽,等.116例卵圆孔未闭伴神经系统症状患者行介入封堵治疗的近期疗效观察[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(9):1361-1363

    • [8] YANG R,KONG X Q,SHENG Y H,et al.Risk factors and outcomes of post ⁃ procedure heart blocks after trans⁃ catheter device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect[J].JACC Cardiovasc Interv,2012,5(4):422-427

    • [9] 秦永文.常见先天性心脏病介入治疗中国专家共识二、 室间隔缺损介入治疗[J].介入放射学杂志,2011,20(2):87-92

    • [10] PADALA S K,CABRERA J A,ELLENBOGEN K A.Anat⁃ omy of the cardiac conduction system[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2021,44(1):15-25

    • [11] MOSTEFA⁃KARA M,HOUYEL L,BONNET D.Anatomy of the ventricular septal defect in congenital heart defects:a random association?[J].Orphanet J Rare Dis,2018,13(1):118

    • [12] ZHENG H,LIN A,WANG L,et al.The long⁃term change of arrhythmias after transcatheter closure of perimembra⁃ nous ventricular septal defects[J].Cardiol Res Pract,2021,2021:1625915

    • [13] LI H,SHI Y,ZHANG S,et al.Short ⁃ and medium ⁃term follow⁃up of transcatheter closure of perimembranous ven⁃ tricular septal defects[J].BMC Cardiovasc Disord,2019,19(1):222

    • [14] JIANG D,HAN B,ZHAO L,et al.Transcatheter device closure of perimembranous and intracristal ventricular septal defects in children:medium⁃ and long⁃term results [J].J Am Heart Assoc,2021,10(11):e020417

    • [15] MANDAL K D,SU D,PANG Y.Long ⁃ term outcome of transcatheter device closure of perimembranous ventricu⁃ lar septal defects[J].Front Pediatr,2018,6:128

    • [16] BERGMANN M,GERMANN C P,NORDMEYER J,et al.Short⁃ and long⁃term outcome after interventional vsd clo⁃ sure:a single⁃center experience in pediatric and adult pa⁃ tients[J].Pediatr Cardiol,2021,42(1):78-88

    • [17] WERYNSKI P,SKOREK P,WOJCIK A,et al.Recent achievements in transcatheter closure of ventricular sep⁃ tal defects:a systematic review of literature and a meta ⁃ analysis[J].Kardiol Pol,2021,79(2):161-169

    • [18] WANG C,ZHOU K,LUO C,et al.Complete left bundle branch block after transcatheter closure of perimembra⁃ nous ventricular septal defect[J].JACC Cardiovasc In⁃ terv,2019,12(16):1631-1633

    • [19] GUO W,LI Y,YU J,et al.Transcatheter closure of peri⁃ membranous ventricular septal defect with aneurysm:ra⁃ diologic characteristic and interventional strategy[J].J Interv Cardiol,2020,2020:6646482

    • [20] 朱鲜阳,刘玉昊,侯传举,等.膜周部室间隔缺损介入治疗术后早期心律失常危险因素的探讨[J].中华心血管病杂志,2007,35(7):633-636

    • [21] JIANG D,FAN Y,HAN B,et al.Risk factors and out⁃ comes of postprocedure complete left bundle branch block after transcatheter device closure of perimembra⁃ nous ventricular septal defect[J].Circ Cardiovasc Interv,2021,14(2):e009823

    • [22] OU⁃YANG W B,WANG S Z,HU S S,et al.Perventricu⁃ lar device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect:effectiveness of symmetric and asymmetric occlud⁃ ers[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2017,51(3):478-482

    • [23] ZHOU Y,QIN Y,ZHAO X,et al.The impact of short or long transcatheter occluder waist lengths on postproce⁃ dure complete atrioventricular block:a retrospective study [J].J Invasive Cardiol,2015,27(11):E231-235

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BAUMGARTNER H,DE BACKER J,BABU⁃NARAYAN S V,et al.2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of adult congenital heart disease[J].Eur Heart J,2021,42(6):563-645

    • [2] MIJANGOS ⁃ VAZQUEZ R,EL ⁃ SISI A,SANDOVAL JONES J P,et al.Transcatheter closure of perimembra⁃ nous ventricular septal defects using different generations of amplatzer devices:multicenter experience[J].J Interv Cardiol,2020,2020:8948249

    • [3] 韩咏,李俊杰,王树水,等.经导管膜周部室间隔缺损介入治疗并发症及危险因素分析[J].中国介入心脏病学杂,2020,28(8):445-450

    • [4] XIE L,ZHANG H,ZHANG R,et al.Management of late⁃ onset complete atrioventricular block post transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects[J].Front Pediatr,2019,7:545

    • [5] LI Y,ZHOU K,HUA Y.Whether heart blocks post peri⁃ membranous ventricular septal defect device closure re⁃ main threatening:how could Chinese experiences impact the world?[J].J Evid Based Med,2017,10(1):5-10

    • [6] 苏振扬,张浩,张海锋,等.经桡动脉入路行动脉导管未闭介入封堵术的临床应用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(12):1799-1801

    • [7] 华杨,娄宇轩,杨丰泽,等.116例卵圆孔未闭伴神经系统症状患者行介入封堵治疗的近期疗效观察[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(9):1361-1363

    • [8] YANG R,KONG X Q,SHENG Y H,et al.Risk factors and outcomes of post ⁃ procedure heart blocks after trans⁃ catheter device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect[J].JACC Cardiovasc Interv,2012,5(4):422-427

    • [9] 秦永文.常见先天性心脏病介入治疗中国专家共识二、 室间隔缺损介入治疗[J].介入放射学杂志,2011,20(2):87-92

    • [10] PADALA S K,CABRERA J A,ELLENBOGEN K A.Anat⁃ omy of the cardiac conduction system[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2021,44(1):15-25

    • [11] MOSTEFA⁃KARA M,HOUYEL L,BONNET D.Anatomy of the ventricular septal defect in congenital heart defects:a random association?[J].Orphanet J Rare Dis,2018,13(1):118

    • [12] ZHENG H,LIN A,WANG L,et al.The long⁃term change of arrhythmias after transcatheter closure of perimembra⁃ nous ventricular septal defects[J].Cardiol Res Pract,2021,2021:1625915

    • [13] LI H,SHI Y,ZHANG S,et al.Short ⁃ and medium ⁃term follow⁃up of transcatheter closure of perimembranous ven⁃ tricular septal defects[J].BMC Cardiovasc Disord,2019,19(1):222

    • [14] JIANG D,HAN B,ZHAO L,et al.Transcatheter device closure of perimembranous and intracristal ventricular septal defects in children:medium⁃ and long⁃term results [J].J Am Heart Assoc,2021,10(11):e020417

    • [15] MANDAL K D,SU D,PANG Y.Long ⁃ term outcome of transcatheter device closure of perimembranous ventricu⁃ lar septal defects[J].Front Pediatr,2018,6:128

    • [16] BERGMANN M,GERMANN C P,NORDMEYER J,et al.Short⁃ and long⁃term outcome after interventional vsd clo⁃ sure:a single⁃center experience in pediatric and adult pa⁃ tients[J].Pediatr Cardiol,2021,42(1):78-88

    • [17] WERYNSKI P,SKOREK P,WOJCIK A,et al.Recent achievements in transcatheter closure of ventricular sep⁃ tal defects:a systematic review of literature and a meta ⁃ analysis[J].Kardiol Pol,2021,79(2):161-169

    • [18] WANG C,ZHOU K,LUO C,et al.Complete left bundle branch block after transcatheter closure of perimembra⁃ nous ventricular septal defect[J].JACC Cardiovasc In⁃ terv,2019,12(16):1631-1633

    • [19] GUO W,LI Y,YU J,et al.Transcatheter closure of peri⁃ membranous ventricular septal defect with aneurysm:ra⁃ diologic characteristic and interventional strategy[J].J Interv Cardiol,2020,2020:6646482

    • [20] 朱鲜阳,刘玉昊,侯传举,等.膜周部室间隔缺损介入治疗术后早期心律失常危险因素的探讨[J].中华心血管病杂志,2007,35(7):633-636

    • [21] JIANG D,FAN Y,HAN B,et al.Risk factors and out⁃ comes of postprocedure complete left bundle branch block after transcatheter device closure of perimembra⁃ nous ventricular septal defect[J].Circ Cardiovasc Interv,2021,14(2):e009823

    • [22] OU⁃YANG W B,WANG S Z,HU S S,et al.Perventricu⁃ lar device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect:effectiveness of symmetric and asymmetric occlud⁃ ers[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2017,51(3):478-482

    • [23] ZHOU Y,QIN Y,ZHAO X,et al.The impact of short or long transcatheter occluder waist lengths on postproce⁃ dure complete atrioventricular block:a retrospective study [J].J Invasive Cardiol,2015,27(11):E231-235