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通讯作者:

梅勇,E-mail:njmumy11@163.com

中图分类号:R542.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)03-352-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20220307

参考文献 1
中华医学会心血管病学分会精准医学组.成人暴发性心肌炎诊断与治疗中国专家共识[J].中华心血管病杂志,2017,45(9):742-752
参考文献 2
KOCIOL R D,COOPER L T,FANG J C,et al.Recogni⁃ tion and initial management of fulminant myocarditis:ascientific statement from the American heart association [J].Circulation,2020,141(6):e69-e92
参考文献 3
NASR V G,RAMAN L,BARBARO R P,et al.Highlights from the extracorporeal life support organization registry:2006 ⁃ 2017[J].ASAIO J Am Soc Artif InternOrgans,2019,65(6):537-544
参考文献 4
郑翔翔,张石江,邵永丰,等.体外膜肺氧合在心脏术后低心排综合征中的临床应用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2015,45(12):1743-1745
参考文献 5
DIDDLE J W,ALMODOVAR M C,RAJAGOPAL S K,et al.Extracorporeal membrane oxygenationfor the support of adults with acute myocarditis[J].Crit Care Med,2015,43(5):1016-1025
参考文献 6
POZZI M,BANFI C,GRINBERG D,et al.Veno ⁃arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock due to myocarditis in adult patients[J].J Thorac Dis,2016,8(7):E495-E502
参考文献 7
DUCHNOWSKI P,HRYNIEWIECKI T,KUS’MIERC⁃ ZYK M,et al.High⁃sensitivitytroponin T predicts postop⁃ erative cardiogenic shock requiring mechanicalcirculatory support in patients with valve disease[J].2020,53(2):175-178
参考文献 8
ELSO.Guidelines for adult cardiac failure[EB/OL][.2021 ⁃12⁃01].https://www.elso.org/Resources/Guidelines.aspx
参考文献 9
KARAMLOUT,VAFAEEZADEH M,PARRISHA M,et al.Increased extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center case volume is associated with improved extracorporeal membrane oxygenation survival among pediatric patients [J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2013,145(2):470-475
参考文献 10
BARBARO R P,ODETOLA F O,KIDWELL K M,et al.Association of hospital ⁃ level volume of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cases and mortality.Analysis of the extracorporeal life support organization registry[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2015,191(8):894-901
参考文献 11
ASKIN L,TANRIVERDI O,TURKMEN S.Clinical im⁃ portance of high⁃ sensitivity troponin T in patients without coronary artery disease[J].North Clin Istanbul,2020,7(3):305-310
参考文献 12
AYDIN S,UGUR K,AYDIN S,et al.Biomarkers in acute myocardial infarction:current perspectives[J].Vasc Health Risk Manag,2019,15:1-10
参考文献 13
PARISSIS J T,PAPADAKIS J,KADOGLOU N P,et al.Prognostic value of high sensitivity troponin T in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure and non⁃detect⁃ able conventional troponin T levels[J].Int J Cardiol,2013,168(4):3609-3612
参考文献 14
MCCORD J,AURORA L,LINDAHL B,et al.Symptoms predictive of acute myocardial infarction in the troponin era:analysis from the TRAPID⁃AMI study[J].Crit Pathw Cardiol,2019,18(1):10-15
参考文献 15
于丽娜,李琳,张劲松.肌钙蛋白T和脑利钠肽对急性肺栓塞患者病情和预后评价的临床研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2012,32(1):82-85
参考文献 16
GILOTRA N A,MINKOVE N,BENNETT M K,et al.Lack of relationship between serum cardiac troponin I level and giant cell myocarditis diagnosis and outcomes[J].J Card Fail,2016,22(7):583-585
参考文献 17
MUELLER C,MCDONALD K,DE BOER R A,et al.Heart failure association of the european society of cardio⁃ logy practical guidance on the use of natriuretic peptide concentrations[J].Eur J Heart Fail,2019,21(6):715-731
参考文献 18
BAL L,THIERRY S,BROCAS E,et al.B⁃type natriuretic peptide(BNP)and N⁃terminal⁃proBNP for heart failure di⁃ agnosis in shock or acute respiratory distress[J].Acta An⁃ aesthesiol Scand,2006,50(3):340-347
参考文献 19
JANUZZI J L,MORSS A,TUNG R,et al.Natriuretic pep⁃ tide testing for the evaluation of critically ill patients with shock in the intensive care unit:aprospective cohort study [J].Crit Care,2006,10(1):R37
参考文献 20
LUYT C E,LANDIVIER A,LEPRINCE P,et al.Useful⁃ ness of cardiac biomarkers to predict cardiac recovery in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for refractory cardiogenic shock[J].J Crit Care,2012,27(5):524
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:研究急性心肌炎患者首次高敏肌钙蛋白T(high⁃sensitivity troponin T,hs⁃TnT)对其是否需要体外膜肺氧合 (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)支持的预测价值。方法:回顾性分析2017年1月─2020年7月在南京医科大学第一附属医院急诊就诊的98例急性心肌炎患者的临床资料,根据患者入院后是否需要ECMO支持分为ECMO支持组(ECMO组, 32例)和非ECMO支持组(非ECMO组,66例),比较两组患者急诊首次hs⁃TnT、氨基末端脑利钠肽前体(N⁃terminal pro⁃B type natriuretic peptide,NT⁃proBNP)等指标的差异,以判断患者是否需要 ECMO 支持。结果:ECMO 组 hs⁃TnT 值[3580(1656, 8935)ng/L]高于非ECMO组[630(180,1496)ng/L,P < 0.001],ECMO组NT⁃proBNP[10577(3701,24164)pg/mL]高于非ECMO组 [565(240,3736)pg/mL,P < 0.001]。多因素Logistic回归分析显示:首次hs⁃TnT(OR=1.290,95%CI:1.024~1.626,P =0.031)、首次NT⁃proBNP(OR=1.081,95%CI:1.019~1.146,P =0.009)为急性心肌炎患者可能需行ECMO支持的相关危险因素。结论:急性心肌炎患者急诊首次hs⁃TnT值及NT⁃proBNP值可作为相关指标,用来预测患者是否需要ECMO支持。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to investigate the predictive value of first⁃time high⁃sensitivity troponin T(hs⁃TnT)in patients with acute myocarditis to receive extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO)support. Methods:A retrospective study was conducted for 98 patients with acute myocarditis. They were divided into ECMO group(n =32)and non⁃ECMO group(n =66). Baseline data,level of serum hs⁃TnT and N⁃terminal pro⁃B type natriuretic peptide(NT⁃proBNP)were collected and compared. Results:Total 98 patients were finally enrolled. The levels of serum hs⁃TnT⁃ and NT⁃proBNP⁃ in ECMO group[3580(1656,8935)ng/L,10577 (3701,24164)pg/mL]were significantly higher than those in non⁃ECMO group[630(180,1496)ng/L,565(240,3736)pg/mL], respectively(P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed first⁃time hs⁃TnT(OR=1.290,95%CI:1.024~1.626,P =0.031)and NT⁃ proBNP level(OR=1.081,95%CI:1.019~1.146,P =0.009)were independently risk factors of ECMO therapy. Conclusion:The first ⁃ time hs⁃TnT and NT⁃proBNP level in patients with acute myocarditis could be used to predict whether the patient needs ECMO support.

  • 急性心肌炎是急诊常见病之一。病毒感染是最主要的致病原因。急性心肌炎的临床表现差异较大,轻者表现为胸闷、心悸,甚至无症状,重者出现心源性休克、恶性心律失常甚至猝死[1]。有些患者初始症状较轻,但病情进展迅速,表现为暴发性心肌炎。暴发性心肌炎患者病死率较高[2]。当患者出现药物治疗无效的休克或者恶性心律失常时,常需要机械循环辅助支持。体外膜肺氧合(extracorpo⁃real membrane oxygenation,ECMO)是机械循环辅助支持的重要方法之一,近年来其在各种原因所致的循环及呼吸衰竭抢救中的应用逐渐增多[3-4]。研究显示ECMO支持的急性心肌炎患者出院存活率为54.5%~75.0%[5-6]。因此应早期识别可能需要ECMO支持的心肌炎患者,提高救治成功率。生物标志物是疾病诊断和分级的重要指标。高敏肌钙蛋白T (high⁃sensitivity troponin T,hs⁃TnT)是急性心肌炎敏感和特异性的指标。Duchnowski等[7] 研究显示:心脏换瓣患者术后的hs⁃TnT可预测患者是否需要机械循环支持。而hs⁃TnT是否可以预测急性心肌炎患者需要ECMO支持,目前尚无定论。本研究回顾性分析急性心肌炎患者的临床资料,研究hs⁃TnT对急性心肌炎患者需ECMO支持的预测价值。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 收集2017年1月─2020年7月南京医科大学第一附属医院急诊抢救室就诊后住院治疗的98例急性心肌炎患者临床资料。纳入标准:所有患者均符合2017年中国《成人暴发性心肌炎诊断与治疗中国专家共识》中的诊断标准[1]。ECMO支持的指征参照ELSO(Extracorporeal Life Support Organization)指南[8]。按照患者入院后是否因病情加重应用ECMO支持,分为ECMO组(32例)和非ECMO组(66例)。本研究获得医院伦理委员会批准(伦理号:2020⁃SR⁃ 226)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 收集患者年龄、性别、体重指数(body mass in⁃ dex,BMI)、既往慢性病史包括高血压、冠心病、糖尿病、脑卒中、慢性肾脏病、心房颤动,个人史包括吸烟史、饮酒史等。收集患者急诊就诊时的症状、心率、平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)、首次实验室检查结果。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 应用SPSS 25.0统计软件进行统计分析。计数资料比较采用χ2 检验或Fisher确切概率法检验。计量资料通过Shaprio⁃Wilk检验正态性,服从正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,采用成组 t检验。偏态资料以中位数(四分位数),即[MP25P75)]表示,采用Mann⁃Whitney U检验。采用多因素Logistic回归分析急性心肌炎患者可能需行ECMO治疗的相关危险因素,并通过ROC曲线确定最佳阈值,P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 比较ECMO组和非ECMO组间基线资料及实验室指标

  • ECMO组和非ECMO组患者在年龄、性别、BMI、既往慢性病史包括高血压、冠心病、糖尿病、脑卒中、慢性肾脏病、心房颤动,个人史包括吸烟史、饮酒史,发病症状、心率,首次实验室检查(血红蛋白、血小板计数、活化部分凝血酶原时间)的差异均无统计学意义(P> 0.05,表1)。

  • ECMO组首次MAP低于非ECMO组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.001,表1)。ECMO组hs⁃TnT值高于非ECMO组,差异有统计学意义(P< 0.001,表1)。 ECMO组氨基末端脑利钠肽前体(N⁃terminal pro⁃B type natriuretic peptide,NT⁃proBNP)值高于非ECMO组,差异有统计学意义(P< 0.001,表1)。ECMO组纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,FIB)低于非ECMO组,差异有统计学意义(P< 0.05,表1)。

  • 2.2 急性心肌炎患者可能需ECMO支持的危险因素分析

  • 将表1中两组间单因素分析存在差异的变量 (包括首次MAP、首次hs⁃TnT、首次NT⁃proBNP、FIB) 纳入多因素Logistic回归分析,结果见表2。在多因素Logistic回归模型中,首次hs⁃TnT(OR=1.290,95%CI:1.024~1.626,P=0.031)、首次NT ⁃ proBNP(OR=1.081,95%CI:1.019~1.146,P=0.009)为急性心肌炎患者可能需ECMO支持的相关危险因素。首次MAP(OR=0.501,95%CI:0.296~0.849,P=0.010)为急性心肌炎患者可能需ECMO支持的保护因素,而首次FIB对急性心肌炎患者可能需ECMO治疗无明显影响(P=0.430)。

  • 2.3 ROC曲线分析

  • 首次hs⁃TnT预测急性心肌炎患者需行ECMO支持的曲线下面积为0.86,最佳临界值为1 927ng/L (灵敏度为75.0%,特异度为86.4%);首次NT⁃proBNP预测急性心肌炎患者需行ECMO支持的曲线下面积为0.83,最佳临界值为1 855pg/mL(灵敏度为90.6%,特异度为68.2%);首次MAP预测急性心肌炎患者需行ECMO支持的曲线下面积为0.75,最佳临界值为75mmHg(灵敏度为77.3%,特异度为68.7%,表3,图1)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 一部分急性心肌炎患者急诊就诊后会迅速进展为暴发性心肌炎。暴发性心肌炎患者常会表现为药物治疗无效的心源性休克、恶性心律失常甚至猝死。对于这部分患者,临床上常需要ECMO支持,保证组织灌注和氧供,避免病情加重至多脏器功能障碍[2]。ECMO支持的心肌炎患者病情均较危重,因此需由经验丰富的ECMO团队管理。应用ECMO治疗患者的存活率与ECMO中心管理患者的例数密切相关,在更大规模的ECMO中心应用此项技术,患者病死率会低于年例数较少的中心[9-10]。因此需及时识别出可能需ECMO支持的心肌炎患者,将患者转至经验丰富的ECMO中心,提高患者的存活率。本研究显示ECMO组和非ECMO组患者在早期临床症状上(胸痛、胸闷、气喘、黑矇)无明显差别,因此早期通过临床症状识别需ECMO支持的患者往往比较困难。

  • 表1 基线资料及入院首次实验室检查结果

  • Table1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

  • 表2 需行ECMO支持的危险因素分析

  • Table2 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of myocarditis patients requiring ECMO

  • 表3 首次NT⁃proBNP、hs⁃TnT及MAP的ROC曲线指标

  • Table3 ROC curves of the initial NT⁃proBNP, hs⁃TnT and MAP

  • 图1 首次hs⁃TnT、NT⁃proBNP及MAP的ROC曲线(n=98)

  • Fig.1 ROC curves of the initial hs ⁃TnT,NT ⁃proBNP and MAP(n=98)

  • 肌钙蛋白(troponin T,TnT)是1条由TnT、TnI、 TnC 3个亚单位组成的单多肽链,与原肌球蛋白构成复合物,调节心脏收缩。与骨骼肌相比,心肌TnT的氨基酸序列明显不同。TnT因特异度强,是临床检测心肌损伤的重要生物标志物[11-12]。与肌酸激酶相比,心肌TnT对心肌炎患者的心肌细胞损伤更为敏感。大量研究显示TnT可以作为判断心血管系统各种疾病预后的生物标志物,如心力衰竭、急性心肌梗死、急性肺栓塞或主动脉瓣疾病,较高的TnT与较差的预后密切相关[13-15]。1项关于约翰霍普金斯医院心内膜活检数据库的研究发现TnT值与巨细胞心肌炎相关,然而研究者没有发现TnT值与患者预后之间的显著相关性[16]。本研究表明,需ECMO支持患者的hs⁃TnT明显高于无需ECMO支持的患者,多因素Logistic回归分析显示hs⁃TnT是患者可能需ECMO支持的危险因素。因此急性心肌炎患者的首次hs⁃TnT的测定可更加有效地识别出可能需要EC⁃ MO支持的患者。

  • 心室因容量扩张和压力负荷增加会分泌脑利钠肽(B⁃type natriuretic peptide,BNP)。心室会先合成proBNP,然后proBNP被剪切形成一个生物活性部分(BNP),具有利尿、排钠、扩血管的作用,以及一个无生物学活性的氨基末端片段即NT ⁃proBNP。 NT⁃proBNP目前主要应用于心力衰竭的诊断和治疗评估[17]。研究显示心源性休克患者NT⁃proBNP水平升高可能与左、右心室功能障碍有关[18]。Januzzi等[19] 研究表明心源性休克患者死亡组NT⁃proBNP水平明显高于存活组。但也有研究表明NT⁃proBNP水平与心源性休克患者是否可以撤离机械辅助无明显相关性[20]。本研究表明,需ECMO支持患者的NT⁃proBNP明显高于无需ECMO支持的患者,多因素Logistic回归分析显示NT⁃proBNP是患者可能需ECMO支持的危险因素。通过测定急性心肌炎患者首次NT⁃proBNP,可对急性心肌炎患者进行分层,筛选出可能需要ECMO支持的患者。

  • 综上,本研究表明对急诊就诊的急性心肌炎患者进行hs⁃TnT和NT⁃proBNP的检测,可有助于识别病情可能进展为需ECMO支持的暴发性心肌炎患者。当然hs⁃TnT和NT⁃proBNP只是生物学标志,临床诊疗过程中仍需重视对临床症状和体征的观察,及时发现患者病情的变化。另外,本研究为单中心回顾性研究,且病例数量有限,未来需要多中心前瞻性研究来证实hs⁃TnT和NT⁃proBNP对急性心肌炎严重程度分级及预后评判的价值。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 中华医学会心血管病学分会精准医学组.成人暴发性心肌炎诊断与治疗中国专家共识[J].中华心血管病杂志,2017,45(9):742-752

    • [2] KOCIOL R D,COOPER L T,FANG J C,et al.Recogni⁃ tion and initial management of fulminant myocarditis:ascientific statement from the American heart association [J].Circulation,2020,141(6):e69-e92

    • [3] NASR V G,RAMAN L,BARBARO R P,et al.Highlights from the extracorporeal life support organization registry:2006 ⁃ 2017[J].ASAIO J Am Soc Artif InternOrgans,2019,65(6):537-544

    • [4] 郑翔翔,张石江,邵永丰,等.体外膜肺氧合在心脏术后低心排综合征中的临床应用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2015,45(12):1743-1745

    • [5] DIDDLE J W,ALMODOVAR M C,RAJAGOPAL S K,et al.Extracorporeal membrane oxygenationfor the support of adults with acute myocarditis[J].Crit Care Med,2015,43(5):1016-1025

    • [6] POZZI M,BANFI C,GRINBERG D,et al.Veno ⁃arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock due to myocarditis in adult patients[J].J Thorac Dis,2016,8(7):E495-E502

    • [7] DUCHNOWSKI P,HRYNIEWIECKI T,KUS’MIERC⁃ ZYK M,et al.High⁃sensitivitytroponin T predicts postop⁃ erative cardiogenic shock requiring mechanicalcirculatory support in patients with valve disease[J].2020,53(2):175-178

    • [8] ELSO.Guidelines for adult cardiac failure[EB/OL][.2021 ⁃12⁃01].https://www.elso.org/Resources/Guidelines.aspx

    • [9] KARAMLOUT,VAFAEEZADEH M,PARRISHA M,et al.Increased extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center case volume is associated with improved extracorporeal membrane oxygenation survival among pediatric patients [J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2013,145(2):470-475

    • [10] BARBARO R P,ODETOLA F O,KIDWELL K M,et al.Association of hospital ⁃ level volume of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cases and mortality.Analysis of the extracorporeal life support organization registry[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2015,191(8):894-901

    • [11] ASKIN L,TANRIVERDI O,TURKMEN S.Clinical im⁃ portance of high⁃ sensitivity troponin T in patients without coronary artery disease[J].North Clin Istanbul,2020,7(3):305-310

    • [12] AYDIN S,UGUR K,AYDIN S,et al.Biomarkers in acute myocardial infarction:current perspectives[J].Vasc Health Risk Manag,2019,15:1-10

    • [13] PARISSIS J T,PAPADAKIS J,KADOGLOU N P,et al.Prognostic value of high sensitivity troponin T in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure and non⁃detect⁃ able conventional troponin T levels[J].Int J Cardiol,2013,168(4):3609-3612

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