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通讯作者:

范志宁,E⁃mail:fanzhining@njmu.edu.cn;

何可心,hkxstella@njmu.pdu.cn

中图分类号:R735.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)03-363-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20220309

参考文献 1
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参考文献 2
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参考文献 3
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参考文献 4
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参考文献 5
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参考文献 6
KIM M K,KYE B H,LEE I K,et al.Outcome of bridge to surgery stenting for obstructive left colon cancer[J].ANZ J Surg,2017,87(12):E245-E250
参考文献 7
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参考文献 8
VAN HOOFT J E,VELD J V,ARNOLD D,et al.Self ⁃ expandable metal stents for obstructing colonic and extra⁃ colonic cancer:European Society of Gastrointestinal En⁃ doscopy(ESGE)Guideline ⁃ Update 2020[J].Endoscopy,2020,52(5):389-407
参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
MORITA S,YAMAMOTO K,OGAWA A,et al.Benefits of using a self ⁃ expandable metallic stent as a bridge to surgery for right⁃ and left⁃sided obstructive colorectal can⁃ cers[J].Surg Today,2019,49(1):32-37
参考文献 11
FRAGO R,RAMIREZ E,MILLAN M,et al.Current mana⁃ gement of acute malignant large bowel obstruction:a sys⁃ tematic review[J].Am J Surg,2014,207(1):127-138
参考文献 12
AHN J S,HONG S N,CHANG D K,et al.Efficacy of un⁃ covered self ⁃ expandable metallic stent for colorectal ob⁃ struction by extracolonic malignancy[J].World J Gastro⁃intest Oncol,2020,12(9):1005-1013
参考文献 13
KAWACHI J,KASHIWAGI H,SHIMOYAMA R,et al.Comparison of efficacies of the self ⁃ expandable metallic stent versus transanal drainage tube and emergency sur⁃ gery for malignant left ⁃sided colon obstruction[J].Asian J Surg,2018,41(5):498-505
参考文献 14
AREZZO A,BALAGUE C,TARGARONA E,et al.Colon⁃ ic stenting as a bridge to surgery versus emergency sur⁃ gery for malignant colonic obstruction:results of a multi⁃ centre randomised controlled trial(ESCO trial)[J].Surg Endosc,2017,31(8):3297-3305
参考文献 15
VAN HOOFT J E,BEMELMAN W A,OLDENBURG B,et al.Colonic stenting versus emergency surgery for acute left ⁃ sided malignant colonic obstruction:a multicentre randomised trial[J].Lancet Oncol,2011,12(4):344-352
参考文献 16
PIRLET I A,SLIM K,KWIATKOWSKI F,et al.Emergency preoperative stenting versus surgery for acute left ⁃ sided malignant colonic obstruction:a multicenter randomized controlled trial[J].Surg Endosc,2011,25(6):1814-1821
参考文献 17
ENDO S,KUMAMOTO K,ENOMOTO T,et al.Compari⁃ son of survival and perioperative outcome of the colonic stent and the transanal decompression tube placement and emergency surgery for left ⁃sided obstructive colorec⁃ tal cancer:a retrospective multi ⁃ center observational study“The CODOMO study”[J].Int J Colorectal Dis,2021,36(5):987-998
参考文献 18
KANG S I,OH H K,YOO J S,et al.Oncologic outcomes of preoperative stent insertion first versus immediate sur⁃ gery for obstructing left ⁃ sided colorectal cancer[J].Surg Oncol,2018,27(2):216-224
参考文献 19
AVLUND T H,ERICHSEN R,RAVN S,et al.The prog⁃ nostic impact of bowel perforation following self ⁃expand⁃ ing metal stent as a bridge to surgery in colorectal cancer obstruction[J].Surg Endosc,2018,32(1):328-336
参考文献 20
HO K S,QUAH H M,LIM J F,et al.Endoscopic stenting and elective surgery versus emergency surgery for left⁃sided malignant colonic obstruction:a prospective randomized trial[J].Int J Colorectal Dis,2012,27(3):355-362
参考文献 21
CHOI J H,LEE Y J,KIM E S,et al.Covered self⁃expand⁃ able metal stents are more associated with complications in the management of malignant colorectal obstruction [J].Surg Endosc,2013,27(9):3220-3227
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:本研究旨在比较金属支架置入序贯限期手术(bridge to surgery,BTS)与急诊手术(emergency surgery,ES)对左半结肠癌伴急性肠梗阻的疗效。方法:本研究为回顾性研究。纳入2013年5月—2017年12月就诊于苏州大学附属第一医院或南京医科大学第一附属医院的左半结肠癌伴急性肠梗阻的患者资料,包括其定期随访结果。本研究中的临床成功定义为外科手术后肠功能恢复持续超过30 d,且无并发症或死亡。对一般资料、干预过程和随访结果等进行比较,分析疗效差异,并论证影响长期生存情况的危险因素。结果:BTS组短期疗效较好,包括:术中减压干预较少(85.1% vs. 69.6%,P =0.045),减压效果更好(64.2% vs. 27.5%,P<0.001),一期吻合率较高(65.7% vs. 17.4%,P<0.001),造瘘率较低(临时造瘘率:34.3% vs. 82.6%;永久造瘘率:13.4% vs. 58.7%;P 均<0.001),ICU 入住率较低(10.4% vs. 27.5%,P =0.011),术中并发症较少(3.0% vs. 13.0%,P = 0.031),以及术后30 d死亡率较低(0 vs. 8.7%,P =0.028)。两组在临床成功率(73.1% vs. 63.8%,P =0.240)、总死亡率(53.7% vs. 64.4%,P =0.247)和中位生存时间(52.0个月 vs. 35.0个月,P =0.121)方面差异无统计学意义。此外,TNM分期Ⅳ期、永久性造瘘和术后并发症是影响患者长期生存的独立危险因素。结论:对左半结肠癌伴急性肠梗阻,BTS是安全有效的治疗方法,且对长期生存时间无负面影响。BTS可通过减少围手术期并发症、术后30 d死亡率及永久性造瘘以改善短期疗效。

    Abstract

    Objective:This retrospective study aims to compare the performance for managing acute left colonic malignant obstruction by emergency surgery(ES)or stenting as a bridge to surgery(BTS). Methods:The medical records were collected from May 2013 to December 2017 in two tertiary hospitals in Eastern China. Clinical success was defined as resumption of intestinal function for 30 days without morbidity or mortality after surgical procedure. All demographics,intervention procedures and follow⁃up were analyzed for short⁃term and long⁃term outcomes. Risk factors for long⁃term survival were discussed as well. Results:BTS group showed better short ⁃term performance,including less intraoperative decompressive intervention(85.1% vs. 69.6%,P =0.045),more complete decompression(64.2% vs. 27.5%,P<0.001),more primary anastomosis(65.7% vs. 17.4%,P<0.001),less temporary and permanent stoma(34.3% vs. 82.6%,13.4% vs. 58.7%,both P<0.001),less intensive care unit requirement(10.4% vs. 27.5%,P =0.011), less intraoperative complications(3.0% vs. 13.0%,P =0.031)and reduced 30 ⁃ day mortality(0 vs. 8.7%,P =0.028). No significant difference was observed about clinical success(73.1% vs. 63.8%,P =0.240),overall mortality(53.7% vs. 64.4%,P =0.247)or long⁃term survival(52.0 months vs. 35.0 months,P =0.121). TNM stage Ⅳ,permanent stoma and postoperative complication were the independent risk factors for long⁃term survival. Conclusion:BTS is a safe and effective therapeutic option for acute left colonic malignant obstruction, without adverse effect on long⁃term survival. It significantly improves short⁃term outcomes by reducing perioperative complications,30⁃ day mortality and permanent stoma. More prospective studies are necessary to confirm the clinical findings.

  • 结直肠癌是最常见的肿瘤之一,其中8%~29%的患者因急性肠梗阻而就诊[1-2]。与限期手术相比,急诊手术(emergency surgery,ES)治疗结直肠癌伴急性肠梗阻的并发症率和死亡率更高[13]。自Tejero等[4] 首次应用自膨式金属支架(self⁃expandable me⁃ tallic stent,SEMS)以来,支架置入序贯限期手术 (bridge to surgery,BTS)的方案已被越来越多地应用于此类患者。该方案包含金属支架置入缓解梗阻症状及限期手术切除病灶两部分。但是既往的研究结果相互矛盾,这使得BTS的临床应用存在争议[5-6],甚至部分指南不推荐将BTS作为左半结肠癌伴急性肠梗阻的首选治疗方案[7-8]

  • 因此,本研究旨在总结治疗经验,分析BTS与ES对左半结肠癌伴急性肠梗阻的疗效差异,尤其是造瘘率、并发症率、死亡率和长期生存情况。此外,对影响长期生存的危险因素亦进行分析。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 此项研究为回顾性研究,在苏州大学附属第一医院和南京医科大学第一附属医院进行。研究获得两家单位伦理委员会的批准(伦理批准号:苏州大学附属第一医院2019⁃084,南京医科大学第一附属医院2020⁃SR⁃165)。本研究纳入2013年5月— 2017年12月就诊的左半结肠癌伴急性肠梗阻患者,对其临床资料进行分析,包括一般资料、治疗过程、围手术期情况及定期随访结果。纳入标准:①急性肠梗阻诊断明确;②肿瘤位于脾曲远端,包括直肠; ③病灶经结肠镜或影像学检查证实。排除标准:① 粘连性梗阻;②外压所致的肠梗阻;③脾曲近端肿瘤;④有其他恶性肿瘤病史或消化道重建病史;⑤ 有明确腹膜炎体征的患者。根据不同的治疗方案,我们将患者分为BTS组和ES组。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 支架置入过程

  • BTS组患者在就诊后的24h内接受内镜下SEMS置入术,由4名内窥镜专家中的1名进行操作。操作在透视引导下进行:首先将导丝置入狭窄段近端;然后注射造影剂以确认导丝的置入深度及狭窄段的长度;最后通过导丝置入并释放SEMS。

  • 1.2.2 手术操作过程

  • BTS组患者在支架置入并成功缓解梗阻症状后2~4周行限期手术。ES组患者在病情稳定情况下于24h内行急诊手术。对于BTS组和ES组所有患者,手术相关细节由手术医师决定,包括腹腔镜手术或开腹手术,结肠切除范围,一期吻合或肠造瘘等。根据患者的病情确定造瘘还纳时机。

  • 1.2.3 观察指标

  • 对比分析患者一般资料及术前情况,包括年龄、性别、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、症状、基础疾病、实验室检查、术前放疗或化疗史、既往腹部手术史、梗阻程度、肿瘤部位和TNM分期。首要结果指标为临床成功,将其定义为手术后30d内肠功能持续恢复,且无并发症或死亡。次要结果指标为短期疗效,包括支架置入技术成功率、围手术期并发症率和死亡率、手术方式、手术时间、造瘘率、肠道减压、ICU入住率、肠功能恢复时间、住院天数及总费用。同时对两组的长期生存率及相关危险因素进行分析。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 23.0进行统计分析。对符合正态分布的连续变量用均值和标准差(x-±s)描述,并用成组 t 检验进行分析;对不符合正态分布的连续变量用中位数及四分位数[MP25P75)]描述,并用非参数检验(Mann⁃Whitney检验)进行分析。分类变量用计数和百分比来描述,采用χ2 检验或Fisher’s精确检验进行分析。生存分析采用Kaplan⁃Meier检验。危险因素分析采用Cox回归检验。进行Cox回归检验时,我们将TNM分期合并为二分类(Ⅳ期vs.Ⅰ&Ⅱ&Ⅲ期)。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 一般资料和术前特征

  • 共136例患者被纳入此项研究,其中BTS组67例, ES组69例。两组患者在年龄、性别分布、BMI、腹部手术史方面差异无统计学意义(表1)。在基础疾病方面,BTS组相比ES组有更多的高血压病患者 (44.8%vs.23.3%,P=0.008,表1)。大多数患者在入院时才被诊断为左半结肠癌,且无放疗或化疗病史 (表1)。ES组患者疼痛症状较BTS组更多(94.2%vs.76.1%,P=0.003,表1)。两组梗阻程度和术前实验室检查方面的差异无统计学意义(表1)。肿瘤多位于乙状结肠及直肠。除每组1例Ⅰ期患者外,其余患者均为Ⅱ至Ⅳ期。此外,肿瘤部位和TNM分期在两组间的差异均无统计学意义(表1)。

  • 表1 两组一般资料和术前特征

  • Table1 Patient demographics and preoperative characteristics in two groups

  • a:Fisher’s精确检验;b:Mann⁃Whitney检验;c:似然比;d:其他并存基础疾病包括脑梗塞、胆囊结石、贫血、尿毒症、青光眼、阿尔茨海默病、乙型肝炎、肺结核、慢性肾病、癫痫和骨折。

  • 2.2 手术及转归

  • BTS组患者置入支架长度的中位数为8cm(表2),其中64例患者(95.5%)获得技术成功(表2)。 1例患者因导丝置入失败未行支架置入;另2例患者病变较长,1枚支架无法有效解除梗阻,第2枚支架置入失败。共有5例患者发生并发症,其中穿孔合并出血1例,支架移位1例,低钾血症1例,感染2例 (表3)。发生穿孔合并出血的患者立即予外科手术治疗,其余4例保守治疗后好转。支架置入至限期手术间隔时间的中位数为16d(表2)。4例患者在外科手术过程中发现微小穿孔,但围手术期并未出现肠穿孔临床表现(表2)。

  • 两组在手术类型和手术时间方面的差异无统计学意义(表2)。BTS组患者术中结肠减压效果比ES组更好(完全减压缓解率64.2%vs.27.5%,P < 0.001),人工减压和结肠灌洗需求较少(P=0.045)。对比两组手术方式的差异,BTS组结肠切除联合一期吻合的患者比ES组更多(65.7%vs.17.4%,P < 0.001,表2)。与之相对应的是,BTS组造瘘率较ES组下降(34.3%vs.82.6%,P <0.001,表2)。

  • 在外科手术过程中,ES组有9例发生术中并发症,其中出血4例,穿孔3例,少尿1例,休克1例,而BTS组仅2例发生术中出血(BTS组 vs.ES组,3.0%vs.13.0%,P=0.031,表3)。术后两组在穿孔、出血、切口感染和肠瘘方面发生率的差异无统计学意义 (表3)。但ES组发生其他并发症发生率较BTS组高 (20.3%vs.4.5%,P=0.005,表3)。BTS组发生肺部感染1例,腹腔感染1例,多浆膜腔积液1例,而ES组发生肺部感染2例,腹腔感染3例,腹腔积液1例,造瘘口感染2例,急性肾损伤1例,感染性休克5例。总体而言,两组的围手术期并发症总发生率差异无统计学意义(表3)。

  • 术后共有26例患者转入ICU,其中BTS组7例, ES组19例(BTS组 vs.ES组,10.4%vs.27.5%,P=0.011,表2)。术后30d内ES组有6例患者死亡,死因包括肾功能衰竭1例、呼吸衰竭2例和感染性休克3例;而BTS组无死亡病例(BTS组 vs.ES组,0 vs.8.7%,P=0.028,表4)。两组术后恢复肠功能的时间间隔相似,差异无统计学意义。BTS组和ES组分别有49例和44例患者获得临床成功(73.1%vs.63.8%,P=0.240,表4)。BTS组总住院时间较ES组延长[(21.7±13.3)d vs.(14.9±7.6)d,P <0.001,表4],但两组间术后住院时间和总费用的差异无统计学意义(表4)。

  • 表2 两组治疗过程比较

  • Table2 Comparison of treatment characteristics between the two groups

  • a:似然比。

  • 2.3 随访情况及长期生存率

  • BTS组有13例失访,ES组有10例失访。两组间总死亡率的差异无统计学意义(BTS组 vs.ES组, 53.7%vs.64.4%,P=0.247,表4)。共有46例患者肠造瘘不能还纳,其中BTS组9例,ES组37例,ES组永久造瘘率高于BTS组(58.7%vs.13.4%,P <0.001,表4)。经Kaplan ⁃Meier检验,两组累积生存率相似 (BTS组 vs.ES组,P=0.121,图1),中位生存时间分别为52.0个月(BTS组)和35.0个月(ES组)。

  • 单因素分析显示,TNM分期Ⅳ期(P <0.001, 95%CI:2.123~6.194)、入住ICU(P=0.010,95%CI: 1.216~4.202)、永久性造瘘(P=0.001,95%CI:1.451~4.004)和术后并发症(P=0.018,95%CI:1.133~3.682)是影响患者长期生存的主要因素(表5)。后经多因素分析,TNM分期Ⅳ期(P <0.001,95%CI: 1.847~6.650)、永久性造瘘(P=0.027,95%CI:1.099~4.571)和术后并发症(P=0.029,95%CI:1.081~4.124) 是影响患者长期生存的独立危险因素(表5)。

  • 表3 两组围手术期并发症比较

  • Table3 Comparison of perioperative complications between the two groups

  • a:Fisher’s精确检验;b:其他SEMS并发症包括低血钾和感染;c:术中并发症包括出血,肠穿孔,少尿和休克;d:其他术后并发症包括肺部感染、腹腔感染、多浆膜腔积液、造瘘口感染、急性肾损伤和感染性休克;e:一个患者可以有一种以上并发症。

  • 表4 两组术后及随访结果比较

  • Table4 Comparison of postoperative characteristics and follow⁃up outcomes between the two groups

  • a:Fisher’s精确检验;b:ES组术后6例死亡,“永久性造瘘”分析时剔除;c:计算总体死亡情况时剔除了失访患者;d:Mann Whitney检验。

  • 图1 两组生存分析结果

  • Fig.1 Survival analysis results of two groups

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究旨在比较BTS和ES对左半结肠癌伴急性肠梗阻的疗效差异。研究发现BTS具有如下优势:一期吻合率高,术中完全减压缓解率高且人工减压和结肠灌洗需求少,术后并发症率和死亡率低,ICU入住率低,以及永久造瘘率低。BTS对长期生存情况无负面影响。TNM分期Ⅳ期、永久性造瘘和术后并发症是影响患者长期生存的独立危险因素。

  • 与右半结肠不同,左半结肠癌伴急性肠梗阻行急诊手术及一期吻合后的并发症率和死亡率较高[9-10],因此,Hartmann手术成为目前最常选择的外科治疗方案。然而相当多的患者术后无法成功还纳造瘘口,并且还纳过程中的并发症率和死亡率分别为5%~57%和0%~34%[11]。自SEMS首次应用以来[4],关于其安全性和有效性的争论已持续很久。目前已发表的研究在SEMS技术成功率、造瘘率、并发症率和死亡率等关键评价指标上结果差异较大,从而无法形成共识。

  • 表5 影响长期生存危险因素的Cox回归分析

  • Table5 Cox regression analysis of risk factors for long⁃term survival

  • HR:风险比。

  • 既往回顾性研究显示,SEMS的技术成功率和临床成功率分别高达96.0%和92.0%[1012-13]。相反,在前瞻性研究中,这种优势并不显著,成功率下降达20%[14-15];甚至有两个临床试验曾因SEMS置入后的高并发症率而提前终止[15-16],技术成功率和临床成功率分别降至46.7%和40%[16]。本研究中SEMS置入的技术成功率为95.5%,与以往回顾性研究结果相似。得益于SEMS解除梗阻症状,BTS组患者获得了更好的术前肠道功能和一般状况,避免了术中特殊减压方法的使用,减少了术中并发症的发生。 ES组共有6例患者死亡,且ES组患者术后入住ICU的比例高于BTS组。因此我们推论,SEMS的置入可有效改善身体一般情况,将急诊手术转变为更安全的限期手术,使患者能耐受手术应激,减少术中并发症和术后30d内的死亡。然而,本研究中BTS组的临床成功率仅为73.1%,较既往回顾性研究下降,这是因为本研究中临床成功的定义不同于以往研究。在既往研究中,定义临床成功只是为了证明SEMS置入的疗效,并没有综合考虑后续外科手术对治疗的影响。事实上,有些患者经SEMS缓解梗阻症状后接受外科手术,术后仍会出现不良事件。因此除了SEMS的疗效,本研究还纳入手术后的恢复情况以进一步比较两种方案的优缺点。虽然本研究的临床成功率较低,但对临床预后的评估更为全面,且更具可比性。

  • 部分观点认为,BTS可以作为ES的一种替代方法,但应用时需非常谨慎[17-18]。本研究中BTS组的一期吻合率更高,这有效提高了患者的术后生活质量。与既往研究不同,本研究中BTS组的总住院时间较长,这是因为许多患者在SEMS置入后继续住院以等待限期手术。因此,术后住院时间才具有可比性,且两组术后住院时间相似。SEMS被认为与肠道的微小穿孔有关[19]。本研究中有4例患者在术中探查时发现微小穿孔,其中Ⅱ期1例,Ⅲ期3例。长期随访显示,这4例患者均未出现严重并发症或转移。既往研究中梗阻症状严重的患者往往会被安排行ES方案,且梗阻程度并未常规在两组间进行对比分析[13-1420]。值得一提的是,本研究纳入的患者都被详细记录了梗阻程度,且完全性或不完全性梗阻在两组中所占的比例相似。由此,本研究可以将外科医生个人选择引起的选择偏倚控制在较小范围内。

  • 既往研究证实了影响SEMS疗效的危险因素,例如永久性造瘘[13] 和并发症[21],但没有研究关注影响患者长期生存情况的危险因素。本研究在长期生存方面没有观察到两组间的显著性差异。结合单因素和多因素分析,TNM分期Ⅳ期、术后并发症和永久性造瘘是影响患者长期生存的独立危险因素。TNM分期较晚显然会导致远期预后不佳。鉴于本研究中BTS组具有较低的术后并发症率和永久造瘘率,我们推测BTS方案可能通过减少永久性造瘘和术后并发症来提高长期生存率,这需要更长时间的随访来证明。

  • 本研究存在一些局限性。首先,本研究回顾性纳入患者,这可能会出现选择偏倚。但我们已通过详细地记录和比较两组患者间的一般资料以保证可比性。既往前瞻性研究的并发症率更高,且更为严重,这给开展此类前瞻性研究造成了阻碍。因此,为了保证研究的安全性,前瞻性的研究方案在设计时需要更为严谨和审慎。其次,参与本研究的两所医院均具有较高的医疗技术水平,所以本研究的结论可能无法推广到所有医院。但是,由不同技术水平引起的偏倚在本研究中得到了最大程度的控制。

  • 综上所述,BTS方案可提高一期吻合率,并降低围手术期并发症率、术后30d死亡率、ICU入住率和永久造瘘率,是左半结肠癌伴急性肠梗阻的安全有效的治疗方案。TNM分期Ⅳ期、永久性造瘘和术后并发症是影响患者长期生存的独立危险因素。鉴于上述优势,我们有必要设计并开展更多的研究,以进一步评价BTS方案的临床价值,尤其是对长期生存的积极意义。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] RIBEIRO I B,DE MOURA D T H,THOMPSON C C,et al.Acute abdominal obstruction:Colon stent or emergency surgery?An evidence⁃based review[J].World J Gastroin⁃ test Endosc,2019,11(3):193-208

    • [2] 孙超,徐芳媛,袁志萍,等.支架置入后择期手术与急诊手术治疗结直肠恶性梗阻临床价值的对比研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2014,34(5):653-659

    • [3] CAO Y H,DENG S H,GU J N,et al.Clinical effective⁃ ness of endoscopic stent placement in treatment of acute intestinal obstruction caused by colorectal cancer[J].Med Sci Monit,2019,25:5350-5355

    • [4] TEJERO E,MAINAR A,FERNÁNDEZ L,et al.New proc⁃ edure for the treatment of colorectal neoplastic obstruc⁃ tions[J].Dis Colon Rectum,1994,37(11):1158-1159

    • [5] MALAKORN S,STEIN S L,LEE J H,et al.Urgent mana⁃ gement of obstructing colorectal cancer:divert,stent,or resect?[J].J Gastrointest Surg,2019,23(2):425-432

    • [6] KIM M K,KYE B H,LEE I K,et al.Outcome of bridge to surgery stenting for obstructive left colon cancer[J].ANZ J Surg,2017,87(12):E245-E250

    • [7] PISANO M,ZORCOLO L,MERLI C,et al.2017 WSES guidelines on colon and rectal cancer emergencies:ob⁃ struction and perforation[J].World J Emerg Surg,2018,13:36

    • [8] VAN HOOFT J E,VELD J V,ARNOLD D,et al.Self ⁃ expandable metal stents for obstructing colonic and extra⁃ colonic cancer:European Society of Gastrointestinal En⁃ doscopy(ESGE)Guideline ⁃ Update 2020[J].Endoscopy,2020,52(5):389-407

    • [9] WANG B,LU S,SONG Z,et al.Comparison of clinical out⁃ comes and pathological characteristics of self⁃expandable stent bridge to surgery and emergency surgery in obstruc⁃ tive colon cancer[J].Cancer Manag Res,2020,12:1725-1732

    • [10] MORITA S,YAMAMOTO K,OGAWA A,et al.Benefits of using a self ⁃ expandable metallic stent as a bridge to surgery for right⁃ and left⁃sided obstructive colorectal can⁃ cers[J].Surg Today,2019,49(1):32-37

    • [11] FRAGO R,RAMIREZ E,MILLAN M,et al.Current mana⁃ gement of acute malignant large bowel obstruction:a sys⁃ tematic review[J].Am J Surg,2014,207(1):127-138

    • [12] AHN J S,HONG S N,CHANG D K,et al.Efficacy of un⁃ covered self ⁃ expandable metallic stent for colorectal ob⁃ struction by extracolonic malignancy[J].World J Gastro⁃intest Oncol,2020,12(9):1005-1013

    • [13] KAWACHI J,KASHIWAGI H,SHIMOYAMA R,et al.Comparison of efficacies of the self ⁃ expandable metallic stent versus transanal drainage tube and emergency sur⁃ gery for malignant left ⁃sided colon obstruction[J].Asian J Surg,2018,41(5):498-505

    • [14] AREZZO A,BALAGUE C,TARGARONA E,et al.Colon⁃ ic stenting as a bridge to surgery versus emergency sur⁃ gery for malignant colonic obstruction:results of a multi⁃ centre randomised controlled trial(ESCO trial)[J].Surg Endosc,2017,31(8):3297-3305

    • [15] VAN HOOFT J E,BEMELMAN W A,OLDENBURG B,et al.Colonic stenting versus emergency surgery for acute left ⁃ sided malignant colonic obstruction:a multicentre randomised trial[J].Lancet Oncol,2011,12(4):344-352

    • [16] PIRLET I A,SLIM K,KWIATKOWSKI F,et al.Emergency preoperative stenting versus surgery for acute left ⁃ sided malignant colonic obstruction:a multicenter randomized controlled trial[J].Surg Endosc,2011,25(6):1814-1821

    • [17] ENDO S,KUMAMOTO K,ENOMOTO T,et al.Compari⁃ son of survival and perioperative outcome of the colonic stent and the transanal decompression tube placement and emergency surgery for left ⁃sided obstructive colorec⁃ tal cancer:a retrospective multi ⁃ center observational study“The CODOMO study”[J].Int J Colorectal Dis,2021,36(5):987-998

    • [18] KANG S I,OH H K,YOO J S,et al.Oncologic outcomes of preoperative stent insertion first versus immediate sur⁃ gery for obstructing left ⁃ sided colorectal cancer[J].Surg Oncol,2018,27(2):216-224

    • [19] AVLUND T H,ERICHSEN R,RAVN S,et al.The prog⁃ nostic impact of bowel perforation following self ⁃expand⁃ ing metal stent as a bridge to surgery in colorectal cancer obstruction[J].Surg Endosc,2018,32(1):328-336

    • [20] HO K S,QUAH H M,LIM J F,et al.Endoscopic stenting and elective surgery versus emergency surgery for left⁃sided malignant colonic obstruction:a prospective randomized trial[J].Int J Colorectal Dis,2012,27(3):355-362

    • [21] CHOI J H,LEE Y J,KIM E S,et al.Covered self⁃expand⁃ able metal stents are more associated with complications in the management of malignant colorectal obstruction [J].Surg Endosc,2013,27(9):3220-3227

  • 参考文献

    • [1] RIBEIRO I B,DE MOURA D T H,THOMPSON C C,et al.Acute abdominal obstruction:Colon stent or emergency surgery?An evidence⁃based review[J].World J Gastroin⁃ test Endosc,2019,11(3):193-208

    • [2] 孙超,徐芳媛,袁志萍,等.支架置入后择期手术与急诊手术治疗结直肠恶性梗阻临床价值的对比研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2014,34(5):653-659

    • [3] CAO Y H,DENG S H,GU J N,et al.Clinical effective⁃ ness of endoscopic stent placement in treatment of acute intestinal obstruction caused by colorectal cancer[J].Med Sci Monit,2019,25:5350-5355

    • [4] TEJERO E,MAINAR A,FERNÁNDEZ L,et al.New proc⁃ edure for the treatment of colorectal neoplastic obstruc⁃ tions[J].Dis Colon Rectum,1994,37(11):1158-1159

    • [5] MALAKORN S,STEIN S L,LEE J H,et al.Urgent mana⁃ gement of obstructing colorectal cancer:divert,stent,or resect?[J].J Gastrointest Surg,2019,23(2):425-432

    • [6] KIM M K,KYE B H,LEE I K,et al.Outcome of bridge to surgery stenting for obstructive left colon cancer[J].ANZ J Surg,2017,87(12):E245-E250

    • [7] PISANO M,ZORCOLO L,MERLI C,et al.2017 WSES guidelines on colon and rectal cancer emergencies:ob⁃ struction and perforation[J].World J Emerg Surg,2018,13:36

    • [8] VAN HOOFT J E,VELD J V,ARNOLD D,et al.Self ⁃ expandable metal stents for obstructing colonic and extra⁃ colonic cancer:European Society of Gastrointestinal En⁃ doscopy(ESGE)Guideline ⁃ Update 2020[J].Endoscopy,2020,52(5):389-407

    • [9] WANG B,LU S,SONG Z,et al.Comparison of clinical out⁃ comes and pathological characteristics of self⁃expandable stent bridge to surgery and emergency surgery in obstruc⁃ tive colon cancer[J].Cancer Manag Res,2020,12:1725-1732

    • [10] MORITA S,YAMAMOTO K,OGAWA A,et al.Benefits of using a self ⁃ expandable metallic stent as a bridge to surgery for right⁃ and left⁃sided obstructive colorectal can⁃ cers[J].Surg Today,2019,49(1):32-37

    • [11] FRAGO R,RAMIREZ E,MILLAN M,et al.Current mana⁃ gement of acute malignant large bowel obstruction:a sys⁃ tematic review[J].Am J Surg,2014,207(1):127-138

    • [12] AHN J S,HONG S N,CHANG D K,et al.Efficacy of un⁃ covered self ⁃ expandable metallic stent for colorectal ob⁃ struction by extracolonic malignancy[J].World J Gastro⁃intest Oncol,2020,12(9):1005-1013

    • [13] KAWACHI J,KASHIWAGI H,SHIMOYAMA R,et al.Comparison of efficacies of the self ⁃ expandable metallic stent versus transanal drainage tube and emergency sur⁃ gery for malignant left ⁃sided colon obstruction[J].Asian J Surg,2018,41(5):498-505

    • [14] AREZZO A,BALAGUE C,TARGARONA E,et al.Colon⁃ ic stenting as a bridge to surgery versus emergency sur⁃ gery for malignant colonic obstruction:results of a multi⁃ centre randomised controlled trial(ESCO trial)[J].Surg Endosc,2017,31(8):3297-3305

    • [15] VAN HOOFT J E,BEMELMAN W A,OLDENBURG B,et al.Colonic stenting versus emergency surgery for acute left ⁃ sided malignant colonic obstruction:a multicentre randomised trial[J].Lancet Oncol,2011,12(4):344-352

    • [16] PIRLET I A,SLIM K,KWIATKOWSKI F,et al.Emergency preoperative stenting versus surgery for acute left ⁃ sided malignant colonic obstruction:a multicenter randomized controlled trial[J].Surg Endosc,2011,25(6):1814-1821

    • [17] ENDO S,KUMAMOTO K,ENOMOTO T,et al.Compari⁃ son of survival and perioperative outcome of the colonic stent and the transanal decompression tube placement and emergency surgery for left ⁃sided obstructive colorec⁃ tal cancer:a retrospective multi ⁃ center observational study“The CODOMO study”[J].Int J Colorectal Dis,2021,36(5):987-998

    • [18] KANG S I,OH H K,YOO J S,et al.Oncologic outcomes of preoperative stent insertion first versus immediate sur⁃ gery for obstructing left ⁃ sided colorectal cancer[J].Surg Oncol,2018,27(2):216-224

    • [19] AVLUND T H,ERICHSEN R,RAVN S,et al.The prog⁃ nostic impact of bowel perforation following self ⁃expand⁃ ing metal stent as a bridge to surgery in colorectal cancer obstruction[J].Surg Endosc,2018,32(1):328-336

    • [20] HO K S,QUAH H M,LIM J F,et al.Endoscopic stenting and elective surgery versus emergency surgery for left⁃sided malignant colonic obstruction:a prospective randomized trial[J].Int J Colorectal Dis,2012,27(3):355-362

    • [21] CHOI J H,LEE Y J,KIM E S,et al.Covered self⁃expand⁃ able metal stents are more associated with complications in the management of malignant colorectal obstruction [J].Surg Endosc,2013,27(9):3220-3227