en
×

分享给微信好友或者朋友圈

使用微信“扫一扫”功能。
通讯作者:

周高信,E-mail:gxzhou@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R730.59

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)03-421-10

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20220319

参考文献 1
国务院应对新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情联防联控机制综合组.新型冠状病毒肺炎防控方案(第七版)[Z].2020
参考文献 2
GUAN W,WEI C,CHEN A,et al.Hydrogen/oxygen mixed gas inhalation improves disease severity and dys⁃ pnea in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 in a re⁃ cent multicenter,open ⁃ label clinical trial[J].J Thorac Dis,2020,12(6):3448-3452
参考文献 3
GUAN W,CHEN R,ZHONG N.Strategies for the preven⁃ tion and management of coronavirus disease 2019[J].Eur Respir J,2020,55(4):2000597
参考文献 4
陈丽灵,唐燕,刘振,等.硫化氢对H2O2所致大鼠胸主动脉损伤的保护作用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2012,32(11):1499-1504,1526
参考文献 5
周红,刘弈彤,梁小燕,等.硫化氢抑制局部肾素水平影响动脉粥样硬化的研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2013,33(9):1208-1213
参考文献 6
王伟,李振光,刘刚,等.重度呼吸衰竭新生儿早期联合使用一氧化氮吸入治疗的临床效果观察[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2015,35(6):870-873
参考文献 7
中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会.食品安全国家标准食品添加剂氢气:GB 31633—2014[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2015
参考文献 8
DOLE M,WILSON F R,FIFE W P.Hyperbaric hydrogen therapy:a possible treatment for cancer[J].Science,1975,190(4210):152-154
参考文献 9
ROBERTS B J,FIFE W P,CORBETT T H,et al.Re⁃ sponse of five established solid transplantable mouse tu⁃ mors and one mouse leukemia to hyperbaric hydrogen[J].Cancer Treat Rep,1978,62(7):1077-1079
参考文献 10
OHSAWA I,ISHIKAWA M,TAKAHASHIK,et al.Hydro⁃ gen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reduc⁃ ing cytotoxic oxygen radicals[J].Nat Med,2007,13(6):688-694
参考文献 11
ICHIHARA M,SOBUE S,ITO M,et al.Beneficial biolo⁃ gical effects and the underlying mechanisms of molecular hydrogen ⁃ comprehensive review of 321 original articles [J].Med Gas Res,2015,5:12
参考文献 12
MATEI N,CAMARA R,ZHANG J H.Emerging mecha⁃ nisms and novel applications of hydrogen gas therapy[J].Med Gas Res,2018,8(3):98-102
参考文献 13
KAWAI D,TAKAKI A,NAKATSUKA A,et al.Hydrogen ⁃ rich water prevents progression of nonalcoholic steato⁃ hepatitis and accompanying hepatocarcinogenesis in mice [J].Hepatology,2012,56(3):912-921
参考文献 14
LI F Y,ZHU S X,WANG Z P,et al.Consumption of hy⁃ drogen ⁃ rich water protects against ferric nitrilotriacetate ⁃ induced nephrotoxicity and early tumor promotional events in rats[J].Food Chem Toxicol,2013,61:248-254
参考文献 15
FRAJESE G V,BENVENUTO M,MATTERA R,et al.Electrochemically reduced water delays mammary tumors growth in mice and inhibits breast cancer cells survival in vitro[J].Evid Based Complementary Altern Med,2018,2018:4753507
参考文献 16
王丽飞,张宇,王金枝,等.氢气治疗氧化损伤所致癌症的机制进展[J].肿瘤,2017,37(11):1218-1223
参考文献 17
NISHIKAWA R,TERUYA K,KATAKURA Y,et al.Elec⁃ trolyzed reduced water supplemented with platinum nanoparticles suppresses promotion of two⁃stage cell trans⁃ formation[J].Cytotechnology,2005,47(1/2/3):97-105
参考文献 18
SAITOH Y,KAWASAKI N,EGUCHI N,et al.Combined treatment with dissolved hydrogen molecule and platinum nanocolloid exerts carcinostatic/carcinocidal effects by in⁃ creasing hydrogen peroxide generation and cell death in the human gastric cancer cell line NUGC⁃4[J].Free Rad⁃ ic Res,2021,55(3):211-220
参考文献 19
KATO S,SAITOH Y,MIWA N.Hydrogen⁃bubbled plati⁃ num⁃colloid suppresses human esophagus⁃ or tongue⁃car⁃ cinoma cells with intracellular platinum ⁃ uptake and the diminished normal⁃cell mortality[J].Hum Cell,2020,33(4):1294-1301
参考文献 20
SAITOH Y,OKAYASU H,XIAO L,et al.Neutral pH hy⁃ drogen⁃enriched electrolyzed water achieves tumor⁃prefer⁃ ential clonal growth inhibition over normal cells and tu⁃ mor invasion inhibition concurrently with intracellular oxi⁃ dant repression[J].Oncol Res,2008,17(6):247-255
参考文献 21
SAITOH Y,IKESHIMA M,KAWASAKI N,et al.Tran⁃ sient generation of hydrogen peroxide is responsible for carcinostatic effects of hydrogen combined with platinum nanocolloid,together with increases intracellular ROS,DNA cleavages,and proportion of G2/M ⁃ phase[J].Free Radic Res,2016,50(4):385-395
参考文献 22
张宇.氢气通过XIAP、BIRC3促进肺腺癌A549细胞凋亡的机制研究[D].石家庄:河北医科大学,2018
参考文献 23
闫振锋.氢气对肺腺癌A549细胞促进凋亡和抑制增殖的研究[D].石家庄:河北医科大学,2019
参考文献 24
WANG D,WANG L,ZHANG Y,et al.Hydrogen gas in⁃ hibits lung cancer progression through targeting SMC3 [J].Biomed Pharmacother,2018,104:788-797
参考文献 25
王东昌,赵云霞,赵志芳,等.氢气干预抑制非小细胞肺癌生长的作用及其机制研究[J].国际呼吸杂志,2018,38(8):561-565
参考文献 26
YE J,LI Y P,HAMASAKI T,et al.Inhibitory effect of electrolyzed reduced water on tumor angiogenesis[J].Biol Pharm Bull,2008,31(1):19-26
参考文献 27
LIU L Y,YAN Z F,WANG Y Y,et al.Suppression of au⁃ tophagy facilitates hydrogen gas ⁃ mediated lung cancer cell apoptosis[J].Oncol Lett,2020,20(4):112
参考文献 28
MENG J,LIU L,WANG D,et al.Hydrogen gas represses the progression of lung cancer via down ⁃ regulating CD47 [J].Bioscience Rep,2020,40(4):R20192761
参考文献 29
CHEN J B,MU F,LUT,et al.Brain metastases complete⁃ ly disappear in non⁃small cell lung cancer using hydrogen gas inhalation:a case report[J].Oncotargets Ther,2019,12:11145-11151
参考文献 30
周晓,李宪孟,秦树存.氢气对原代人大肠腺癌细胞生长的抑制作用及其影响因素[J].山东医药,2018,58(24):14-17
参考文献 31
张瑶,姜婧,周海玥,等.富氢水对结直肠癌荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的生长抑制作用及其机制[J].第二军医大学学报,2016,37(9):1082-1087
参考文献 32
LIU M Y,XIE F,ZHANG Y,et al.Molecular hydrogen suppresses glioblastoma growth via inducing the glioma stem ⁃ like cell differentiation[J].Stem Cell Res Ther,2019,10(1):145
参考文献 33
商蕾,李佳腊,苏泽华,等.氢分子对肝癌细胞Huh7的影响[J].生物技术进展,2020,10(4):400-408
参考文献 34
李佳蔚,师建国.氢气联合巨噬细胞对乳腺癌细胞生长的影响[J].现代肿瘤医学,2020,28(23):4036-4041
参考文献 35
YANG Y,LIU P Y,BAO W,et al.Hydrogen inhibits en⁃ dometrial cancer growth via a ROS/NLRP3/caspase⁃1/GS⁃ DMD ⁃ mediated pyroptotic pathway[J].BMC Cancer,2020,20(1):28
参考文献 36
HARRIS I S,DENICOLA G M.The complex interplay be⁃ tween antioxidants and ROS in cancer[J].Trends Cell Biol,2020,30(6):440-451
参考文献 37
CHEN Q,ESPEY M G,KRISHNA M C,et al.Pharmaco⁃ logic ascorbic acid concentrations selectively kill cancer cells:action as a pro⁃drug to deliver hydrogen peroxide to tissues[J].PNAS,2005,102(38):13604-13609
参考文献 38
CHEN Q,ESPEY M G,SUN A Y,et al.Ascorbate in phar⁃ macologic concentrations selectively generates ascorbate radical and hydrogen peroxide in extracellular fluid in vivo [J].PNAS,2007,104(21):8749-8754
参考文献 39
CHENG J,TANG C,LIX,et al.Hydrogen molecules can modulate enzymatic activity and structural properties of pepsin in vitro[J].Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces,2020,189:110856
参考文献 40
ITOH T,FUJITA Y,ITO M,et al.Molecular hydrogen sup⁃ presses FcepsilonRI ⁃ mediated signal transduction and prevents degranulation of mast cells[J].Biochem Bio⁃ phys Res Commun,2009,389(4):651-656
参考文献 41
OSTOJIC S M.Does H2 alter mitochondrial bioenergetics via GHS⁃R1α activation?[J].Theranostics,2017,7(5):1330-1332
参考文献 42
ITOH T,HAMADA N,TERAZAWA R,et al.Molecular hydrogen inhibits lipopolysaccharide/interferon γ ⁃ in⁃ duced nitric oxide production through modulation of sig⁃ nal transduction in macrophages[J].BiochemBiophys Res Commun,2011,411(1):143-149
参考文献 43
LIN Y,OHKAWARA B,ITO M,et al.Molecular hydro⁃ gen suppresses activated Wnt/β⁃catenin signaling[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:31986
参考文献 44
LI Q,HU L,LI J,et al.Hydrogen attenuates septic lung injury by activating thioredoxin 1 and decreasing tissue factor expression[J].Front Immunol,2021,12:625957
参考文献 45
HANAOKA T,KAMIMURA N,YOKOTA T,et al.Mole⁃ cular hydrogen protects chondrocytes from oxidative stress and indirectly alters gene expressions through re⁃ ducing peroxynitrite derived from nitric oxide[J].Med Gas Res,2011,1(1):18
参考文献 46
马雪梅,张鑫,谢飞,等.氢气生物学作用的生物酶基础[J].生物技术进展,2020,10(1):15-22
参考文献 47
AKAGI J,BABA H.Hydrogen gas restores exhausted CD8+ T cells in patients with advanced colorectal cancer to im⁃ prove prognosis[J].Oncol Rep,2019,41(1):301-311
参考文献 48
AKAGI J,BABA H.Hydrogen gas activates coenzyme Q10 to restore exhausted CD8 + T cells,especially PD ⁃1 + Tim3 + terminal CD8 + T cells,leading to better nivolumab outcomes in patients with lung cancer[J].Oncol Lett,2020,20(5):258
参考文献 49
QIAN L R,LI B L,CAO F,et al.Hydrogen⁃rich PBS pro⁃ tects cultured human cells from ionizing radiation ⁃ in⁃ duced cellular damage[J].Nucl Technol Radiat Prot,2010,25(1):23-29
参考文献 50
YANG Y,LI B,LIU C,et al.Hydrogen ⁃ rich saline pro⁃ tects immunocytes from radiation ⁃ induced apoptosis[J].Med Sci Monit,2012,18(4):BR144-BR148
参考文献 51
QIAN L,CAO F,CUI J,et al.Radioprotective effect of hy⁃ drogen in cultured cells and mice[J].Free Radic Res,2010,44(3):275-282
参考文献 52
ZHAO L,ZHOU C,ZHANG J,et al.Hydrogen protects mice from radiation induced thymic lymphoma in BALB/c mice[J].Int J Biol Sci,2011,7(3):297-300
参考文献 53
MEI K,ZHAO S,QIAN L,et al.Hydrogen protects rats from dermatitis caused by local radiation[J].J Dermato⁃ log Treat,2014,25(2):182-188
参考文献 54
ZHANG B X,ZHAO Z S,MENG X Y,et al.Hydrogen ameliorates oxidative stress via PI3K ⁃Akt signaling path⁃ way in UVB ⁃ induced HaCaT cells[J].Int J Mol Med,2018,41(6):3653-3661
参考文献 55
赵陆芊.富H2溶液对肝细胞及肝脏的辐射防护效应及机制研究[D].上海:第二军医大学,2012
参考文献 56
IIO A,ITO M,ITOH T,et al.Molecular hydrogen attenu⁃ ates fatty acid uptake and lipid accumulation through downregulating CD36 expression in HepG2 cells[J].Med Gas Res,2013,3(1):6
参考文献 57
杨庆玺,郝瑞,董瑶,等.富氢水对4 Gy X射线全身照射小鼠造血功能的影响[J].中华临床医师杂志(电子版),2017,11(10):1795-1798
参考文献 58
TERASAKI Y,OHSAWA I,TERASAKI M,et al.Hydro⁃ gen therapy attenuates irradiation ⁃ induced lung damage by reducing oxidative stress[J].Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,2011,301(4):L415-L426
参考文献 59
HIRANO S I,AOKI Y,LI X K,et al.Protective effects of hydrogen gas inhalation on radiation ⁃induced bone mar⁃ row damage in cancer patients:a retrospective observa⁃ tional study[J].Med Gas Res,2021,11(3):104⁃109
参考文献 60
KANG K M,KANG Y N,CHOI I B,et al.Effects of drink⁃ ing hydrogen ⁃ rich water on the quality of life of patients treated with radiotherapy for liver tumors[J].Med Gas Res,2011,1(1):11
参考文献 61
NAKASHIMA K,MORI T,OHSAWA I,et al.Molecular hydrogen alleviates nephrotoxicity induced by an anti⁃can⁃ cer drug cisplatin without compromising anti⁃tumor activi⁃ ty in mice[J].Cancer Chemother Pharmacol,2009,64(4):753-761
参考文献 62
WU S,ZHU L,YANG J,et al.Hydrogen ⁃ containing sa⁃ line attenuates doxorubicin ⁃induced heart failure in rats [J].Pharmazie,2014,69(8):633-636
参考文献 63
GAO Y,YANG H,FAN Y,et al.Hydrogen⁃rich saline at⁃tenuates cardiac and hepatic injury in doxorubicin rat model by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis[J].Medi⁃ ators Inflamm,2016,2016:1320365
参考文献 64
FAN M,WEN Y,YE D,et al.Acid⁃responsive H2 ⁃releas⁃ ing 2D MgB2 nanosheet for therapeutic synergy and side effect attenuation of gastric cancer chemotherapy[J].Adv Healthc Mater,2019,8(13):e1900157
参考文献 65
RUNTUWENE J,AMITANI H,AMITANI M,et al.Hydro⁃ gen ⁃water enhances 5⁃fluorouracil ⁃induced inhibition of colon cancer[J].Peer J,2015,3:e859
参考文献 66
孟啸寅,陈红光,谢克亮,等.饱和氢盐水对化疗致卵巢损伤的保护作用[J].生殖与避孕,2012,32(10):662-666
参考文献 67
MENG X,CHEN H,WANG G,et al.Hydrogen ⁃ rich sa⁃ line attenuates chemotherapy ⁃induced ovarian injury via regulation of oxidative stress[J].Exp Ther Med,2015,10(6):2277-2282
参考文献 68
YANG Q X,JI G D,PAN R T,et al.Protective effect of hydrogen⁃rich water on liver function of colorectal cancer patients treated with mFOLFOX6 chemotherapy[J].Mol Clin Oncol,2017,7(5):891-896
参考文献 69
杨庆玺.探讨富氢水在恶性肿瘤病人化疗中的减毒增效作用[D].泰安:泰山医学院,2014
参考文献 70
YAO H,YANG Y,LI M.Intake of molecular hydrogen in drinking water increases membrane transporters,P⁃glyco⁃ protein,and multidrug resistance ⁃ associated protein 2 without affecting xenobiotic ⁃ metabolizing enzymes in rat liver[J].Molecules,2019,24(14):2627
参考文献 71
TERASAKI Y,SUZUKI T,TONAKI K,et al.Molecular hydrogen attenuates gefitinib ⁃ induced exacerbation of naphthalene⁃evoked acute lung injury through a reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation[J].Lab Invest,2019,99(6):793-806
参考文献 72
CHEN J B,KONG X F,MU F,et al.Hydrogen therapy can be used to control tumor progression and alleviate the ad⁃ verse events of medications in patients with advanced non⁃ small cell lung cancer[J].Med Gas Res,2020,10(2):75-80
参考文献 73
CHEN J B,LU Y Y,XU K C.A narrative review of hydro⁃ gen oncology:from real world survey to real world evi⁃ dence[J].Med Gas Res,2020,10(3):130-133
参考文献 74
牛同想,谢克亮,秦超,等.氢气对病人胸腔镜肺癌根治术后肺部并发症发生的影响[J].中华麻醉学杂志,2020,40(8):907-910
参考文献 75
JIANG Y,LIU G,ZHANG L,et al.Therapeutic efficacy of hydrogen ⁃ rich saline alone and in combination with PI3K inhibitor in non⁃small cell lung cancer[J].Mol Med Rep,2018,18(2):2182-2190
参考文献 76
LIU K,OU J,WANG S,et al.Magnesium⁃based micromo⁃ tors for enhanced active and synergistic hydrogen chemo⁃ therapy[J].Appl Mater Today,2020,20:100694
参考文献 77
SUNR,LIU X,LI G,et al.Photoactivated H2 nanogenera⁃ tor for enhanced chemotherapy of bladder cancer[J].ACS Nano,2020,14(7):8135-8148
参考文献 78
ZHAO P,JIN Z,CHEN Q,et al.Local generation of hydro⁃ gen for enhanced photothermal therapy[J].Nat Commun,2018,9(1):4241
参考文献 79
ZHOU G X,WANG Y S,JIN Z K,et al.Porphyrin⁃palladi⁃ um hydride MOF nanoparticles for tumor⁃targeting photo⁃ acoustic imaging⁃guided hydrogenothermal cancer therapy [J].Nanoscale Horiz,2019,4(5):1185-1193
参考文献 80
ZHANG C,ZHENG D W,LI C X,et al.Hydrogen gas im⁃ proves photothermal therapy of tumor and restrains the re⁃ lapse of distant dormant tumor[J].Biomaterials,2019,223:119472
参考文献 81
WANG Q,JI Y,SHI J,et al.NIR ⁃ driven water splitting H2 production nanoplatform for H2⁃mediated cascade⁃am⁃ plifying synergetic cancer therapy[J].ACS Appl Mater Interfaces,2020,12(21):23677-23688
参考文献 82
CHEN J,LIN S,ZHAO D,et al.Palladium nanocrystals⁃ engineered metal⁃organic frameworks for enhanced tumor inhibition by synergistic hydrogen/photodynamic therapy [J].Adv Funct Mater,2021,31(4):2006853
参考文献 83
ZHAO B,WANG Y,YAO X,et al.Photocatalysis⁃mediated drug ⁃ free sustainable cancer therapy using nanocatalyst [J].Nat Commun,2021,12(1):1345
参考文献 84
WU Y,SU L,YUAN M,et al.In vivo X⁃ray triggered cata⁃ lysis of H2 generation for cancer synergistic gas radiother⁃ apy[J].Angew Chem Int Ed Engl,2021,60(23):12868-12875
参考文献 85
OSTOJIC S M.Hydrogen studies at Clinical Trials.gov:The dawn of a new era?[J].Am J Med Sci,2019,359(1):51-53
参考文献 86
李恒宇,李嘉图,林莹妮,等.氢气医学研究中给氢方式选择及研究进展[J].内科理论与实践,2020,15(1):53-56
参考文献 87
YAMAMOTO R,HOMMA K,SUZUKI S,et al.Hydrogen gas distribution in organs after inhalation:real⁃time moni⁃ toring of tissue hydrogen concentration in rat[J].Sci Rep,2019,9(1):1255
参考文献 88
YANG T,JIN Z,WANG Z,et al.Intratumoral high ⁃pay⁃ load delivery and acid ⁃ responsive release of H2 for effi⁃ cient cancer therapy using the ammonia borane ⁃ loaded mesoporous silica nanomedicine[J].Appl Mater Today,2018,11:136-143
参考文献 89
KOU Z,ZHAO P H,WANG Z H,et al.Acid⁃responsive H2 ⁃ releasing Fe nanoparticles for safe and effective cancer therapy[J].J Mater Chem B,2019,7(17):2759-2765
参考文献 90
ZHANG B,WANG F,ZHOU H,et al.Polymer dots com⁃ partmentalized in liposomes as a photocatalyst for in situ hydrogen therapy[J].Angew Chem Int Ed Engl,2019,58(9):2744-2748
参考文献 91
GUO H Q,WANG B,SONG X F,et al.Agreen,efficient and precise hydrogen therapy of cancer based on in vivo electrochemistry[J].Natl Sci Rev,2020,7(3):660-670
参考文献 92
KOROVLJEV D,TRIVIC T,DRID P,et al.Molecular hy⁃ drogen affects body composition,metabolicprofiles,and mitochondrial function in middle⁃aged overweight women [J].Ir J Med Sci,1971,2018,187(1):85-89
参考文献 93
SUN Q,CAI J,ZHOU J,et al.Hydrogen⁃rich saline reduces delayed neurologic sequelae in experimental carbon mon⁃ oxide toxicity[J].Crit Care Med,2011,39(4):765-769
参考文献 94
CAI J,KANG Z,LIU K,et al.Neuroprotective effects of hydrogen saline in neonatal hypoxia ⁃ ischemia rat model [J].Brain Res,2009,1256:129-137
参考文献 95
LI J,WANG C,ZHANG J H,et al.Hydrogen⁃rich saline improves memory function in a rat model of amyloid⁃beta⁃ induced Alzheimer’s disease by reduction of oxidative stress[J].Brain Res,2010,1328:152-161
参考文献 96
OHARAZA W A H,IGARASHI T,YOKOTA T,et al.Pro⁃ tection of the retina by rapid diffusion of hydrogen:admin⁃ istration of hydrogen⁃loaded eye drops in retinal ischemia⁃ reperfusion injury[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2010,51(1):487-492
参考文献 97
KUBOTA M,SHIMMURA S,KUBOTA S,et al.Hydrogen and N ⁃acetyl ⁃L ⁃cysteine rescue oxidative stress ⁃induced angiogenesis in a mouse corneal alkali ⁃ burn model[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2011,52(1):427-433
参考文献 98
KATO S,SAITOH Y,IWAI K,et al.Hydrogen⁃rich elec⁃ trolyzed warm water represses wrinkle formation against UVA ray together with type⁃I collagen production and oxi⁃ dative ⁃ stress diminishment in fibroblasts and cell ⁃injury prevention in keratinocytes[J].J Photochem Photobiol B,2012,106:24-33
参考文献 99
ZAN R,JI W P,QIAO S,et al.Biodegradable magnesium implants:a potential scaffold for bone tumor patients[J].Sci China Mater,2021,64(4):1007-1020
参考文献 100
姜浩淼,昝睿,彭宏州,等.异质金属调控下医用镁的氢气释放对肿瘤细胞的影响[J].表面技术,2021,50(2):22-29
参考文献 101
揣云海,孙学军,蔡建明.氢气生物学及其医学应用 [J].生物物理学报,2012,28(9):705-718
参考文献 102
冯雯,范一宏.氢呼气试验在胃肠疾病诊断中的应用 [J].国际消化病杂志,2010,30(5):270-272
参考文献 103
KAJIYA M,SATO K,SILVA M J,et al.Hydrogen from in⁃ testinal bacteria is protective for Concanavalin A⁃induced hepatitis[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2009,386(2):316-321
目录contents

    摘要

    氢气是一种新型气体信号分子,有选择性抗氧化作用和抗炎效果。氢气在医学领域的研究最早是用于抗肿瘤,后续对包括脑卒中在内的多领域逾百种疾病展示出治疗潜力。肿瘤高发病率和高病死率造成了沉重的医疗负担,短期内缺乏治愈肿瘤的特效手段,如何预防肿瘤和延长肿瘤患者生存期是首要目标,氢气有望在该领域发挥作用。文章综述氢气抗肿瘤的研究进展,主要从氢气的抗癌机理、增效减毒作用、联合治疗、临床研究和给氢方式等方面进行介绍。

    Abstract

    As a novel gaseous signal molecule,hydrogen gas exhibits selective antioxidant effect and anti⁃inflammatory effect. In the medical field,hydrogen gas was originally discovered to show the antitumor effect,thereafter hydrogen has shown therapeutic potential in more than 100 diseases,including ischemic stroke. Today,the high incidence and mortality of tumor,as well as the lack of effective means of cure of tumor,have imposed a heavy burden on the medical expenditure. Therefore,how to realize tumor prevention and prolongation of survival appears to be of greater importance,and hydrogen gas is expected to play an important role in this field. In this paper,a review of the research progress of hydrogen antitumor is presented,which contains the antitumor mechanism,synergistic and attenuated effects,combined therapy,clinical research,and hydrogen administration methods.

    关键词

    氢气氢医学氢气治疗肿瘤抗氧化

  • 1 前言

  • 氢气是分子量最小的气体分子,作为清洁能源它以热值高、燃烧产物无污染而著称。近年来氢气在医学领域逐渐成为明星分子,尤其随着氢氧疗法纳入COVID⁃19新型冠状病毒肺炎治疗方案,氢气的临床化应用迈上了新台阶[1-3]。氢气具有弱还原性,被认为是一种选择性抗氧化剂,能够捕获强氧化性活性氧物质如羟自由基(·OH)和过氧亚硝酸根离子(ONOO-)等。不同于一般的气体信号分子(如NO、CO、H2S等)[4-6],氢气具有很高的生物安全性,与一般的抗氧化剂相比也具有很大优势,在临床研究中暂未发现氢气的不良反应。氢气在医学领域最早用作潜水辅助气体,高压氢气长期应用未发现对人体有安全问题,也间接证明了氢气的体内安全性。事实上,氢气已获准作为食品添加剂使用[7]

  • 1975年,美国贝勒大学的Dole等[8] 在《Science》 上首次报道了氢气的医学作用,发现氢气对小鼠肿瘤生长具有抑制效果。连续呼吸高压氢气(8个大气压,97.5%为氢气,2.5%为氧气)14d能够使动物皮肤肿瘤或白血病显著消退。这种较为苛刻的实验条件难以重复,直至1978年Roberts等[9] 在5种实体瘤、1种白血病的小鼠模型上进行了类似的研究,但未得到与Dole等[8] 研究中类似的治疗效果。由于两组研究中的小鼠肿瘤模型和建模方式不同,且没有氢气生理作用的证据,因此相关研究停滞不前。 2007年,日本医科大学的Ohsawa等[10] 在《Nature Med⁃ icine》上报道吸入2%的氢气对脑缺血再灌注损伤有治疗作用,利用电子自旋共振发现,其治疗作用与氢气对羟自由基(·OH)的清除有关,并证实氢气具有选择性抗氧化作用,能够特异性地清除·OH、 ONOO-等有害的强氧化性活性氧物质(reactive oxygen species,ROS),但无法清除超氧自由基 (O2- ·),一氧化氮自由基(NO·)和过氧化氢(H2O2)等维持正常生理活动所需的ROS。选择性抗氧化理论的阐明为氢气医学的发展奠定了基础。除了对缺血再灌注损伤疾病的治疗,大量研究证明氢气对逾百种疾病有潜在的治疗作用,如炎症、代谢类疾病和神经退行性疾病等,氢气用于肿瘤的治疗也有大量的研究[11-12]

  • 2 氢气抗肿瘤的作用和机制

  • 氧化应激与恶性肿瘤的发生和发展密切相关, ROS破坏DNA、蛋白质和细胞膜脂质,是导致细胞癌变的诱因。基于选择性抗氧化作用,氢气在预防肿瘤发生方面有明显的效果。通过肝癌动物模型证实氢分子可以显著降低肝癌发生率,缩小肿瘤体积,同时伴随氧化应激指标的下降[13]。富氢水还可以降低次氮基三乙酸铁(Ferric nitrilotriacetate, Fe⁃NTA)诱导的Wistar大鼠肾细胞癌的发生率,并能抑制大鼠肿瘤的生长[14]。富氢水不但抑制了肾脏组织的炎症反应和巨噬细胞的聚集,而且还使血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)表达、信号传导与转录激活因子3(signal transduction and transcription activator 3,STAT3)磷酸化水平和增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)的表达受到抑制。罗马大学的Frajese等[15] 发现富氢电解水处理可诱导乳腺癌细胞(人MCF⁃7、MDA⁃MB⁃453细胞和鼠TUBO细胞)的凋亡,降低人表皮生长因子受体⁃2(ErbB2/neu)的表达,并破坏细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK1/2)和蛋白激酶B(AKT)的磷酸化,且富氢电解水的作用不受p53抑癌基因、雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)和孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)状态的影响。氢气选择性地与ROS反应,减轻了细胞的染色体损伤,还可能抑制肿瘤相关信号通路的异常活化,使共济失调毛细血管扩张突变基因能够及时修复染色体损伤,从而抑制肿瘤的发生发展[16]

  • 肿瘤组织的异常代谢导致肿瘤细胞处于氧化应激状态,高水平的ROS可以促进肿瘤的增殖、迁移和侵袭。因此,破坏肿瘤组织的氧化还原平衡成为抑制肿瘤生长和转移的一种策略。日本学者Nishikawa等[17] 利用含铂纳米颗粒(粒径约2nm)的富氢水进行了系列研究,发现含铂氢水能够抑制化学诱导的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞恶性转化;同时这种含铂氢水对人舌癌细胞HSC ⁃4、人食管鳞癌细胞KYSE70、人早幼粒白血病细胞HL60和人胃腺癌来源的NUGC⁃4细胞有杀伤作用[18-20],而对正常细胞几乎无影响,可能与肿瘤细胞对胶体铂的特异性内吞作用有关。体外实验发现胶体铂降低了氢水的氧化还原电势,增强了氢水对DPPH自由基的捕获活性,然而细胞内的ROS水平却不降反增,说明胶体铂活化后的氢水能够诱导肿瘤细胞氧化还原失衡[1821]

  • 氢气对肺癌的治疗方面,河北医科大学第三医院张宇等[22] 开展了大量研究,他们考察了氢气对非小细胞肺癌的作用,发现体外氢气培养(浓度从20%到60%)可促进肺癌A549和NCI⁃H1975细胞的凋亡,且能使X连锁凋亡抑制蛋白(X⁃link inhibitor of apoptosi protein,XIAP)、杆状病毒IAP重复序列3 (BIRC3)的表达量降低。高浓度(60%)的氢气还可造成p21、caspase7、caspase9蛋白在肺癌A549细胞株及A549细胞转移瘤组织中表达的上升,以及细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4(cyclin dependent kinase4, CDK4)表达的下降[23]。Wang等[24] 研究还发现氢气抗非小细胞肺癌与染色体凝聚有关,氢气干预可以抑制A549和H1975细胞中染色体结构维持蛋白3 (chromosome structure maintenance protein 3,SMC3) 基因及蛋白的表达,进而改变细胞周期。氢气在小鼠体内还可以抑制肺癌组织中Ki⁃67抗原、环氧合酶⁃2(COX⁃2)、VEGF的表达[25]。Ye等[26] 发现含氢电解水可通过抑制细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellu⁃ lar signal regulated kinase,ERK)活化下调A549细胞中VEGF基因的转录和蛋白表达。此外,氢气可通过对STAT3/Bcl2通路活化的抑制促进肺癌细胞凋亡或自噬,且抑制自噬可进一步增强肺癌细胞的凋亡[27]。氢气治疗还能够通过抑制CD47/CDC42通路的激活抑制肺癌恶化,有望成为CD47高表达肿瘤患者的一种有效治疗手段[28]。以上研究为氢气治疗肺癌提供了依据,氢气对肺癌的疗效还需体内研究的进一步验证。临床上也有个体案例显示吸入氢气对肺癌患者有益,尚缺少循证医学证据[29]

  • 周晓等[30] 使用氢水体外培养来自15例患者的原代结肠癌细胞,结果显示氢气对原代人结肠腺癌细胞生长有抑制作用,且患者性别、年龄、肿瘤位置及Dukes分期对原代癌细胞是否被氢气抑制无显著影响。张瑶等[31] 发现饮用富氢水可以抑制接种人结直肠癌SW480细胞荷瘤鼠的肿瘤生长,第28天时氢气干预组肿瘤体积比对照组明显变小。Liu等[32] 进行的体内研究,构建了C6原位胶质瘤模型和U87皮下瘤模型,发现小鼠每天吸入两次67%氢气(每次1h)可抑制胶质瘤的生长并延长寿命。氢气可下调CD133和Nestin(细胞干性标记物)、Ki67(细胞增生标记物)和CD34(血管生成标记物)的表达,同时上调GFAP(细胞分化标记物)的表达。氢气还抑制了胶质瘤细胞的体外成球能力,以及迁移、侵袭和克隆形成能力,说明氢气可通过降低胶质瘤细胞的干性起作用。研究还发现氢气培养还可降低人肝癌细胞Huh7的干性,并下调细胞中间丝波形蛋白的表达,为氢气用于肝癌防治提供了证据[33]。李佳蔚等[34] 发现氢气可以促进巨噬细胞向M1极化,抑制其向M2极化,最终促进乳腺癌细胞的凋亡。对子宫内膜癌的研究发现氢分子通过ROS/NLRP3/caspase⁃1/GSDMD通路诱导肿瘤细胞焦亡,富氢水培养后人子宫内膜癌细胞(AN3CA、HEC1A和Ishikawa细胞)中ROS及线粒体ROS(mtROS)的水平均升高[35]

  • 氢气参与生理活动最直接的证据是其抗氧化活性,目前仅抗氧化理论还不能很好地解释氢气的抗肿瘤机制。相比之下,传统抗氧化剂对肿瘤的作用研究历史悠久,但都无法取得满意的临床效果[36],如维生素C抗癌的长期研究发现其机制在于维生素C自身被氧化后促进了氧化应激水平,过氧化氢的生成才是维生素C抗癌的关键[37-38]。因此,氢气治疗肿瘤的抗氧化性机制还不够完善,氢气抗癌可能存在其他未知机制。氢医学研究表明,氢气参与调控信号通路,可以影响蛋白质结构和酶的活性,可能为氢气抗肿瘤研究提供新的思路。比如体外蛋白质结构研究发现氢分子可调节蛋白质的力学性能,增强胃蛋白酶的活性[39]。氢气除了发挥直接抗氧化作用外,还可通过调节抗氧化酶类发挥作用,如氢气能通过抑制免疫球蛋白Fc段受体FcεRI(IgE高亲和力受体)相关人膜相关蛋白酪氨酸激酶(Lyn) 磷酸化和下游信号转导分子(ERK1/2、JNK、p38MAPK和Akt)下调肥大细胞NADPH氧化酶活性,从而减少H2O2的生成,而非直接捕获ROS[40]。Ostojic等[41] 报道氢气至少有4种通路可能调节线粒体能量代谢,其中饥饿素通过其受体GHS⁃R1α是最重要的通路。氢气可以通过调节诱导型一氧化氮合酶(in⁃ ducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)活性抑制RAW264巨噬细胞中NO信号分子的生成[42]。氢气还能够介导β⁃连环蛋白(β⁃catenin)磷酸化和降解,从而抑制Wnt/β⁃catenin信号通路的活化[43]。最新的研究发现氢气能作用于硫氧还蛋白1,使组织因子和基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase, MMP)⁃9的表达降低[44],氢气也可降低MMP⁃3和MMP⁃13的表达[45],而金属蛋白酶类能降解细胞外基质,在介导肿瘤血管新生、转移和侵袭过程中发挥重要作用。最近马雪梅等[46] 研究发现氢气能提高包括线粒体复合物Ⅰ、乙酰胆碱酯酶和辣根过氧化物酶在内的生物酶活性,提示氢气的生理作用可能是多靶点的基于酶学反应的过程。此外,氢气还能通过调节人体免疫状态对抗肿瘤。2014年─ 2017年1项在日本进行的纳入55例Ⅳ期结肠癌患者的临床研究中,所有患者接受XELOX(CapeOX) 方案化疗且使用家用吸氢机每日吸氢3h,对患者血液中的CD8+ T细胞的PD⁃1表达情况与无进展生存期和总生存率的相关性进行分析,发现吸入氢气能降低结肠癌患者体内PD⁃1+/CD8+ 双阳性T细胞的比例,改善患者预后[47]。推测可能是因为氢气激活了信号分子PGC⁃1α,进而上调T细胞中线粒体的呼吸作用,最终挽救耗竭的CD8+ T细胞发挥作用。同时,患者总生存率提高与辅酶Q10水平升高有关,后者能使更多氢分子进入线粒体内部发挥作用[48]。以上研究提示氢气并非仅能通过直接抗氧化发挥作用,除了选择性抗氧化作用,氢气也可能作为一种类似于“NO”的气体信号分子发挥作用,有关氢气抗肿瘤的机制还需要进一步深入研究。

  • 3 氢气用于放化疗增效减毒

  • 目前,手术、化疗和放疗仍然是肿瘤治疗的主要手段,但是传统放化疗引起的严重不良反应问题仍然没有解决。基于抗氧化的策略,分子氢具有对肿瘤放化疗进行增效减毒的功效。Qian等[49] 提出氢气是一种有效、安全的辐射防护剂,可显著抑制电离辐射诱导的HIEC肠上皮细胞凋亡,增加AHH⁃1人外周血B淋巴细胞内源性抗氧化剂水平,缓解辐射引起的白细胞和血小板的耗竭[50]。氢分子除了能保护体外培养的细胞免受离子辐射伤害,体内研究还发现对雄性BALB/c小鼠腹腔注射富氢生理盐水后,可抑制辐射诱导的胸腺淋巴瘤的发生和生长[51-53]。Zhang等[54] 发现富氢溶液对人正常永生化表皮角质细胞HaCaT及大鼠头颈部皮肤的辐射损伤亦具有较好的防护作用,其机制与生物分子氧化损伤及自由基的清除有关。氢气还能缓解放疗中的辐射相关肝损伤,对人肝LO2细胞和小鼠肝脏具有防护作用[55],而对人肝癌HepG2细胞生长无抑制作用,但能通过下调CD36蛋白的表达抑制HepG2细胞中的脂肪富集[56]。富氢水灌胃处理可以减轻4Gy X线全身照射的C57BL/6小鼠的骨髓抑制[57]。Terasaki等[58] 通过细胞和小鼠实验证明饮用富氢水联合3%氢气吸入不仅可以对抗急性放射损伤,而且对慢性肺纤维化也有疗效。日本东京进行了1项氢气干预调强放疗的回顾性研究,在2015年 ─2016年间共纳入了26例晚期癌症患者,发现吸氢 (每天0.5h)能显著改善调强放疗引起的骨髓损伤,且对放疗的疗效没有影响[59]。匹兹堡大学的Kang等[60] 开展的双臂随机对照临床试验招募了2006年间的49例肝癌患者,放疗后接受6周的富氢水摄入,要求患者每天分多次摄入氢水量1.5~2.0L,结果放疗后氢水干预组患者的生活质量评分显著提高。放疗能够通过高能射线杀死肿瘤细胞,同时对病灶周围组织的正常细胞造成伤害,氢气的抗氧化作用机制明确,用于辅助放疗能起到很好的增效减毒作用,同时氢气相比其他辅助治疗手段具有安全性高、使用简便等优点。

  • 在肿瘤化疗方面,Nakashima等[61] 考察了顺铂治疗后吸入1%氢气(整个实验周期)对S⁃180小鼠肉瘤细胞移植的荷瘤小鼠不良反应的缓解情况,发现吸入氢气能提高小鼠存活率,且顺铂导致的体重减轻和神经毒性也得到缓解。对照实验证明摄入氢水也可达到相似的效果。氢水还对阿霉素引起的心脏毒性有缓解作用,接受阿霉素化疗的大鼠每天经腹腔注射10mL/kg剂量的氢气饱和生理盐水, 1个月后血液中氧化应激标志物水平和心肌细胞自噬活性明显降低[62]。分子氢通过抑制NF⁃κB/IL⁃6炎症通路,增强活化型caspase⁃8的表达和Bcl⁃2/Bax的比例,从而缓解心脏和肝脏组织的细胞凋亡[63]。 Fan等[64] 将MgB2纳米片制成口服剂,用于小鼠原位胃癌的阿霉素化疗和氢气联合治疗,可有效减轻阿霉素的心脏毒性。分子氢不但能促进结肠癌细胞凋亡,与5⁃氟尿嘧啶联用可以明显增强后者的抗肿瘤效果,且富氢水浓度越高,协同效果越明显,这种作用在Colon 26细胞荷瘤鼠模型上得到验证[65]。孟啸寅等[66-67] 发现氢气饱和生理盐水可有效防止环磷酰胺化疗诱发的大鼠卵巢损伤。泰山医院2010年─ 2016年1项涉及144例结肠癌患者的随机对照单盲试验结果表明,饮用富氢水组的mFOLFOX6标准化疗患者在治疗前后肝功能没有明显变化,而安慰剂对照组的谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和间接胆红素水平都明显升高,证明分子氢在化疗过程中对肝脏具有保护作用[68]。不过患者需要在治疗前1d到治疗开始的4d每天饮用1L(4×250mL)富氢水。杨庆玺等[69] 选择2013—2014年间的80例恶性肿瘤患者进行的系统性回顾分析显示,在常规化疗基础上饮用富氢水可以缓解化疗后患者的骨髓抑制,且对心脏、胃肠道和肝肾功能有保护作用,改善化疗后引起的体能下降情况。Yao等[70] 的1项研究发现富氢电解水可通过提高P⁃糖蛋白和多药耐药相关蛋白⁃2的表达水平,增强肝脏对外源性毒物的外排作用,达到解毒的效果。酪氨酸激酶抑制剂类靶向药物在非小细胞肺癌的治疗中疗效显著,这类药物大量口服也有不良反应产生,比如吉非替尼可能导致严重的急性间质性肺炎,Terasaki等[71] 通过小鼠实验发现富氢水能够缓解吉非替尼的不良反应。Chen等[72] 在临床研究中发现氢气能够有效减轻晚期非小细胞肺癌患者的药物不良反应。在放化疗后的肿瘤患者辅助治疗方面,Chen等[73] 积累了许多真实世界的氢气治疗案例,显示氢气对改善肿瘤患者生活质量有益。在手术治疗方面,牛同想等[74] 对110例胸腔镜肺癌根治术患者的研究发现,术前吸入1h氢气可降低术后肺部并发症的发生。以上基础和临床研究结果提示,氢气在肿瘤放化疗增效减毒方面具有较好效果,且对其他治疗方法具有很好的兼容性,在临床应用上应优先推广。

  • 4 氢气联合治疗

  • 因氢气的多靶点作用方式,专门进行氢气治疗的效果可能会受限,除了安全和易得,需要通过联合治疗的方式体现氢气在肿瘤治疗领域的重要价值。如将氢气与PI3K抑制剂LY294002联用可以增强对A549细胞的抑制[75]。在原位胃癌动物模型中,通过饲料摄入可释放氢气的MgB2纳米片,其在胃液酸性环境下原位释放的氢气能直接作用于胃部肿瘤细胞,与化疗药物阿霉素产生协同作用,增强治疗效果,且阿霉素的心脏不良反应也得到有效缓解,真正实现了增效减毒的效果[64]。类似地,在体外培养条件下,一种镁微马达释放出的氢气能够与阿霉素起到协同效果,这种微马达凭借主动运动能够在细胞内原位产生氢气,将阿霉素的化疗效果提升2.4倍,高效杀死小鼠乳腺癌4T1细胞[76]。基于光催化产氢原理,利用纳米材料很强的跨黏膜和穿透肿瘤细胞的能力,660nm激光照射下在肿瘤细胞内可原位产生氢气,将氢气治疗与膀胱癌的灌注治疗联合,可显著增强化疗效果[77]。作用机制研究发现氢气能抑制线粒体功能,阻碍ATP合成,削弱P⁃糖蛋白外排泵功能,使得化疗药物吉西他滨难以排出,实现膀胱癌的高效协同治疗。利用钯基纳米材料的储氢性能,将钯纳米颗粒(PdH0.2)、钯基金属有机框架材料(PdHMOF)用于肿瘤的氢气⁃光热治疗,即氢热治疗,能增强抗癌效果,且活性氢能够扰乱肿瘤细胞的氧化还原平衡,破坏细胞的能量代谢[78-79]。 Zhang等[80] 使用多巴胺载氨硼烷实现热疗的同时,后者分解释放的氢气有效改变了肿瘤部位的氧化还原稳态,有利于对抗炎症,最终在抑制肿瘤生长的同时还实现了联合治疗对远端肿瘤的抑制。最近利用转化纳米材料,一种氢气介导的级联放大多模态协同治疗策略,能够利用近红外光解水生成的氢气与光动力、光热和化学动力学等治疗方式相互协同,实现小鼠乳腺癌的高效治疗[81]。利用同一平台实现氢气治疗与光动力治疗的协同,达到了令人惊奇的治疗效果,类似的结果在PCN⁃224载纳米钯的复合体系中得到进一步验证[82]。纳米钯作为氢气载体,卟啉MOF作为PDT治疗的光敏剂,氢气治疗和PDT协同作用的原因可能是因为氢气刺激破坏了肿瘤的氧化还原平衡,光动力学治疗加剧了这种不平衡。Zhao等[83] 还利用一种Z型结构的纳米光催化剂进行肿瘤原位产氢,实现了氢气⁃空穴联合治疗。类似地,Wu等[84] 利用一种辐射产氢材料实现了氢气治疗和放疗的协同作用。在临床实践中,由于氢气能改善肿瘤患者的免疫功能,将氢气与PD⁃1抗体联合使用发现还可提高免疫治疗的临床效果,延长患者的生存时间[48]。在临床实践中,氢气对人体安全且方便摄入,将其与现有的抗癌手段联合使用能达到事半功倍的效果。目前氢气联合的肿瘤多功能治疗需要借助纳米产氢材料,或负载氢气前药分子,或纳米材料自身能够在光、酸等特殊条件刺激下释放氢气,纳米材料的引入应以不牺牲氢气治疗的安全性为前提。氢气与光动力联合治疗中,抗氧化的氢气与促氧化的光敏材料共同作用,结果扰乱了肿瘤细胞的氧化还原稳态,起到抑制肿瘤生长的作用,为肿瘤治疗提出了一种新思路。

  • 5 氢气治疗中的给氢方式

  • 氢医学临床研究中,已有的氢气摄入方式主要包括呼吸含氢混合气体或者口服氢气溶液[85]。吸氢需要专门的设备、需要长时间吸入方能起效,气体的组成和氢气比例并不固定,有氢气与氮气混合气,家用吸氢机产生的是氢氧比为2∶1的氢氧混合气,也有产氢机能将氧气分离产生高纯度的氢气。在体内实验中氢气的吸入比例应不超过4%的爆炸极限,否则在实际操作中有危险性。富氢水的饱和浓度低(0.8mmol/L),不便于贮存,须大剂量给药,对吞咽困难、不宜大量输液的患者难以适用。此外,富氢水的质量标准、保存难度等限制了应用。目前氢水的制备方法较多,氢医学研究中使用的富氢水缺乏统一的质量标准。生产富氢水的主要方法有鼓泡法、高压溶解法,所用的溶剂有纯水,也有生理盐水,甚至器官保存液(Celsior)等[86]。也有通过电解水产氢法得到富氢电解水,或使用氢棒通过镁与水发生化学反应制得富氢水等,这些途径所获富氢水除氢气浓度有差别外,在所含电解质种类、离子强度、氧化还原电势、酸碱度等方面也存在差异,可能会影响治疗效果。对于具体疾病,吸入氢气和饮用富氢水对于呼吸系统疾病和胃肠道疾病的治疗更为适用,但却难以满足脑部疾病和实体瘤等远端组织疾病的治疗需求。Yamamoto等[87] 研究了3%氢气吸入下SD大鼠体内的氢气生物分布,发现肝脏中的氢浓度最高,平衡浓度达到29mmol/L,但目前为止,肿瘤组织的氢气浓度缺乏研究数据。氢气治疗对氢气浓度有依赖性,但是到达实体瘤的氢气量十分有限,氢医学研究中应该注重氢气剂量效应关系的探究,并尽可能在更高浓度范围进行,以提高疗效。

  • 通过纳米载药体系可以有效解决气体供体分子稳定性差、毒性高等缺点,并实现气体在体内的可控释放,满足气体治疗的组织特异性和浓度依赖性需求。在实体瘤治疗方面,为了实现氢气的高效摄取,更大发挥氢气的抗癌效果,通过纳米材料载氢或在肿瘤部位原位产氢成为了一种新的手段。如通过储氢材料制备的纳米药物高效递送,增强氢气的抗肿瘤效果[78-79];通过纳米材料载氢气前体分子氨硼烷,在肿瘤酸性微环境下分解释放出氢气[8088];铁纳米颗粒可以在肿瘤部位聚集并发生反应释放氢气,抑制肿瘤生长[89];聚合物半导体光催化原位产氢用于氢气治疗[90]。虽然电化学进行肿瘤电疗已经早有研究,但是治疗过程中阴极生成的氢气的生理作用未经评估,近期有研究专门进行了相关探索,在动物模型上证明电化学产氢对肿瘤治疗有效[91]。这些开拓性的方法为体内给氢提供了新选择,尤其对于恶性肿瘤的治疗有积极意义。鉴于氢气的生物安全性优点,为促进氢气发挥更大疗效,选择的载体材料的安全性也值得重点考虑,不能引入新的安全性问题。再者,化学反应对肿瘤微环境的改变是否对氢气的生理作用产生影响,还需更加精准的研究。

  • 除了常规途径吸入氢气和饮用富氢水,还可以口服释氢纳米材料,如珊瑚钙,或者其他产氢材料[6492]。此外,一些研究通过腹腔注射含氢生理盐水的方法对多种疾病进行治疗[93-95]。含氢盐水滴眼用于视网膜缺血再灌注损伤和角膜碱烧伤,取得了较好效果[96-97]。在皮肤病研究中,氢水浴的氢气摄入方式也成为一种有效手段[98]。这些方法在特定部位肿瘤的氢气治疗上值得借鉴。镁与水反应产生氢气常被用于抗炎症治疗研究,骨科使用的金属镁支架在降解过程中也会产生氢气,基于这一原理,Zan等[99] 用含有镁丝的抗肿瘤支架材料实现镁离子和氢气的共同作用,抑制肿瘤生长,而对正常组织无毒性,成为氢气抗肿瘤治疗的一种有效给氢手段。他们还对异质金属进行调控以实现高纯镁中氢气的加速释放,增强氢气对甲状腺肿瘤Cal⁃62细胞增殖的抑制[100]。氢气本身是一种内源性气体,肠道厌氧微生物每天产生的氢气达到12L,大多数在肠道内即被细菌转化为硫化氢、甲烷和乙酸,终末呼出的氢气浓度可达5~10ppm[101]。通过氢呼出试验(hydrogen breath test,HBT)测定人体呼出气体中氢气的浓度,成为检测胃肠道功能的一种方法[102]。通过呼吸、饮用或注射摄取的氢气远低于胃肠道的氢气产量,但补充氢气具有明显的保护效应,这种人体具备生成氢气的能力与需要摄入外源性氢气进行疾病治疗之间存在矛盾,需要进一步研究。此外,诱导胃肠道(如摄入阿卡波糖、果糖、姜黄、牛奶等)促进肠道微生物产氢有助于部分疾病的治疗,如Kajiya等[103] 为动物补充产氢细菌,诱导胃肠道产生更多氢气对刀豆蛋白A诱导的肝炎具有治疗作用,而用抗生素杀灭细菌,这种效应则完全消失。但由于产生的氢气局限于消化道,适用的疾病种类有限,且受个体生理状况影响[86]。在肿瘤的氢气治疗领域,这些方法均有重要的参考价值。

  • 6 小结

  • 目前,随着氢气在新型冠状病毒肺炎等呼吸道疾病领域的临床应用,氢气的安全性和医学效果得到了有效验证,氢气在其他疾病治疗方面的临床研究也正在广泛开展,我国的氢医学在国际上处于引领地位。随着相关吸氢设备的发展和标准化,以及氢气在不同疾病治疗领域的研究深入,氢气抗肿瘤研究需要不断加大投入。首先,氢气抗肿瘤研究的当务之急是发现氢气抗肿瘤的确切机制,需要更多的基础和临床实验来进一步证实氢气的作用,从分子水平明确其发挥作用的机制。氢气抗氧化机制只是氢气作用的一个方面,可能还存在其他作用方式。目前由氢分子介导的直接与间接信号通路研究尚处于探索阶段,氢气到底是广谱抗肿瘤,还是对特定肿瘤有疗效,还需要进一步确定。其次,肿瘤组织的异质性对给氢方式提出了新的要求,也是限制氢气疗效的关键因素。因此,针对肿瘤的病理学特征开发合适的氢气递送系统也是重要的研究方向,同时要尽快摸清氢气的剂量效应关系。总之,氢气在肿瘤防治领域有很大的潜力,值得深入研究。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 国务院应对新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情联防联控机制综合组.新型冠状病毒肺炎防控方案(第七版)[Z].2020

    • [2] GUAN W,WEI C,CHEN A,et al.Hydrogen/oxygen mixed gas inhalation improves disease severity and dys⁃ pnea in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 in a re⁃ cent multicenter,open ⁃ label clinical trial[J].J Thorac Dis,2020,12(6):3448-3452

    • [3] GUAN W,CHEN R,ZHONG N.Strategies for the preven⁃ tion and management of coronavirus disease 2019[J].Eur Respir J,2020,55(4):2000597

    • [4] 陈丽灵,唐燕,刘振,等.硫化氢对H2O2所致大鼠胸主动脉损伤的保护作用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2012,32(11):1499-1504,1526

    • [5] 周红,刘弈彤,梁小燕,等.硫化氢抑制局部肾素水平影响动脉粥样硬化的研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2013,33(9):1208-1213

    • [6] 王伟,李振光,刘刚,等.重度呼吸衰竭新生儿早期联合使用一氧化氮吸入治疗的临床效果观察[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2015,35(6):870-873

    • [7] 中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会.食品安全国家标准食品添加剂氢气:GB 31633—2014[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2015

    • [8] DOLE M,WILSON F R,FIFE W P.Hyperbaric hydrogen therapy:a possible treatment for cancer[J].Science,1975,190(4210):152-154

    • [9] ROBERTS B J,FIFE W P,CORBETT T H,et al.Re⁃ sponse of five established solid transplantable mouse tu⁃ mors and one mouse leukemia to hyperbaric hydrogen[J].Cancer Treat Rep,1978,62(7):1077-1079

    • [10] OHSAWA I,ISHIKAWA M,TAKAHASHIK,et al.Hydro⁃ gen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reduc⁃ ing cytotoxic oxygen radicals[J].Nat Med,2007,13(6):688-694

    • [11] ICHIHARA M,SOBUE S,ITO M,et al.Beneficial biolo⁃ gical effects and the underlying mechanisms of molecular hydrogen ⁃ comprehensive review of 321 original articles [J].Med Gas Res,2015,5:12

    • [12] MATEI N,CAMARA R,ZHANG J H.Emerging mecha⁃ nisms and novel applications of hydrogen gas therapy[J].Med Gas Res,2018,8(3):98-102

    • [13] KAWAI D,TAKAKI A,NAKATSUKA A,et al.Hydrogen ⁃ rich water prevents progression of nonalcoholic steato⁃ hepatitis and accompanying hepatocarcinogenesis in mice [J].Hepatology,2012,56(3):912-921

    • [14] LI F Y,ZHU S X,WANG Z P,et al.Consumption of hy⁃ drogen ⁃ rich water protects against ferric nitrilotriacetate ⁃ induced nephrotoxicity and early tumor promotional events in rats[J].Food Chem Toxicol,2013,61:248-254

    • [15] FRAJESE G V,BENVENUTO M,MATTERA R,et al.Electrochemically reduced water delays mammary tumors growth in mice and inhibits breast cancer cells survival in vitro[J].Evid Based Complementary Altern Med,2018,2018:4753507

    • [16] 王丽飞,张宇,王金枝,等.氢气治疗氧化损伤所致癌症的机制进展[J].肿瘤,2017,37(11):1218-1223

    • [17] NISHIKAWA R,TERUYA K,KATAKURA Y,et al.Elec⁃ trolyzed reduced water supplemented with platinum nanoparticles suppresses promotion of two⁃stage cell trans⁃ formation[J].Cytotechnology,2005,47(1/2/3):97-105

    • [18] SAITOH Y,KAWASAKI N,EGUCHI N,et al.Combined treatment with dissolved hydrogen molecule and platinum nanocolloid exerts carcinostatic/carcinocidal effects by in⁃ creasing hydrogen peroxide generation and cell death in the human gastric cancer cell line NUGC⁃4[J].Free Rad⁃ ic Res,2021,55(3):211-220

    • [19] KATO S,SAITOH Y,MIWA N.Hydrogen⁃bubbled plati⁃ num⁃colloid suppresses human esophagus⁃ or tongue⁃car⁃ cinoma cells with intracellular platinum ⁃ uptake and the diminished normal⁃cell mortality[J].Hum Cell,2020,33(4):1294-1301

    • [20] SAITOH Y,OKAYASU H,XIAO L,et al.Neutral pH hy⁃ drogen⁃enriched electrolyzed water achieves tumor⁃prefer⁃ ential clonal growth inhibition over normal cells and tu⁃ mor invasion inhibition concurrently with intracellular oxi⁃ dant repression[J].Oncol Res,2008,17(6):247-255

    • [21] SAITOH Y,IKESHIMA M,KAWASAKI N,et al.Tran⁃ sient generation of hydrogen peroxide is responsible for carcinostatic effects of hydrogen combined with platinum nanocolloid,together with increases intracellular ROS,DNA cleavages,and proportion of G2/M ⁃ phase[J].Free Radic Res,2016,50(4):385-395

    • [22] 张宇.氢气通过XIAP、BIRC3促进肺腺癌A549细胞凋亡的机制研究[D].石家庄:河北医科大学,2018

    • [23] 闫振锋.氢气对肺腺癌A549细胞促进凋亡和抑制增殖的研究[D].石家庄:河北医科大学,2019

    • [24] WANG D,WANG L,ZHANG Y,et al.Hydrogen gas in⁃ hibits lung cancer progression through targeting SMC3 [J].Biomed Pharmacother,2018,104:788-797

    • [25] 王东昌,赵云霞,赵志芳,等.氢气干预抑制非小细胞肺癌生长的作用及其机制研究[J].国际呼吸杂志,2018,38(8):561-565

    • [26] YE J,LI Y P,HAMASAKI T,et al.Inhibitory effect of electrolyzed reduced water on tumor angiogenesis[J].Biol Pharm Bull,2008,31(1):19-26

    • [27] LIU L Y,YAN Z F,WANG Y Y,et al.Suppression of au⁃ tophagy facilitates hydrogen gas ⁃ mediated lung cancer cell apoptosis[J].Oncol Lett,2020,20(4):112

    • [28] MENG J,LIU L,WANG D,et al.Hydrogen gas represses the progression of lung cancer via down ⁃ regulating CD47 [J].Bioscience Rep,2020,40(4):R20192761

    • [29] CHEN J B,MU F,LUT,et al.Brain metastases complete⁃ ly disappear in non⁃small cell lung cancer using hydrogen gas inhalation:a case report[J].Oncotargets Ther,2019,12:11145-11151

    • [30] 周晓,李宪孟,秦树存.氢气对原代人大肠腺癌细胞生长的抑制作用及其影响因素[J].山东医药,2018,58(24):14-17

    • [31] 张瑶,姜婧,周海玥,等.富氢水对结直肠癌荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的生长抑制作用及其机制[J].第二军医大学学报,2016,37(9):1082-1087

    • [32] LIU M Y,XIE F,ZHANG Y,et al.Molecular hydrogen suppresses glioblastoma growth via inducing the glioma stem ⁃ like cell differentiation[J].Stem Cell Res Ther,2019,10(1):145

    • [33] 商蕾,李佳腊,苏泽华,等.氢分子对肝癌细胞Huh7的影响[J].生物技术进展,2020,10(4):400-408

    • [34] 李佳蔚,师建国.氢气联合巨噬细胞对乳腺癌细胞生长的影响[J].现代肿瘤医学,2020,28(23):4036-4041

    • [35] YANG Y,LIU P Y,BAO W,et al.Hydrogen inhibits en⁃ dometrial cancer growth via a ROS/NLRP3/caspase⁃1/GS⁃ DMD ⁃ mediated pyroptotic pathway[J].BMC Cancer,2020,20(1):28

    • [36] HARRIS I S,DENICOLA G M.The complex interplay be⁃ tween antioxidants and ROS in cancer[J].Trends Cell Biol,2020,30(6):440-451

    • [37] CHEN Q,ESPEY M G,KRISHNA M C,et al.Pharmaco⁃ logic ascorbic acid concentrations selectively kill cancer cells:action as a pro⁃drug to deliver hydrogen peroxide to tissues[J].PNAS,2005,102(38):13604-13609

    • [38] CHEN Q,ESPEY M G,SUN A Y,et al.Ascorbate in phar⁃ macologic concentrations selectively generates ascorbate radical and hydrogen peroxide in extracellular fluid in vivo [J].PNAS,2007,104(21):8749-8754

    • [39] CHENG J,TANG C,LIX,et al.Hydrogen molecules can modulate enzymatic activity and structural properties of pepsin in vitro[J].Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces,2020,189:110856

    • [40] ITOH T,FUJITA Y,ITO M,et al.Molecular hydrogen sup⁃ presses FcepsilonRI ⁃ mediated signal transduction and prevents degranulation of mast cells[J].Biochem Bio⁃ phys Res Commun,2009,389(4):651-656

    • [41] OSTOJIC S M.Does H2 alter mitochondrial bioenergetics via GHS⁃R1α activation?[J].Theranostics,2017,7(5):1330-1332

    • [42] ITOH T,HAMADA N,TERAZAWA R,et al.Molecular hydrogen inhibits lipopolysaccharide/interferon γ ⁃ in⁃ duced nitric oxide production through modulation of sig⁃ nal transduction in macrophages[J].BiochemBiophys Res Commun,2011,411(1):143-149

    • [43] LIN Y,OHKAWARA B,ITO M,et al.Molecular hydro⁃ gen suppresses activated Wnt/β⁃catenin signaling[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:31986

    • [44] LI Q,HU L,LI J,et al.Hydrogen attenuates septic lung injury by activating thioredoxin 1 and decreasing tissue factor expression[J].Front Immunol,2021,12:625957

    • [45] HANAOKA T,KAMIMURA N,YOKOTA T,et al.Mole⁃ cular hydrogen protects chondrocytes from oxidative stress and indirectly alters gene expressions through re⁃ ducing peroxynitrite derived from nitric oxide[J].Med Gas Res,2011,1(1):18

    • [46] 马雪梅,张鑫,谢飞,等.氢气生物学作用的生物酶基础[J].生物技术进展,2020,10(1):15-22

    • [47] AKAGI J,BABA H.Hydrogen gas restores exhausted CD8+ T cells in patients with advanced colorectal cancer to im⁃ prove prognosis[J].Oncol Rep,2019,41(1):301-311

    • [48] AKAGI J,BABA H.Hydrogen gas activates coenzyme Q10 to restore exhausted CD8 + T cells,especially PD ⁃1 + Tim3 + terminal CD8 + T cells,leading to better nivolumab outcomes in patients with lung cancer[J].Oncol Lett,2020,20(5):258

    • [49] QIAN L R,LI B L,CAO F,et al.Hydrogen⁃rich PBS pro⁃ tects cultured human cells from ionizing radiation ⁃ in⁃ duced cellular damage[J].Nucl Technol Radiat Prot,2010,25(1):23-29

    • [50] YANG Y,LI B,LIU C,et al.Hydrogen ⁃ rich saline pro⁃ tects immunocytes from radiation ⁃ induced apoptosis[J].Med Sci Monit,2012,18(4):BR144-BR148

    • [51] QIAN L,CAO F,CUI J,et al.Radioprotective effect of hy⁃ drogen in cultured cells and mice[J].Free Radic Res,2010,44(3):275-282

    • [52] ZHAO L,ZHOU C,ZHANG J,et al.Hydrogen protects mice from radiation induced thymic lymphoma in BALB/c mice[J].Int J Biol Sci,2011,7(3):297-300

    • [53] MEI K,ZHAO S,QIAN L,et al.Hydrogen protects rats from dermatitis caused by local radiation[J].J Dermato⁃ log Treat,2014,25(2):182-188

    • [54] ZHANG B X,ZHAO Z S,MENG X Y,et al.Hydrogen ameliorates oxidative stress via PI3K ⁃Akt signaling path⁃ way in UVB ⁃ induced HaCaT cells[J].Int J Mol Med,2018,41(6):3653-3661

    • [55] 赵陆芊.富H2溶液对肝细胞及肝脏的辐射防护效应及机制研究[D].上海:第二军医大学,2012

    • [56] IIO A,ITO M,ITOH T,et al.Molecular hydrogen attenu⁃ ates fatty acid uptake and lipid accumulation through downregulating CD36 expression in HepG2 cells[J].Med Gas Res,2013,3(1):6

    • [57] 杨庆玺,郝瑞,董瑶,等.富氢水对4 Gy X射线全身照射小鼠造血功能的影响[J].中华临床医师杂志(电子版),2017,11(10):1795-1798

    • [58] TERASAKI Y,OHSAWA I,TERASAKI M,et al.Hydro⁃ gen therapy attenuates irradiation ⁃ induced lung damage by reducing oxidative stress[J].Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,2011,301(4):L415-L426

    • [59] HIRANO S I,AOKI Y,LI X K,et al.Protective effects of hydrogen gas inhalation on radiation ⁃induced bone mar⁃ row damage in cancer patients:a retrospective observa⁃ tional study[J].Med Gas Res,2021,11(3):104⁃109

    • [60] KANG K M,KANG Y N,CHOI I B,et al.Effects of drink⁃ ing hydrogen ⁃ rich water on the quality of life of patients treated with radiotherapy for liver tumors[J].Med Gas Res,2011,1(1):11

    • [61] NAKASHIMA K,MORI T,OHSAWA I,et al.Molecular hydrogen alleviates nephrotoxicity induced by an anti⁃can⁃ cer drug cisplatin without compromising anti⁃tumor activi⁃ ty in mice[J].Cancer Chemother Pharmacol,2009,64(4):753-761

    • [62] WU S,ZHU L,YANG J,et al.Hydrogen ⁃ containing sa⁃ line attenuates doxorubicin ⁃induced heart failure in rats [J].Pharmazie,2014,69(8):633-636

    • [63] GAO Y,YANG H,FAN Y,et al.Hydrogen⁃rich saline at⁃tenuates cardiac and hepatic injury in doxorubicin rat model by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis[J].Medi⁃ ators Inflamm,2016,2016:1320365

    • [64] FAN M,WEN Y,YE D,et al.Acid⁃responsive H2 ⁃releas⁃ ing 2D MgB2 nanosheet for therapeutic synergy and side effect attenuation of gastric cancer chemotherapy[J].Adv Healthc Mater,2019,8(13):e1900157

    • [65] RUNTUWENE J,AMITANI H,AMITANI M,et al.Hydro⁃ gen ⁃water enhances 5⁃fluorouracil ⁃induced inhibition of colon cancer[J].Peer J,2015,3:e859

    • [66] 孟啸寅,陈红光,谢克亮,等.饱和氢盐水对化疗致卵巢损伤的保护作用[J].生殖与避孕,2012,32(10):662-666

    • [67] MENG X,CHEN H,WANG G,et al.Hydrogen ⁃ rich sa⁃ line attenuates chemotherapy ⁃induced ovarian injury via regulation of oxidative stress[J].Exp Ther Med,2015,10(6):2277-2282

    • [68] YANG Q X,JI G D,PAN R T,et al.Protective effect of hydrogen⁃rich water on liver function of colorectal cancer patients treated with mFOLFOX6 chemotherapy[J].Mol Clin Oncol,2017,7(5):891-896

    • [69] 杨庆玺.探讨富氢水在恶性肿瘤病人化疗中的减毒增效作用[D].泰安:泰山医学院,2014

    • [70] YAO H,YANG Y,LI M.Intake of molecular hydrogen in drinking water increases membrane transporters,P⁃glyco⁃ protein,and multidrug resistance ⁃ associated protein 2 without affecting xenobiotic ⁃ metabolizing enzymes in rat liver[J].Molecules,2019,24(14):2627

    • [71] TERASAKI Y,SUZUKI T,TONAKI K,et al.Molecular hydrogen attenuates gefitinib ⁃ induced exacerbation of naphthalene⁃evoked acute lung injury through a reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation[J].Lab Invest,2019,99(6):793-806

    • [72] CHEN J B,KONG X F,MU F,et al.Hydrogen therapy can be used to control tumor progression and alleviate the ad⁃ verse events of medications in patients with advanced non⁃ small cell lung cancer[J].Med Gas Res,2020,10(2):75-80

    • [73] CHEN J B,LU Y Y,XU K C.A narrative review of hydro⁃ gen oncology:from real world survey to real world evi⁃ dence[J].Med Gas Res,2020,10(3):130-133

    • [74] 牛同想,谢克亮,秦超,等.氢气对病人胸腔镜肺癌根治术后肺部并发症发生的影响[J].中华麻醉学杂志,2020,40(8):907-910

    • [75] JIANG Y,LIU G,ZHANG L,et al.Therapeutic efficacy of hydrogen ⁃ rich saline alone and in combination with PI3K inhibitor in non⁃small cell lung cancer[J].Mol Med Rep,2018,18(2):2182-2190

    • [76] LIU K,OU J,WANG S,et al.Magnesium⁃based micromo⁃ tors for enhanced active and synergistic hydrogen chemo⁃ therapy[J].Appl Mater Today,2020,20:100694

    • [77] SUNR,LIU X,LI G,et al.Photoactivated H2 nanogenera⁃ tor for enhanced chemotherapy of bladder cancer[J].ACS Nano,2020,14(7):8135-8148

    • [78] ZHAO P,JIN Z,CHEN Q,et al.Local generation of hydro⁃ gen for enhanced photothermal therapy[J].Nat Commun,2018,9(1):4241

    • [79] ZHOU G X,WANG Y S,JIN Z K,et al.Porphyrin⁃palladi⁃ um hydride MOF nanoparticles for tumor⁃targeting photo⁃ acoustic imaging⁃guided hydrogenothermal cancer therapy [J].Nanoscale Horiz,2019,4(5):1185-1193

    • [80] ZHANG C,ZHENG D W,LI C X,et al.Hydrogen gas im⁃ proves photothermal therapy of tumor and restrains the re⁃ lapse of distant dormant tumor[J].Biomaterials,2019,223:119472

    • [81] WANG Q,JI Y,SHI J,et al.NIR ⁃ driven water splitting H2 production nanoplatform for H2⁃mediated cascade⁃am⁃ plifying synergetic cancer therapy[J].ACS Appl Mater Interfaces,2020,12(21):23677-23688

    • [82] CHEN J,LIN S,ZHAO D,et al.Palladium nanocrystals⁃ engineered metal⁃organic frameworks for enhanced tumor inhibition by synergistic hydrogen/photodynamic therapy [J].Adv Funct Mater,2021,31(4):2006853

    • [83] ZHAO B,WANG Y,YAO X,et al.Photocatalysis⁃mediated drug ⁃ free sustainable cancer therapy using nanocatalyst [J].Nat Commun,2021,12(1):1345

    • [84] WU Y,SU L,YUAN M,et al.In vivo X⁃ray triggered cata⁃ lysis of H2 generation for cancer synergistic gas radiother⁃ apy[J].Angew Chem Int Ed Engl,2021,60(23):12868-12875

    • [85] OSTOJIC S M.Hydrogen studies at Clinical Trials.gov:The dawn of a new era?[J].Am J Med Sci,2019,359(1):51-53

    • [86] 李恒宇,李嘉图,林莹妮,等.氢气医学研究中给氢方式选择及研究进展[J].内科理论与实践,2020,15(1):53-56

    • [87] YAMAMOTO R,HOMMA K,SUZUKI S,et al.Hydrogen gas distribution in organs after inhalation:real⁃time moni⁃ toring of tissue hydrogen concentration in rat[J].Sci Rep,2019,9(1):1255

    • [88] YANG T,JIN Z,WANG Z,et al.Intratumoral high ⁃pay⁃ load delivery and acid ⁃ responsive release of H2 for effi⁃ cient cancer therapy using the ammonia borane ⁃ loaded mesoporous silica nanomedicine[J].Appl Mater Today,2018,11:136-143

    • [89] KOU Z,ZHAO P H,WANG Z H,et al.Acid⁃responsive H2 ⁃ releasing Fe nanoparticles for safe and effective cancer therapy[J].J Mater Chem B,2019,7(17):2759-2765

    • [90] ZHANG B,WANG F,ZHOU H,et al.Polymer dots com⁃ partmentalized in liposomes as a photocatalyst for in situ hydrogen therapy[J].Angew Chem Int Ed Engl,2019,58(9):2744-2748

    • [91] GUO H Q,WANG B,SONG X F,et al.Agreen,efficient and precise hydrogen therapy of cancer based on in vivo electrochemistry[J].Natl Sci Rev,2020,7(3):660-670

    • [92] KOROVLJEV D,TRIVIC T,DRID P,et al.Molecular hy⁃ drogen affects body composition,metabolicprofiles,and mitochondrial function in middle⁃aged overweight women [J].Ir J Med Sci,1971,2018,187(1):85-89

    • [93] SUN Q,CAI J,ZHOU J,et al.Hydrogen⁃rich saline reduces delayed neurologic sequelae in experimental carbon mon⁃ oxide toxicity[J].Crit Care Med,2011,39(4):765-769

    • [94] CAI J,KANG Z,LIU K,et al.Neuroprotective effects of hydrogen saline in neonatal hypoxia ⁃ ischemia rat model [J].Brain Res,2009,1256:129-137

    • [95] LI J,WANG C,ZHANG J H,et al.Hydrogen⁃rich saline improves memory function in a rat model of amyloid⁃beta⁃ induced Alzheimer’s disease by reduction of oxidative stress[J].Brain Res,2010,1328:152-161

    • [96] OHARAZA W A H,IGARASHI T,YOKOTA T,et al.Pro⁃ tection of the retina by rapid diffusion of hydrogen:admin⁃ istration of hydrogen⁃loaded eye drops in retinal ischemia⁃ reperfusion injury[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2010,51(1):487-492

    • [97] KUBOTA M,SHIMMURA S,KUBOTA S,et al.Hydrogen and N ⁃acetyl ⁃L ⁃cysteine rescue oxidative stress ⁃induced angiogenesis in a mouse corneal alkali ⁃ burn model[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2011,52(1):427-433

    • [98] KATO S,SAITOH Y,IWAI K,et al.Hydrogen⁃rich elec⁃ trolyzed warm water represses wrinkle formation against UVA ray together with type⁃I collagen production and oxi⁃ dative ⁃ stress diminishment in fibroblasts and cell ⁃injury prevention in keratinocytes[J].J Photochem Photobiol B,2012,106:24-33

    • [99] ZAN R,JI W P,QIAO S,et al.Biodegradable magnesium implants:a potential scaffold for bone tumor patients[J].Sci China Mater,2021,64(4):1007-1020

    • [100] 姜浩淼,昝睿,彭宏州,等.异质金属调控下医用镁的氢气释放对肿瘤细胞的影响[J].表面技术,2021,50(2):22-29

    • [101] 揣云海,孙学军,蔡建明.氢气生物学及其医学应用 [J].生物物理学报,2012,28(9):705-718

    • [102] 冯雯,范一宏.氢呼气试验在胃肠疾病诊断中的应用 [J].国际消化病杂志,2010,30(5):270-272

    • [103] KAJIYA M,SATO K,SILVA M J,et al.Hydrogen from in⁃ testinal bacteria is protective for Concanavalin A⁃induced hepatitis[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2009,386(2):316-321

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 国务院应对新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情联防联控机制综合组.新型冠状病毒肺炎防控方案(第七版)[Z].2020

    • [2] GUAN W,WEI C,CHEN A,et al.Hydrogen/oxygen mixed gas inhalation improves disease severity and dys⁃ pnea in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 in a re⁃ cent multicenter,open ⁃ label clinical trial[J].J Thorac Dis,2020,12(6):3448-3452

    • [3] GUAN W,CHEN R,ZHONG N.Strategies for the preven⁃ tion and management of coronavirus disease 2019[J].Eur Respir J,2020,55(4):2000597

    • [4] 陈丽灵,唐燕,刘振,等.硫化氢对H2O2所致大鼠胸主动脉损伤的保护作用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2012,32(11):1499-1504,1526

    • [5] 周红,刘弈彤,梁小燕,等.硫化氢抑制局部肾素水平影响动脉粥样硬化的研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2013,33(9):1208-1213

    • [6] 王伟,李振光,刘刚,等.重度呼吸衰竭新生儿早期联合使用一氧化氮吸入治疗的临床效果观察[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2015,35(6):870-873

    • [7] 中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会.食品安全国家标准食品添加剂氢气:GB 31633—2014[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2015

    • [8] DOLE M,WILSON F R,FIFE W P.Hyperbaric hydrogen therapy:a possible treatment for cancer[J].Science,1975,190(4210):152-154

    • [9] ROBERTS B J,FIFE W P,CORBETT T H,et al.Re⁃ sponse of five established solid transplantable mouse tu⁃ mors and one mouse leukemia to hyperbaric hydrogen[J].Cancer Treat Rep,1978,62(7):1077-1079

    • [10] OHSAWA I,ISHIKAWA M,TAKAHASHIK,et al.Hydro⁃ gen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reduc⁃ ing cytotoxic oxygen radicals[J].Nat Med,2007,13(6):688-694

    • [11] ICHIHARA M,SOBUE S,ITO M,et al.Beneficial biolo⁃ gical effects and the underlying mechanisms of molecular hydrogen ⁃ comprehensive review of 321 original articles [J].Med Gas Res,2015,5:12

    • [12] MATEI N,CAMARA R,ZHANG J H.Emerging mecha⁃ nisms and novel applications of hydrogen gas therapy[J].Med Gas Res,2018,8(3):98-102

    • [13] KAWAI D,TAKAKI A,NAKATSUKA A,et al.Hydrogen ⁃ rich water prevents progression of nonalcoholic steato⁃ hepatitis and accompanying hepatocarcinogenesis in mice [J].Hepatology,2012,56(3):912-921

    • [14] LI F Y,ZHU S X,WANG Z P,et al.Consumption of hy⁃ drogen ⁃ rich water protects against ferric nitrilotriacetate ⁃ induced nephrotoxicity and early tumor promotional events in rats[J].Food Chem Toxicol,2013,61:248-254

    • [15] FRAJESE G V,BENVENUTO M,MATTERA R,et al.Electrochemically reduced water delays mammary tumors growth in mice and inhibits breast cancer cells survival in vitro[J].Evid Based Complementary Altern Med,2018,2018:4753507

    • [16] 王丽飞,张宇,王金枝,等.氢气治疗氧化损伤所致癌症的机制进展[J].肿瘤,2017,37(11):1218-1223

    • [17] NISHIKAWA R,TERUYA K,KATAKURA Y,et al.Elec⁃ trolyzed reduced water supplemented with platinum nanoparticles suppresses promotion of two⁃stage cell trans⁃ formation[J].Cytotechnology,2005,47(1/2/3):97-105

    • [18] SAITOH Y,KAWASAKI N,EGUCHI N,et al.Combined treatment with dissolved hydrogen molecule and platinum nanocolloid exerts carcinostatic/carcinocidal effects by in⁃ creasing hydrogen peroxide generation and cell death in the human gastric cancer cell line NUGC⁃4[J].Free Rad⁃ ic Res,2021,55(3):211-220

    • [19] KATO S,SAITOH Y,MIWA N.Hydrogen⁃bubbled plati⁃ num⁃colloid suppresses human esophagus⁃ or tongue⁃car⁃ cinoma cells with intracellular platinum ⁃ uptake and the diminished normal⁃cell mortality[J].Hum Cell,2020,33(4):1294-1301

    • [20] SAITOH Y,OKAYASU H,XIAO L,et al.Neutral pH hy⁃ drogen⁃enriched electrolyzed water achieves tumor⁃prefer⁃ ential clonal growth inhibition over normal cells and tu⁃ mor invasion inhibition concurrently with intracellular oxi⁃ dant repression[J].Oncol Res,2008,17(6):247-255

    • [21] SAITOH Y,IKESHIMA M,KAWASAKI N,et al.Tran⁃ sient generation of hydrogen peroxide is responsible for carcinostatic effects of hydrogen combined with platinum nanocolloid,together with increases intracellular ROS,DNA cleavages,and proportion of G2/M ⁃ phase[J].Free Radic Res,2016,50(4):385-395

    • [22] 张宇.氢气通过XIAP、BIRC3促进肺腺癌A549细胞凋亡的机制研究[D].石家庄:河北医科大学,2018

    • [23] 闫振锋.氢气对肺腺癌A549细胞促进凋亡和抑制增殖的研究[D].石家庄:河北医科大学,2019

    • [24] WANG D,WANG L,ZHANG Y,et al.Hydrogen gas in⁃ hibits lung cancer progression through targeting SMC3 [J].Biomed Pharmacother,2018,104:788-797

    • [25] 王东昌,赵云霞,赵志芳,等.氢气干预抑制非小细胞肺癌生长的作用及其机制研究[J].国际呼吸杂志,2018,38(8):561-565

    • [26] YE J,LI Y P,HAMASAKI T,et al.Inhibitory effect of electrolyzed reduced water on tumor angiogenesis[J].Biol Pharm Bull,2008,31(1):19-26

    • [27] LIU L Y,YAN Z F,WANG Y Y,et al.Suppression of au⁃ tophagy facilitates hydrogen gas ⁃ mediated lung cancer cell apoptosis[J].Oncol Lett,2020,20(4):112

    • [28] MENG J,LIU L,WANG D,et al.Hydrogen gas represses the progression of lung cancer via down ⁃ regulating CD47 [J].Bioscience Rep,2020,40(4):R20192761

    • [29] CHEN J B,MU F,LUT,et al.Brain metastases complete⁃ ly disappear in non⁃small cell lung cancer using hydrogen gas inhalation:a case report[J].Oncotargets Ther,2019,12:11145-11151

    • [30] 周晓,李宪孟,秦树存.氢气对原代人大肠腺癌细胞生长的抑制作用及其影响因素[J].山东医药,2018,58(24):14-17

    • [31] 张瑶,姜婧,周海玥,等.富氢水对结直肠癌荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的生长抑制作用及其机制[J].第二军医大学学报,2016,37(9):1082-1087

    • [32] LIU M Y,XIE F,ZHANG Y,et al.Molecular hydrogen suppresses glioblastoma growth via inducing the glioma stem ⁃ like cell differentiation[J].Stem Cell Res Ther,2019,10(1):145

    • [33] 商蕾,李佳腊,苏泽华,等.氢分子对肝癌细胞Huh7的影响[J].生物技术进展,2020,10(4):400-408

    • [34] 李佳蔚,师建国.氢气联合巨噬细胞对乳腺癌细胞生长的影响[J].现代肿瘤医学,2020,28(23):4036-4041

    • [35] YANG Y,LIU P Y,BAO W,et al.Hydrogen inhibits en⁃ dometrial cancer growth via a ROS/NLRP3/caspase⁃1/GS⁃ DMD ⁃ mediated pyroptotic pathway[J].BMC Cancer,2020,20(1):28

    • [36] HARRIS I S,DENICOLA G M.The complex interplay be⁃ tween antioxidants and ROS in cancer[J].Trends Cell Biol,2020,30(6):440-451

    • [37] CHEN Q,ESPEY M G,KRISHNA M C,et al.Pharmaco⁃ logic ascorbic acid concentrations selectively kill cancer cells:action as a pro⁃drug to deliver hydrogen peroxide to tissues[J].PNAS,2005,102(38):13604-13609

    • [38] CHEN Q,ESPEY M G,SUN A Y,et al.Ascorbate in phar⁃ macologic concentrations selectively generates ascorbate radical and hydrogen peroxide in extracellular fluid in vivo [J].PNAS,2007,104(21):8749-8754

    • [39] CHENG J,TANG C,LIX,et al.Hydrogen molecules can modulate enzymatic activity and structural properties of pepsin in vitro[J].Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces,2020,189:110856

    • [40] ITOH T,FUJITA Y,ITO M,et al.Molecular hydrogen sup⁃ presses FcepsilonRI ⁃ mediated signal transduction and prevents degranulation of mast cells[J].Biochem Bio⁃ phys Res Commun,2009,389(4):651-656

    • [41] OSTOJIC S M.Does H2 alter mitochondrial bioenergetics via GHS⁃R1α activation?[J].Theranostics,2017,7(5):1330-1332

    • [42] ITOH T,HAMADA N,TERAZAWA R,et al.Molecular hydrogen inhibits lipopolysaccharide/interferon γ ⁃ in⁃ duced nitric oxide production through modulation of sig⁃ nal transduction in macrophages[J].BiochemBiophys Res Commun,2011,411(1):143-149

    • [43] LIN Y,OHKAWARA B,ITO M,et al.Molecular hydro⁃ gen suppresses activated Wnt/β⁃catenin signaling[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:31986

    • [44] LI Q,HU L,LI J,et al.Hydrogen attenuates septic lung injury by activating thioredoxin 1 and decreasing tissue factor expression[J].Front Immunol,2021,12:625957

    • [45] HANAOKA T,KAMIMURA N,YOKOTA T,et al.Mole⁃ cular hydrogen protects chondrocytes from oxidative stress and indirectly alters gene expressions through re⁃ ducing peroxynitrite derived from nitric oxide[J].Med Gas Res,2011,1(1):18

    • [46] 马雪梅,张鑫,谢飞,等.氢气生物学作用的生物酶基础[J].生物技术进展,2020,10(1):15-22

    • [47] AKAGI J,BABA H.Hydrogen gas restores exhausted CD8+ T cells in patients with advanced colorectal cancer to im⁃ prove prognosis[J].Oncol Rep,2019,41(1):301-311

    • [48] AKAGI J,BABA H.Hydrogen gas activates coenzyme Q10 to restore exhausted CD8 + T cells,especially PD ⁃1 + Tim3 + terminal CD8 + T cells,leading to better nivolumab outcomes in patients with lung cancer[J].Oncol Lett,2020,20(5):258

    • [49] QIAN L R,LI B L,CAO F,et al.Hydrogen⁃rich PBS pro⁃ tects cultured human cells from ionizing radiation ⁃ in⁃ duced cellular damage[J].Nucl Technol Radiat Prot,2010,25(1):23-29

    • [50] YANG Y,LI B,LIU C,et al.Hydrogen ⁃ rich saline pro⁃ tects immunocytes from radiation ⁃ induced apoptosis[J].Med Sci Monit,2012,18(4):BR144-BR148

    • [51] QIAN L,CAO F,CUI J,et al.Radioprotective effect of hy⁃ drogen in cultured cells and mice[J].Free Radic Res,2010,44(3):275-282

    • [52] ZHAO L,ZHOU C,ZHANG J,et al.Hydrogen protects mice from radiation induced thymic lymphoma in BALB/c mice[J].Int J Biol Sci,2011,7(3):297-300

    • [53] MEI K,ZHAO S,QIAN L,et al.Hydrogen protects rats from dermatitis caused by local radiation[J].J Dermato⁃ log Treat,2014,25(2):182-188

    • [54] ZHANG B X,ZHAO Z S,MENG X Y,et al.Hydrogen ameliorates oxidative stress via PI3K ⁃Akt signaling path⁃ way in UVB ⁃ induced HaCaT cells[J].Int J Mol Med,2018,41(6):3653-3661

    • [55] 赵陆芊.富H2溶液对肝细胞及肝脏的辐射防护效应及机制研究[D].上海:第二军医大学,2012

    • [56] IIO A,ITO M,ITOH T,et al.Molecular hydrogen attenu⁃ ates fatty acid uptake and lipid accumulation through downregulating CD36 expression in HepG2 cells[J].Med Gas Res,2013,3(1):6

    • [57] 杨庆玺,郝瑞,董瑶,等.富氢水对4 Gy X射线全身照射小鼠造血功能的影响[J].中华临床医师杂志(电子版),2017,11(10):1795-1798

    • [58] TERASAKI Y,OHSAWA I,TERASAKI M,et al.Hydro⁃ gen therapy attenuates irradiation ⁃ induced lung damage by reducing oxidative stress[J].Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,2011,301(4):L415-L426

    • [59] HIRANO S I,AOKI Y,LI X K,et al.Protective effects of hydrogen gas inhalation on radiation ⁃induced bone mar⁃ row damage in cancer patients:a retrospective observa⁃ tional study[J].Med Gas Res,2021,11(3):104⁃109

    • [60] KANG K M,KANG Y N,CHOI I B,et al.Effects of drink⁃ ing hydrogen ⁃ rich water on the quality of life of patients treated with radiotherapy for liver tumors[J].Med Gas Res,2011,1(1):11

    • [61] NAKASHIMA K,MORI T,OHSAWA I,et al.Molecular hydrogen alleviates nephrotoxicity induced by an anti⁃can⁃ cer drug cisplatin without compromising anti⁃tumor activi⁃ ty in mice[J].Cancer Chemother Pharmacol,2009,64(4):753-761

    • [62] WU S,ZHU L,YANG J,et al.Hydrogen ⁃ containing sa⁃ line attenuates doxorubicin ⁃induced heart failure in rats [J].Pharmazie,2014,69(8):633-636

    • [63] GAO Y,YANG H,FAN Y,et al.Hydrogen⁃rich saline at⁃tenuates cardiac and hepatic injury in doxorubicin rat model by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis[J].Medi⁃ ators Inflamm,2016,2016:1320365

    • [64] FAN M,WEN Y,YE D,et al.Acid⁃responsive H2 ⁃releas⁃ ing 2D MgB2 nanosheet for therapeutic synergy and side effect attenuation of gastric cancer chemotherapy[J].Adv Healthc Mater,2019,8(13):e1900157

    • [65] RUNTUWENE J,AMITANI H,AMITANI M,et al.Hydro⁃ gen ⁃water enhances 5⁃fluorouracil ⁃induced inhibition of colon cancer[J].Peer J,2015,3:e859

    • [66] 孟啸寅,陈红光,谢克亮,等.饱和氢盐水对化疗致卵巢损伤的保护作用[J].生殖与避孕,2012,32(10):662-666

    • [67] MENG X,CHEN H,WANG G,et al.Hydrogen ⁃ rich sa⁃ line attenuates chemotherapy ⁃induced ovarian injury via regulation of oxidative stress[J].Exp Ther Med,2015,10(6):2277-2282

    • [68] YANG Q X,JI G D,PAN R T,et al.Protective effect of hydrogen⁃rich water on liver function of colorectal cancer patients treated with mFOLFOX6 chemotherapy[J].Mol Clin Oncol,2017,7(5):891-896

    • [69] 杨庆玺.探讨富氢水在恶性肿瘤病人化疗中的减毒增效作用[D].泰安:泰山医学院,2014

    • [70] YAO H,YANG Y,LI M.Intake of molecular hydrogen in drinking water increases membrane transporters,P⁃glyco⁃ protein,and multidrug resistance ⁃ associated protein 2 without affecting xenobiotic ⁃ metabolizing enzymes in rat liver[J].Molecules,2019,24(14):2627

    • [71] TERASAKI Y,SUZUKI T,TONAKI K,et al.Molecular hydrogen attenuates gefitinib ⁃ induced exacerbation of naphthalene⁃evoked acute lung injury through a reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation[J].Lab Invest,2019,99(6):793-806

    • [72] CHEN J B,KONG X F,MU F,et al.Hydrogen therapy can be used to control tumor progression and alleviate the ad⁃ verse events of medications in patients with advanced non⁃ small cell lung cancer[J].Med Gas Res,2020,10(2):75-80

    • [73] CHEN J B,LU Y Y,XU K C.A narrative review of hydro⁃ gen oncology:from real world survey to real world evi⁃ dence[J].Med Gas Res,2020,10(3):130-133

    • [74] 牛同想,谢克亮,秦超,等.氢气对病人胸腔镜肺癌根治术后肺部并发症发生的影响[J].中华麻醉学杂志,2020,40(8):907-910

    • [75] JIANG Y,LIU G,ZHANG L,et al.Therapeutic efficacy of hydrogen ⁃ rich saline alone and in combination with PI3K inhibitor in non⁃small cell lung cancer[J].Mol Med Rep,2018,18(2):2182-2190

    • [76] LIU K,OU J,WANG S,et al.Magnesium⁃based micromo⁃ tors for enhanced active and synergistic hydrogen chemo⁃ therapy[J].Appl Mater Today,2020,20:100694

    • [77] SUNR,LIU X,LI G,et al.Photoactivated H2 nanogenera⁃ tor for enhanced chemotherapy of bladder cancer[J].ACS Nano,2020,14(7):8135-8148

    • [78] ZHAO P,JIN Z,CHEN Q,et al.Local generation of hydro⁃ gen for enhanced photothermal therapy[J].Nat Commun,2018,9(1):4241

    • [79] ZHOU G X,WANG Y S,JIN Z K,et al.Porphyrin⁃palladi⁃ um hydride MOF nanoparticles for tumor⁃targeting photo⁃ acoustic imaging⁃guided hydrogenothermal cancer therapy [J].Nanoscale Horiz,2019,4(5):1185-1193

    • [80] ZHANG C,ZHENG D W,LI C X,et al.Hydrogen gas im⁃ proves photothermal therapy of tumor and restrains the re⁃ lapse of distant dormant tumor[J].Biomaterials,2019,223:119472

    • [81] WANG Q,JI Y,SHI J,et al.NIR ⁃ driven water splitting H2 production nanoplatform for H2⁃mediated cascade⁃am⁃ plifying synergetic cancer therapy[J].ACS Appl Mater Interfaces,2020,12(21):23677-23688

    • [82] CHEN J,LIN S,ZHAO D,et al.Palladium nanocrystals⁃ engineered metal⁃organic frameworks for enhanced tumor inhibition by synergistic hydrogen/photodynamic therapy [J].Adv Funct Mater,2021,31(4):2006853

    • [83] ZHAO B,WANG Y,YAO X,et al.Photocatalysis⁃mediated drug ⁃ free sustainable cancer therapy using nanocatalyst [J].Nat Commun,2021,12(1):1345

    • [84] WU Y,SU L,YUAN M,et al.In vivo X⁃ray triggered cata⁃ lysis of H2 generation for cancer synergistic gas radiother⁃ apy[J].Angew Chem Int Ed Engl,2021,60(23):12868-12875

    • [85] OSTOJIC S M.Hydrogen studies at Clinical Trials.gov:The dawn of a new era?[J].Am J Med Sci,2019,359(1):51-53

    • [86] 李恒宇,李嘉图,林莹妮,等.氢气医学研究中给氢方式选择及研究进展[J].内科理论与实践,2020,15(1):53-56

    • [87] YAMAMOTO R,HOMMA K,SUZUKI S,et al.Hydrogen gas distribution in organs after inhalation:real⁃time moni⁃ toring of tissue hydrogen concentration in rat[J].Sci Rep,2019,9(1):1255

    • [88] YANG T,JIN Z,WANG Z,et al.Intratumoral high ⁃pay⁃ load delivery and acid ⁃ responsive release of H2 for effi⁃ cient cancer therapy using the ammonia borane ⁃ loaded mesoporous silica nanomedicine[J].Appl Mater Today,2018,11:136-143

    • [89] KOU Z,ZHAO P H,WANG Z H,et al.Acid⁃responsive H2 ⁃ releasing Fe nanoparticles for safe and effective cancer therapy[J].J Mater Chem B,2019,7(17):2759-2765

    • [90] ZHANG B,WANG F,ZHOU H,et al.Polymer dots com⁃ partmentalized in liposomes as a photocatalyst for in situ hydrogen therapy[J].Angew Chem Int Ed Engl,2019,58(9):2744-2748

    • [91] GUO H Q,WANG B,SONG X F,et al.Agreen,efficient and precise hydrogen therapy of cancer based on in vivo electrochemistry[J].Natl Sci Rev,2020,7(3):660-670

    • [92] KOROVLJEV D,TRIVIC T,DRID P,et al.Molecular hy⁃ drogen affects body composition,metabolicprofiles,and mitochondrial function in middle⁃aged overweight women [J].Ir J Med Sci,1971,2018,187(1):85-89

    • [93] SUN Q,CAI J,ZHOU J,et al.Hydrogen⁃rich saline reduces delayed neurologic sequelae in experimental carbon mon⁃ oxide toxicity[J].Crit Care Med,2011,39(4):765-769

    • [94] CAI J,KANG Z,LIU K,et al.Neuroprotective effects of hydrogen saline in neonatal hypoxia ⁃ ischemia rat model [J].Brain Res,2009,1256:129-137

    • [95] LI J,WANG C,ZHANG J H,et al.Hydrogen⁃rich saline improves memory function in a rat model of amyloid⁃beta⁃ induced Alzheimer’s disease by reduction of oxidative stress[J].Brain Res,2010,1328:152-161

    • [96] OHARAZA W A H,IGARASHI T,YOKOTA T,et al.Pro⁃ tection of the retina by rapid diffusion of hydrogen:admin⁃ istration of hydrogen⁃loaded eye drops in retinal ischemia⁃ reperfusion injury[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2010,51(1):487-492

    • [97] KUBOTA M,SHIMMURA S,KUBOTA S,et al.Hydrogen and N ⁃acetyl ⁃L ⁃cysteine rescue oxidative stress ⁃induced angiogenesis in a mouse corneal alkali ⁃ burn model[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2011,52(1):427-433

    • [98] KATO S,SAITOH Y,IWAI K,et al.Hydrogen⁃rich elec⁃ trolyzed warm water represses wrinkle formation against UVA ray together with type⁃I collagen production and oxi⁃ dative ⁃ stress diminishment in fibroblasts and cell ⁃injury prevention in keratinocytes[J].J Photochem Photobiol B,2012,106:24-33

    • [99] ZAN R,JI W P,QIAO S,et al.Biodegradable magnesium implants:a potential scaffold for bone tumor patients[J].Sci China Mater,2021,64(4):1007-1020

    • [100] 姜浩淼,昝睿,彭宏州,等.异质金属调控下医用镁的氢气释放对肿瘤细胞的影响[J].表面技术,2021,50(2):22-29

    • [101] 揣云海,孙学军,蔡建明.氢气生物学及其医学应用 [J].生物物理学报,2012,28(9):705-718

    • [102] 冯雯,范一宏.氢呼气试验在胃肠疾病诊断中的应用 [J].国际消化病杂志,2010,30(5):270-272

    • [103] KAJIYA M,SATO K,SILVA M J,et al.Hydrogen from in⁃ testinal bacteria is protective for Concanavalin A⁃induced hepatitis[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2009,386(2):316-321