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通讯作者:

徐艳,E-mail:yanxu@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R781.4

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)04-476-09

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20220403

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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 17
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参考文献 22
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参考文献 23
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参考文献 26
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参考文献 27
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参考文献 28
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参考文献 29
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参考文献 30
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:研究泛素编辑酶A20在抑制小鼠实验性牙周炎牙槽骨吸收中的作用并探索其潜在机制。方法:将20只小鼠随机分为 4 组:无牙周炎(Control)组、牙周炎及 PBS 注射(PBS+P)组、牙周炎及阴性对照腺相关病毒(adeno⁃associated virus, AAV)注射(AAV+P)组、牙周炎及A20过表达AAV(AAV⁃A20)注射(A20+P)组。采用丝线结扎联合局部涂菌构建C57BL/6J小鼠实验性牙周炎模型。在小鼠牙龈局部注射AAV⁃A20以实现A20在牙周组织的过表达。A20免疫荧光染色验证AAV⁃A20在局部牙周组织的转染效率。微计算机断层扫描(microcomputed tomography,Micro⁃CT)、苏木素伊红(haematoxylin and eosin, HE)染色及抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(tartrate⁃resistant acid phosphatase,TRAP)染色比较各组小鼠牙槽骨吸收程度及上颌第一第二磨牙之间破骨细胞数目。免疫组织化学染色观察各组小鼠牙周组织核因子⁃κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of nuclear factor⁃κВ ligand,RANKL)及自噬相关因子表达。结果:与PBS+P组及AAV+P组相比,A20+P组小鼠牙周组织自噬水平降低 (Beclin⁃1、LC3B表达下降,p62表达上升),RANKL表达下调,上颌第一第二磨牙之间TRAP阳性破骨细胞数目减少,牙槽骨吸收程度减轻。结论:A20通过负向调控自噬缓解小鼠实验性牙周炎牙槽骨吸收,有望成为牙周炎治疗的新靶点。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to explore the role of ubiquitin⁃editing enzyme A20 in inhibiting alveolar bone resorption in mice with experimental periodontitis and the potential mechanism underlying it. Methods:Twenty mice were randomly divided into 4 groups:normal group with no periodontitis(control),periodontitis and PBS treatment(PBS+P)group,periodontitis and negative control adeno⁃associated virus(AAV)treatment(AAV+P)group,periodontitis and AAV targeting A20(AAV⁃A20)treatment(A20+P)group. Silk ligation combined with local application of Porphyromonas gingivalisP. gingivalis)suspensions was used to construct the experimental periodontitis model. Gingiva of mice were locally injected with AAV ⁃ A20 to achieve A20 overexpression in the periodontal tissue. Immunofluorescence for A20 was used to verify AAV ⁃ A20 transfection efficiency in the periodontal tissue. microcomputed tomography(Micro⁃CT),haematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining and tartrate⁃resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP)staining were employed to compare the degree of alveolar bone resorption and the number of osteoclasts between the maxillary first and second molar of mice. Expressions of RANKL(receptor activator of nuclear factor ⁃ κВ ligand)and autophagy ⁃ related molecules in the periodontal tissue of mice were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Results:Compared with the PBS+P and AAV+P group, mice in the A20+P group exhibited decreased autophagic level and RANKL expression in their peridontal tissues. Besides,the number of TRAP positive osteoclasts between the maxillary first and second molar and alveolar bone resorption in mice were also repressed in the A20 + P group. Conclusion:A20 alleviates alveolar bone resorption in mice with experimental periodontitis through negative regulation of autophagy,and A20 is expected to be a new target for periodontitis treatment.

    关键词

    A20自噬实验性牙周炎牙槽骨

  • 牙周炎是以牙周组织炎症及牙槽骨吸收为特征的慢性炎症性疾病,最终导致牙齿松动及丧失。菌斑为牙周炎的始动因素,可诱发牙周组织免疫炎症反应扰乱骨稳态[1]。牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonasgingivalis,P.gingivalis)为牙周炎的主要致病菌[2]。成骨和破骨之间的平衡是维持牙槽骨稳态的关键。当牙周组织出现炎症时,由于破骨细胞过度激活,倾向于发生骨吸收[3]

  • 泛素编辑酶A20,又称肿瘤坏死因子⁃α诱导蛋白3(tumour necrosis factor ⁃alpha ⁃induced protein 3, TNFAIP3),为炎症反应和自身免疫性疾病的关键调节分子[4]。A20可基于核因子⁃κB(nuclear factor⁃κВ, NF⁃κB)通路抑制P.gingivalis刺激的巨噬细胞及牙龈角化细胞炎症因子释放及牙龈角化细胞凋亡[5-6]。与野生型小鼠相比,丝线结扎可诱导A20基因半敲除小鼠出现更为严重的牙槽骨吸收[5]。以上研究表明,A20参与调控牙周组织炎症与骨代谢,但其潜在机制尚未完全明确。

  • 自噬是维持细胞稳态的过程,可将错误折叠蛋白、受损细胞器运送至溶酶体降解并且回收利用产物[7]。自噬功能异常与神经退行性疾病、癌症、糖尿病、感染性疾病等相关[8]。自噬参与牙周炎中病原体防御、宿主免疫反应、炎症及牙槽骨代谢等过程,维持自噬稳态对控制牙周炎十分重要[9]。研究发现,牙周炎患者较牙周健康者牙周膜及牙龈组织自噬水平增高[10-11]。大鼠腭侧牙龈区域局部注射自噬抑制剂3⁃甲基腺嘌呤(3⁃methyladenine,3⁃MA)或氯喹(chloroquine,CQ)可以减轻实验性牙周炎牙周组织炎症及牙槽骨吸收[12]

  • A20在多种病理生理过程中参与自噬的调控,包括CD4+ T细胞的存活、强直性脊柱炎、椎间盘变性等[13-15]。我们前期研究发现,乏氧下A20基于TRAF6依赖性自噬下调人牙周膜成纤维细胞(human periodontal ligament cell,hPDLC)促破骨分化活性[16],然而自噬是否参与A20对小鼠实验性牙周炎的调控有待进一步研究。

  • 本实验通过构建丝线结扎联合局部涂菌诱导的实验性牙周炎模型及小鼠牙龈注射A20过表达腺相关病毒(adeno⁃associated virus,AAV)(AAV⁃A20),探索A20过表达对小鼠实验性牙周炎的治疗作用。此外,通过检测小鼠牙周组织自噬相关因子的表达变化,明确自噬在A20对实验性牙周炎调控中的作用。结果表明A20通过负向调控自噬,抑制破骨细胞分化,缓解小鼠实验性牙周炎牙槽骨吸收,有望成为牙周炎治疗的新靶点。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • SPF级C57BL/6J小鼠(雄性,6~8周,体重20~25g)购自南京医科大学实验动物中心。本研究经南京医科大学实验动物福利伦理委员会批准(伦理批件编号:IACUC⁃2007035)。AAV⁃A20及阴性对照AAV由上海吉凯公司构建及生产。P.gingivalis (ATCC 33277)由南京医科大学江苏省口腔疾病研究重点实验室提供。

  • 兔抗小鼠A20抗体、兔抗小鼠LC3B抗体(SAB公司,美国),Cy3标记山羊抗兔IgG(H+L)、DAPI染色液、苏木素伊红(haematoxylin and eosin,HE)染色试剂盒(上海碧云天公司),抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶 (tartrate⁃resistant acid phosphatase,TRAP)染色试剂盒(Sigma⁃Aldrich公司,美国),兔抗小鼠核因子⁃κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of nuclear factor⁃κВ ligand,RANKL)抗体(Abcam公司,美国),兔抗小鼠Beclin⁃1抗体、兔抗小鼠p62抗体(Proteintech公司,美国),即用型快捷免疫组化MaxVisionTM检测试剂盒、DAB显色试剂盒(福州迈新公司),Mayer’s苏木素染液(北京索莱宝公司)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 AAV注射

  • 参考既往研究中报道的小鼠牙龈局部AAV注射方法[17] 并加以更改。麻醉后,在小鼠上颌第二磨牙腭侧牙龈近龈缘区域,使用量程为5 μL的汉密尔顿注射器(33⁃G针头)注射2 μL病毒溶液(病毒颗粒5×109 个/μL)或者磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate⁃buffered saline,PBS)。2周之后使用A20免疫荧光染色验证AAV转染效率。

  • 1.2.2 P.gingivalis培养

  • P.gingivalis 接种于固体脑心浸液(brain heart infusion,BHI)血琼脂培养基,置于37℃厌氧培养箱内培养5d。挑选单克隆至液体培养基内厌氧环境中孵育24h备用。

  • 1.2.3 实验性牙周炎模型构建

  • 为探索A20过表达对小鼠实验性牙周炎的治疗作用,随机将20只小鼠分为4组:无牙周炎(Control) 组、牙周炎及PBS注射(PBS+P)组、牙周炎及阴性对照AAV注射(AAV+P)组、牙周炎及AAV⁃A20注射 (A20+P)组。PBS或者AAV溶液注射2周后,丝线结扎结合局部涂菌构建小鼠实验性牙周炎模型。在第14天,用5⁃0无菌丝线紧密缠绕小鼠上颌第二磨牙颈部1圈并于颊侧打结,保持到第24天,期间丝线如有脱落立即重新结扎。将 P.gingivalis (1×109 CFU/mL)重悬于包含2%羧甲基纤维素钠 (carboxymethylcellulose sodium,CMC)的PBS溶液中。在第15~17天,用无菌棉棒将100 μL P.gingivalis 菌悬液涂抹于小鼠上颌第二磨牙牙齿周围,连续涂抹3天。第24天处死小鼠,取上颌组织用于后续实验。

  • 1.2.4 微计算机断层扫描(microcomputed tomogra⁃ phy,Micro⁃CT)

  • 组织用4%多聚甲醛固定24~48h后,自来水冲洗过夜,并储存于70%酒精中。保鲜膜包裹组织置于软泡沫中以防止扫描过程中组织干燥或者移位。Micro⁃CT(vivaCT80,SCANCO Medical公司,瑞士)扫描样本,应用Skyscan软件进行3D重建及数据测量。根据先前文献报道方法[12] 测量小鼠上颌第二磨牙腭侧釉牙骨质界(cemento⁃enamel junction, CEJ)到牙槽嵴顶(alveolar bone crest,ABC)的距离。通过测量上颌第二磨牙腭侧5个不同区域CEJ⁃ABC的距离并计算均值用于统计分析。

  • 1.2.5 免疫荧光染色

  • 小鼠上颌组织用4%多聚甲醛溶液固定后于20%乙二胺四乙酸(ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, EDTA)溶液中4℃下脱钙3~4周。脱钙液每2~3d更换1次。OCT包埋剂包埋组织并使用切片机沿第二磨牙长轴近远中方向将组织加工成厚度6 μm的冰冻切片。抗原修复及封闭后,切片上滴加兔抗小鼠A20一抗4℃下孵育过夜。PBS冲洗后,滴加有山羊抗兔二抗的切片于室温下避光孵育1h。DAPI显色液被用于细胞核染色。

  • 1.2.6 形态学检测

  • 石蜡包埋组织并使用切片机沿第二磨牙长轴近远中方向将连续切割组织为厚度4 μm的切片。石蜡切片经脱蜡至水后按照试剂盒说明书进行HE染色及TRAP染色。

  • 1.2.7 免疫组织化学染色

  • 石蜡切片经脱蜡至水后进行热抗原修复。通过3%H2O2抑制内源性过氧化物酶活性,使用山羊血清降低非特异性染色。组织与一抗(兔抗小鼠RANKL、兔抗小鼠Beclin⁃1抗体、兔抗小鼠LC3B抗体、兔抗小鼠p62抗体)反应4℃过夜。PBS冲洗3次后,切片与快捷型酶标羊抗兔IgG聚合物37℃共同孵育15min,DAB显色液显色,Mayer’s苏木素染液用于复染。应用Image⁃Pro Plus 6.0对免疫组化图片进行半定量分析。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行数据统计分析。所有定量数据表示为均值±标准差(x- ± s)。多组间数据比较使用方差分析,进一步两两比较采用Tukey检验。P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 AAV⁃A20上调小鼠牙周组织A20表达

  • 通过在小鼠上颌第二磨牙腭侧牙龈近龈缘区域注射AAV⁃A20与阴性对照AAV来探索A20过表达对实验性牙周炎的影响。与注射PBS及阴性对照AAV相比,注射AAV⁃A20有效上调小鼠上颌第一、第二磨牙之间牙周组织A20的表达(图1)。

  • 2.2 小鼠牙周组织内A20 过表达减轻实验性牙周炎所致牙周组织炎症及牙槽骨吸收

  • 小鼠上颌扫描Micro⁃CT后,3D及2D重建图显示:与Control组相比,PBS+P组及AAV+P组出现牙槽骨吸收,CEJ⁃ABC距离增加,表明实验性牙周炎模型的成功构建;与PBS+P组及AAV+P组相比, A20+P组腭侧牙槽骨吸收减轻,CEJ⁃ABC距离减小 (图2A、B)。小鼠上颌HE染色显示:与Control组相比,PBS+P组及AAV+P组小鼠牙周组织出现大量炎症细胞浸润、牙龈结合上皮向根方移位、牙周袋形成及牙槽骨破坏;与PBS+P组及AAV+P组相比, A20+P组牙周组织炎症及牙槽骨破坏有明显缓解 (图2C)。

  • 2.3 小鼠牙周组织内A20 过表达抑制破骨细胞生成及RANKL表达

  • 采用TRAP染色来标记小鼠上颌第一、第二磨牙之间的破骨细胞。与PBS+P组及AAV+P组相比, A20+P组破骨细胞数目减少。Control组与A20+P组破骨细胞数目差异无统计学意义(图3A、C)。小鼠上颌第一、第二磨牙之间牙周组织RANKL染色及半定量分析显示:PBS+P组及AAV+P组RANKL表达较Control组及A20+P组增加(图3B、D)。

  • 图1 各组小鼠上颌第一、第二磨牙之间牙周组织代表性A20免疫荧光图(× 400)

  • Fig.1 Representative immunofluorescence images of A20in periodontal tissue between the maxillary first and second molar of mice in each group(× 400)

  • 2.4 小鼠牙周组织内A20过表达抑制自噬

  • 与Control组相比,PBS+P组及AAV+P组小鼠上颌第一、第二磨牙之间牙周组织Beclin⁃1、LC3B表达上升,p62表达下降,自噬水平增高。与PBS+P组及AAV+P组相比,A20+P组Beclin⁃1、LC3B表达下降, p62表达上升,提示自噬被抑制(图4A、B)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究探索了A20对小鼠实验性牙周炎的调控作用及潜在机制。牙龈局部注射AAV⁃A20的实验性牙周炎小鼠牙周组织自噬水平降低,破骨细胞数目减少,牙槽骨破坏程度减轻。A20可基于自噬发挥对小鼠实验性牙周炎牙槽骨吸收的缓解作用,过表达A20对小鼠实验性牙周炎有一定的治疗意义。

  • AAV作为一种新型、有效的基因传递工具,由于其非致病性、低免疫原性、靶基因稳定表达等特点,被广泛应用于动物实验和基因治疗[18-19]。小鼠牙周病变区域局部应用AAV⁃shRNA⁃Atp6i下调牙周组织T细胞数目、破骨细胞标志基因表达及炎症因子释放,缓解 P.gingivalis 感染诱导的小鼠牙槽骨吸收[17]。一项关于AAV介导血管内皮生长因子C(vascular endothelial growth factor C,VEGFC)在小鼠牙周组织过表达的研究支持了该基因治疗方法在牙周炎中的应用[20]。本研究发现AAV介导的小鼠牙周组织A20过表达可以缓解实验性牙周炎牙周组织炎症及牙槽骨吸收,提示局部应用AAV⁃A20对小鼠实验性牙周炎具有一定的治疗作用。

  • RANKL作为肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)超家族的一员,可与破骨细胞前体细胞上的核因子⁃κB受体活化因子(receptor activator of nuclear factor⁃κВ,RANK)结合,刺激破骨细胞前体细胞分化并融合为成熟破骨细胞[21]。目前已证实,炎症相关的骨破坏为RANKL表达异常所致的病理状态[22]。本研究中,小鼠牙周组织A20过表达使RANKL表达降低,第一、第二磨牙之间TRAP阳性破骨细胞数目减少。有文献报道在小鼠关节炎模型中应用A20腺病毒可降低关节组织RANKL等促炎因子的表达,减轻局部炎症反应及组织破坏[23]

  • 图2 各组小鼠牙周组织炎症及牙槽骨吸收情况

  • Fig.2 Periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone resorption in each group of mice

  • 小鼠实验性关节炎模型中可观察到自噬通路的激活,且自噬可能介导其中的破骨细胞分化及骨吸收[24]。本研究发现实验性牙周炎小鼠牙周组织自噬水平与牙槽骨吸收程度及破骨细胞数目趋势相同。自噬过程不仅参与破骨细胞的生成与分化,也调控其骨吸收能力。Beclin⁃1参与调节RANKL诱导的破骨细胞分化,破骨细胞条件性敲除Beclin⁃1基因小鼠出现破骨细胞功能障碍,皮质骨厚度增加[25]。自噬相关蛋白(ATG5、ATG7、ATG4B、LC3) 对破骨细胞皱褶缘的产生及调节分泌溶酶体内组织蛋白酶K(cathepsin K,CatK)和其他基质降解分子定向释放至细胞间隙非常重要[26]。脂多糖(lipo⁃ polysaccharide,LPS)基于自噬促进破骨细胞的分化与活性[27]。山奈酚可通过下调自噬破坏破骨细胞形成与功能,减轻骨丢失[28]

  • A20通过调控TRAF6E3连接酶活性或者直接去泛素化Beclin⁃1下调Beclin⁃1泛素化,抑制自噬[29]。 A20与ATG16L1WD40域结合,控制自噬反应及NF⁃κB信号通路激活,维持肠道稳态[30]。1α,25⁃二羟维生素D3或者TX 527处理卡波西肉瘤细胞可上调A20表达,抑制Beclin⁃1表达[31]。本研究利用小鼠实验性牙周炎模型进一步验证了A20对自噬的负向调控。

  • 图3 各组小鼠上颌第一、第二磨牙之间破骨细胞数目及RANKL表达情况

  • Fig.3 Number of osteoclasts and RANKL expression between the maxillary first and second molar of mice in each group

  • 课题组前期体外实验中通过乏氧条件模拟牙周炎症微环境,发现转染A20过表达病毒的hPDLC自噬水平、RANKL/骨保护素(osteoprotegerin,OPG) 比值降低。乏氧条件下,通过转染A20过表达病毒的hPDLC与破骨细胞前体细胞间接共培养,可以减少破骨细胞数目、体积,骨吸收面积及破骨相关基因的表达[16]。本研究首次提出小鼠实验性牙周炎模型中,A20可通过负向调控自噬,下调牙周组织RANKL表达,抑制破骨细胞分化,从而减轻牙槽骨丢失,通过体内实验验证了A20基于自噬对牙周炎骨破坏的调控。一项应用骨髓巨噬细胞(bone mar⁃ row macrophage,BMM)及大鼠实验性牙周炎模型的研究发现IL⁃17A上调自噬活性,促进破骨细胞生成;自噬抑制剂3⁃MA减轻IL⁃17A介导的破骨细胞分化及骨吸收[32]。小鼠神经生长因子受体作用黑色素瘤抗原基因同源蛋白(neurotrophin receptor⁃interacting melanoma antigen⁃encoding gene homolog, NRAGE)基因敲除后上调自噬相关基因表达,促进破骨细胞分化,加重实验性牙周炎[33]

  • 图4 各组小鼠上颌第一、第二磨牙之间牙周组织自噬相关因子表达情况

  • Fig.4 Expressions of autophagy⁃related molecules in periodontal tissue between the maxillary first and second molar of mice in each group

  • 综上所述,本研究证实牙周组织局部注射AAV⁃ A20对小鼠实验性牙周炎导致的牙槽骨吸收具有保护作用,其机制可能与抑制自噬水平有关,提示A20有望成为牙周炎防治的新靶点。

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] ZHENG S W,YU S W,FAN X M,et al.Porphyromonas gingivalis survival skills:immune evasion[J].J Periodon⁃ tal Res,2021,56(6):1007-1018

    • [3] USUI M,ONIZUKA S,SATO T,et al.Mechanism of alve⁃ olar bone destruction in periodontitis⁃periodontal bacteria and inflammation[J].Jpn Dent Sci Rev,2021,57:201-208

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    • [6] LI Y J,MOONEY E C,XIA X J,et al.A20 restricts in⁃ flammatory response and desensitizes gingival keratino⁃ cytes to apoptosis[J].Front Immunol,2020,11:365

    • [7] GREABU M,GIAMPIERI F,IMRE M M,et al.Autopha⁃ gy,one of the main steps in periodontitis pathogenesis and evolution[J].Molecules,2020,25(18):4338

    • [8] DIKIC I,ELAZAR Z.Mechanism and medical implica⁃ tions of mammalian autophagy[J].Nat Rev Mol Cell Bi⁃ ol,2018,19(6):349-364

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    • [10] AN Y,LIU W J,XUE P,et al.Increased autophagy is re⁃ quired to protect periodontal ligament stem cells from apoptosis in inflammatory microenvironment[J].J Clin Periodontol,2016,43(7):618-625

    • [11] JAE K W,YOUNG P S,SU K O,et al.Autophagy upregu⁃ lates inflammatory cytokines in gingival tissue of patient with periodontitis and lipopolysaccharide ⁃ stimulated hu⁃ man gingival fibroblasts[J].J Periodontol,2021.DOI:10.1002/JPER.21-0178

    • [12] HE S S,ZHOU Q,LUO B Y,et al.Chloroquine and 3 ⁃ methyladenine attenuates periodontal inflammation and bone loss in experimental periodontitis[J].Inflammation,2020,43(1):220-230

    • [13] MATSUZAWA Y,OSHIMA S,TAKAHARA M,et al.TN⁃ FAIP3 promotes survival of CD4 T cells by restricting MTOR and promoting autophagy[J].Autophagy,2015,11(7):1052-1062

    • [14] ZHAI Y,LIN P,FENG Z,et al.TNFAIP3⁃DEPTOR com⁃ plex regulates inflammasome secretion through autophagy in ankylosing spondylitis monocytes[J].Autophagy,2018,14(9):1629-1643

    • [15] ZHANG Y,YI W W,XIA H Q,et al.A20 regulates in⁃ flammation through autophagy mediated by NF ⁃κB path⁃ way in human nucleus pulposus cells and ameliorates disc degeneration in vivo[J].Biochem Biophys Res Com⁃ mun,2021,549:179-186

    • [16] YAN K,WU C Y,YE Y,et al.A20 inhibits osteoclasto⁃ genesis via TRAF6⁃dependent autophagy in human peri⁃ odontal ligament cells under hypoxia[J].Cell Prolif,2020,53(3):e12778

    • [17] JIANG H B,CHEN W,ZHU G C,et al.RNAi ⁃mediated silencing of Atp6i and Atp6i haploinsufficiency prevents both bone loss and inflammation in a mouse model of peri⁃ odontal disease[J].PLoS One,2013,8(4):e58599

    • [18] GOKER F,LARSSON L,DEL FABBRO M,et al.Gene delivery therapeutics in the treatment of periodontitis and peri ⁃ implantitis:a state of the art review[J].Int J Mol Sci,2019,20(14):3551

    • [19] HE X J,URIP B A,ZHANG Z J,et al.Evolving AAV⁃ delivered therapeutics towards ultimate cures[J].J Mol Med Berlin Ger,2021,99(5):593-617

    • [20] WANG H,CHEN Y Y,LI W L,et al.Effect of VEGFC on lymph flow and inflammation-induced alveolar bone loss [J].J Pathol,2020,251(3):323-335

    • [21] TSUKASAKI M,TAKAYANAGI H.Osteoimmunology:evolving concepts in bone ⁃immune interactions in health and disease[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2019,19(10):626-642

    • [22] TAKAYANAGI H.Osteoimmunology and the effects of the immune system on bone[J].Nat Rev Rheumatol,2010,6(1):4

    • [23] HAH Y S,LEE Y R,JUN J S,et al.A20 suppresses in⁃ flammatory responses and bone destruction in human fi⁃ broblast ⁃like synoviocytes and in mice with collagen ⁃in⁃ duced arthritis[J].Arthritis Rheum,2010,62(8):2313-2321

    • [24] LIN N Y,BEYER C,GIESSL A,et al.Autophagy regu⁃ lates TNFα⁃mediated joint destruction in experimental ar⁃ thritis[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2013,72(5):761-768

    • [25] ARAI A,KIM S,GOLDSHTEYN V,et al.Beclin1 modu⁃ lates bone homeostasis by regulating osteoclast and chon⁃ drocyte differentiation[J].J Bone Miner Res,2019,34(9):1753-1766

    • [26] DESELM C J,MILLER B C,ZOU W,et al.Autophagy pro⁃ teins regulate the secretory component of osteoclastic bone resorption[J].Dev Cell,2011,21(5):966-974

    • [27] CHEN L L,YANG Y T,BAO J Q,et al.Autophagy nega⁃ tive ⁃ regulating Wnt signaling enhanced inflammatory os⁃ teoclastogenesis from Pre ⁃OCs in vitro[J].Biomed Phar⁃ macother,2020,126:110093

    • [28] KIM C J,SHIN S H,KIM B J,et al.The effects of kaemp⁃ ferol⁃inhibited autophagy on osteoclast formation[J].Int J Mol Sci,2018,19(1):125

    • [29] SHI C S,KEHRL J H.TRAF6 and A20 regulate lysine 63 ⁃ linked ubiquitination of Beclin ⁃ 1 to control TLR4 ⁃ in⁃ duced autophagy[J].Sci Signal,2010,3(123):ra42

    • [30] SLOWICKA K,SERRAMITO ⁃ GÓMEZ I,BOADA ⁃ ROMERO E,et al.Physical and functional interaction between A20 and ATG16L1 ⁃WD40 domain in the con⁃ trol of intestinal homeostasis[J].Nat Commun,2019,10(1):1834

    • [31] SUARES A,TAPIA C,GONZÁLEZ⁃PARDO V.VDR ago⁃ nists down regulate PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis and trigger au⁃ tophagy in Kaposi’s sarcoma cells[J].Heliyon,2019,5(8):e02367

    • [32] SONG L,TAN J Y,WANG Z X,et al.Interleukin⁃17A fa⁃ cilitates osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption via activation of autophagy in mouse bone marrow macro⁃ phages[J].Mol Med Rep,2019,19(6):4743-4752

    • [33] LIU H X,ZHANG X,YANG Q X,et al.Knockout of NRAGE promotes autophagy⁃related gene expression and the periodontitis process in mice[J].Oral Dis,2021,27(3):589-599

  • 参考文献

    • [1] HAJISHENGALLIS G,CHAVAKIS T,LAMBRIS J D.Current understanding of periodontal disease pathogene⁃ sis and targets for host⁃modulation therapy[J].Periodon⁃ tol 2000,2020,84(1):14-34

    • [2] ZHENG S W,YU S W,FAN X M,et al.Porphyromonas gingivalis survival skills:immune evasion[J].J Periodon⁃ tal Res,2021,56(6):1007-1018

    • [3] USUI M,ONIZUKA S,SATO T,et al.Mechanism of alve⁃ olar bone destruction in periodontitis⁃periodontal bacteria and inflammation[J].Jpn Dent Sci Rev,2021,57:201-208

    • [4] MARTENS A,VAN LOO G.A20 at the crossroads of cell death,inflammation,and autoimmunity[J].Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol,2020,12(1):a036418

    • [5] LI Y J,MOONEY E C,HOLDEN S E,et al.A20 orches⁃ trates inflammatory response in the oral mucosa through restraining NF⁃κB activity[J].J Immunol,2019,202(7):2044-2056

    • [6] LI Y J,MOONEY E C,XIA X J,et al.A20 restricts in⁃ flammatory response and desensitizes gingival keratino⁃ cytes to apoptosis[J].Front Immunol,2020,11:365

    • [7] GREABU M,GIAMPIERI F,IMRE M M,et al.Autopha⁃ gy,one of the main steps in periodontitis pathogenesis and evolution[J].Molecules,2020,25(18):4338

    • [8] DIKIC I,ELAZAR Z.Mechanism and medical implica⁃ tions of mammalian autophagy[J].Nat Rev Mol Cell Bi⁃ ol,2018,19(6):349-364

    • [9] YANG Y H,HUANG Y P,LI W R.Autophagy and its sig⁃ nificance in periodontal disease[J].J Periodontal Res,2021,56(1):18-26

    • [10] AN Y,LIU W J,XUE P,et al.Increased autophagy is re⁃ quired to protect periodontal ligament stem cells from apoptosis in inflammatory microenvironment[J].J Clin Periodontol,2016,43(7):618-625

    • [11] JAE K W,YOUNG P S,SU K O,et al.Autophagy upregu⁃ lates inflammatory cytokines in gingival tissue of patient with periodontitis and lipopolysaccharide ⁃ stimulated hu⁃ man gingival fibroblasts[J].J Periodontol,2021.DOI:10.1002/JPER.21-0178

    • [12] HE S S,ZHOU Q,LUO B Y,et al.Chloroquine and 3 ⁃ methyladenine attenuates periodontal inflammation and bone loss in experimental periodontitis[J].Inflammation,2020,43(1):220-230

    • [13] MATSUZAWA Y,OSHIMA S,TAKAHARA M,et al.TN⁃ FAIP3 promotes survival of CD4 T cells by restricting MTOR and promoting autophagy[J].Autophagy,2015,11(7):1052-1062

    • [14] ZHAI Y,LIN P,FENG Z,et al.TNFAIP3⁃DEPTOR com⁃ plex regulates inflammasome secretion through autophagy in ankylosing spondylitis monocytes[J].Autophagy,2018,14(9):1629-1643

    • [15] ZHANG Y,YI W W,XIA H Q,et al.A20 regulates in⁃ flammation through autophagy mediated by NF ⁃κB path⁃ way in human nucleus pulposus cells and ameliorates disc degeneration in vivo[J].Biochem Biophys Res Com⁃ mun,2021,549:179-186

    • [16] YAN K,WU C Y,YE Y,et al.A20 inhibits osteoclasto⁃ genesis via TRAF6⁃dependent autophagy in human peri⁃ odontal ligament cells under hypoxia[J].Cell Prolif,2020,53(3):e12778

    • [17] JIANG H B,CHEN W,ZHU G C,et al.RNAi ⁃mediated silencing of Atp6i and Atp6i haploinsufficiency prevents both bone loss and inflammation in a mouse model of peri⁃ odontal disease[J].PLoS One,2013,8(4):e58599

    • [18] GOKER F,LARSSON L,DEL FABBRO M,et al.Gene delivery therapeutics in the treatment of periodontitis and peri ⁃ implantitis:a state of the art review[J].Int J Mol Sci,2019,20(14):3551

    • [19] HE X J,URIP B A,ZHANG Z J,et al.Evolving AAV⁃ delivered therapeutics towards ultimate cures[J].J Mol Med Berlin Ger,2021,99(5):593-617

    • [20] WANG H,CHEN Y Y,LI W L,et al.Effect of VEGFC on lymph flow and inflammation-induced alveolar bone loss [J].J Pathol,2020,251(3):323-335

    • [21] TSUKASAKI M,TAKAYANAGI H.Osteoimmunology:evolving concepts in bone ⁃immune interactions in health and disease[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2019,19(10):626-642

    • [22] TAKAYANAGI H.Osteoimmunology and the effects of the immune system on bone[J].Nat Rev Rheumatol,2010,6(1):4

    • [23] HAH Y S,LEE Y R,JUN J S,et al.A20 suppresses in⁃ flammatory responses and bone destruction in human fi⁃ broblast ⁃like synoviocytes and in mice with collagen ⁃in⁃ duced arthritis[J].Arthritis Rheum,2010,62(8):2313-2321

    • [24] LIN N Y,BEYER C,GIESSL A,et al.Autophagy regu⁃ lates TNFα⁃mediated joint destruction in experimental ar⁃ thritis[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2013,72(5):761-768

    • [25] ARAI A,KIM S,GOLDSHTEYN V,et al.Beclin1 modu⁃ lates bone homeostasis by regulating osteoclast and chon⁃ drocyte differentiation[J].J Bone Miner Res,2019,34(9):1753-1766

    • [26] DESELM C J,MILLER B C,ZOU W,et al.Autophagy pro⁃ teins regulate the secretory component of osteoclastic bone resorption[J].Dev Cell,2011,21(5):966-974

    • [27] CHEN L L,YANG Y T,BAO J Q,et al.Autophagy nega⁃ tive ⁃ regulating Wnt signaling enhanced inflammatory os⁃ teoclastogenesis from Pre ⁃OCs in vitro[J].Biomed Phar⁃ macother,2020,126:110093

    • [28] KIM C J,SHIN S H,KIM B J,et al.The effects of kaemp⁃ ferol⁃inhibited autophagy on osteoclast formation[J].Int J Mol Sci,2018,19(1):125

    • [29] SHI C S,KEHRL J H.TRAF6 and A20 regulate lysine 63 ⁃ linked ubiquitination of Beclin ⁃ 1 to control TLR4 ⁃ in⁃ duced autophagy[J].Sci Signal,2010,3(123):ra42

    • [30] SLOWICKA K,SERRAMITO ⁃ GÓMEZ I,BOADA ⁃ ROMERO E,et al.Physical and functional interaction between A20 and ATG16L1 ⁃WD40 domain in the con⁃ trol of intestinal homeostasis[J].Nat Commun,2019,10(1):1834

    • [31] SUARES A,TAPIA C,GONZÁLEZ⁃PARDO V.VDR ago⁃ nists down regulate PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis and trigger au⁃ tophagy in Kaposi’s sarcoma cells[J].Heliyon,2019,5(8):e02367

    • [32] SONG L,TAN J Y,WANG Z X,et al.Interleukin⁃17A fa⁃ cilitates osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption via activation of autophagy in mouse bone marrow macro⁃ phages[J].Mol Med Rep,2019,19(6):4743-4752

    • [33] LIU H X,ZHANG X,YANG Q X,et al.Knockout of NRAGE promotes autophagy⁃related gene expression and the periodontitis process in mice[J].Oral Dis,2021,27(3):589-599