en
×

分享给微信好友或者朋友圈

使用微信“扫一扫”功能。
通讯作者:

郭妍,E-mail:guoyan51@hotmail.com

中图分类号:R541.4

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)04-491-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20220405

参考文献 1
WONG Y K,TSE H F.Circulating biomarkers for cardio⁃ vascular disease risk prediction in patients with cardiovas⁃ cular disease[J].Front Cardiovasc Med,2021,8:713191
参考文献 2
NEPAL R,KARKI P,URAW S,et al.Prevalence of vita⁃ min D deficiency among patients of acute coronary syn⁃ drome in a tertiary care center of Eastern Nepal[J].JN⁃ MA J Nepal Med Assoc,2021,59(235):225-230
参考文献 3
KAMO Y,FUJIMOTO S,AOSHIMA C,et al.A study on the prevalence,distribution and related factors of heart valve calcification using coronary CT angiography[J].Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc,2020,29:100571
参考文献 4
YANG X X,ZHANG H,SHI Y Y,et al.Association of se⁃ rum angiopoietin ⁃2 with malnutrition,inflammation,ath⁃ erosclerosis and valvular calcification syndrome and out⁃ come in peritoneal dialysis patients:a prospective cohort study[J].J Transl Med,2018,16(1):312
参考文献 5
BOON A,CHERIEX E,LODDER J,et al.Cardiac valve calcification:characteristics of patients with calcification of themitralan ⁃ nulus oraortic valve[J].Heart,1997,78(5):472-474
参考文献 6
GENSINI G G.A more meaningful scoring system for de⁃ termining the severity the coronary heart disease[J].Am J Cardiol,1983,51(3):606
参考文献 7
CAVALCANTI L R P,SÁ M P B O,PERAZZO Á M,et al.Mitral annular calcification:association with athero⁃ sclerosis and clinical implications[J].Curr Atheroscler Rep,2020,22(2):9
参考文献 8
RAMARAJ R,MANRIQUE C,HASHEMZADEH M,et al.Mitral annulus calcification is independently associat⁃ ed with all⁃cause mortality[J].Exp Clin Cardiol,2013,18(1):e5-e7
参考文献 9
JIANG H J,LI J,YU K,et al.Associations of estimated glomerular filtration rate and blood urea nitrogen with in⁃ cident coronary heart disease:the Dongfeng ⁃ Tongji Co⁃ hort Study[J].Sci Rep,2017,7(1):9987
参考文献 10
KIM H,LEE K,CHOI H A,et al.Elevated blood urea ni⁃ trogen/creatinine ratio is associated with venous thrombo⁃ embolism in patients with acute ischemic stroke[J].J Ko⁃ rean Neurosurg Soc,2017,60(6):620-626
参考文献 11
TALL A R,YVAN⁃CHARVET L.Cholesterol,inflamma⁃ tion and innate immunity[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2015,15(2):104-116
参考文献 12
ROY K,GHOSH M,PAL T K,et al.Cholesterol lowering drug may influence cellular immune response by altering MHC II function[J].J Lipid Res,2013,54(11):3106-3115
参考文献 13
KIM M K,HAN K,PARK Y M,et al.Associations of vari⁃ ability in blood pressure,glucose and cholesterol concen⁃ trations,and body mass index with mortality and cardio⁃ vascular outcomes in the general population[J].Circula⁃ tion,2018,138(23):2627-2637
参考文献 14
PAHLAVANZADE B,ZAYERI F,BAGHFALAKI T,et al.Serum lipids and cardiovascular disease mortality in iranian population:joint modeling of longitudinal and sur⁃ vival data in Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study(TLGS)Co⁃ hort[J].Galen Med J,2019,8:e1516
参考文献 15
THOMAS L,MARWICK T H,POPESCU B A,et al.Left atrial structure and function,and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction:JACC state of ⁃the ⁃art review[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2019,73(15):1961-1977
参考文献 16
LI T,LI G X,GUO X F,et al.Predictive value of echocar⁃ diographic left atrial size for incident stoke and stroke cause mortality:a population⁃based study[J].BMJ Open,2021,11(3):e043595
参考文献 17
秦如洁,刘梅,徐小炮,等.2型糖尿病患者血清25⁃羟维生素D3水平与颈动脉硬化的相关性分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(11):1633-1638
参考文献 18
GHOLAMI F,MORADI G,ZAREEI B,et al.The associa⁃ tion between circulating 25⁃hydroxyvitamin D and cardio⁃ vascular diseases:a meta ⁃ analysis of prospective cohort studies[J].BMC Cardiovasc Disord,2019,19(1):248
参考文献 19
YANG J,OU⁃YANG J,HUANG J.Low serum vitamin D levels increase the mortality of cardiovascular disease in older adults:a dose⁃response meta⁃analysis of prospective studies[J].Medicine(Baltimore),2019,98(34):e16733
参考文献 20
GAKSCH M,JORDE R,GRIMNES G,et al.Vitamin D and mortality:individual participant data meta ⁃ analysis of standardized 25⁃hydroxyvitamin D in 26 916 individu⁃ als from a European consortium[J].PLoS One,2017,12(2):e0170791
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:分析老年冠心病患者生存的影响因素。方法:收集140例老年冠心病患者的相关资料,平均随访3.5年。探讨患者发生主要不良心脑血管事件(major adverse cardiac and cerebral events,MACCE)的影响因素,进一步分析各影响因素对 MACCE的预测价值。结果:根据MACCE组与无MACCE组临床资料比较、Cox回归分析及Kaplan⁃Meier曲线分析结果,尿素氮 (blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、左房内径(left atrial diameter,LAD)、心脏瓣膜钙化(cardiac valve calcification,CVC)是老年冠心病患者发生MACCE的相关影响因素。未发现1,25羟维生素D3水平与MACCE的发生相关。受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线显示,联合 BUN、TC、LAD、CVC 预测 MACCE 的价值最大。结论: BUN、TC、LAD、CVC是老年冠心病患者发生MACCE的重要影响因素,而未发现1,25羟维生素D3水平与MACCE的发生相关。

    Abstract

    Objective:To observe and analyze the factors affecting the survival of elderly patients with coronary heart disease. Methods:Data of 140 elderly patients with coronary heart disease were collected and patients were followed up for an average of 3.5 years. The influencing factors of major adverse cardiac and cerebral events(MACCE)in patients were investigated,and the predictive value of each influencing factor for MACCE was further analyzed. Results:According to the comparison of clinical data between the MACCE group and the non ⁃ MACCE group,Cox regression analysis and Kaplan ⁃ Meier curve,blood urea nitrogen(BUN),total cholesterol(TC),left atrial diameter(LAD),and cardiac valve calcification(CVC)were associated with the development of MACCE in elderly patients with coronary heart disease. There was no correlation between 1,25 hydroxyvitamin D3 level and the occurrence of MACCE. According to the results of receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve,the combination of BUN,TC,LAD and CVC had the greatest value in predicting MACCE. Conclusion:In this study,BUN,TC,LAD and CVC are found to be important influencing factors for the occurrence of MACCE in elderly patients with coronary heart disease,while there is no correlation between the level of 25 hydroxyvitamin D and the occurrence of MACCE.

  • 随着我国人口老龄化趋势日益显现,老年人群的基数不断增加。冠心病是我国老年人的常见病和多发病,该病具有较高的发病率和病死率,影响我国居民的寿命。老年冠心病患者常合并共病,因此影响其发生主要不良心脑血管事件(major adversecardiac and cerebral events,MACCE)的因素较多。既往研究表明,1,25羟维生素D3水平[1-2] 及心脏瓣膜钙化(cardiac valve calcification,CVC)[3] 与冠心病的发生相关,但其对老年冠心病患者预后的影响尚不明确,因此本研究主要探讨老年冠心病患者MACCE发生的影响因素,从而为改善患者预后提供依据。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 选取2013年1月—2016年12月在南京医科大学第一附属医院老年心血管科住院的140例诊断为老年冠心病的患者作为研究对象。其中男73例,女67例,年龄61~98岁,平均(77.77±13.18)岁。所有研究对象均进行冠心病二级预防。纳入标准: ①符合冠心病诊断,经冠脉造影或冠脉CT血管成像(computed tomography angiography,CTA)证实冠状动脉左主干、左前降支、左回旋支、右冠状动脉及其主要分支中至少1支管腔狭窄≥50%;②年龄> 60岁。排除标准:存在感染性疾病、肿瘤、免疫系统疾病、严重肝肾功能不全(转氨酶≥3倍正常值上限,肌酐清除率< 30mL/min)、甲状腺功能异常、左室射血分数小于50%。本研究经医院伦理委员会批准(伦理批号:2022⁃SR⁃185)。研究对象均知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 收集患者资料

  • 入院时通过询问病史,获取患者性别、年龄、体重指数、既往病史、吸烟史及服药情况。

  • 入院第2天,患者隔夜禁食8h以上,留取空腹静脉血在南京医科大学第一附属医院检验科行实验室指标检测,包括血常规、生化、凝血功能、甲状腺功能、心肌损伤标志物、B型钠尿肽前体、1,25羟维生素D3等指标。

  • 选用飞利浦EPIQ7C多普勒彩色超声仪(探头型号X5⁃1、S5⁃1,探头频率1.0~5.0MHz),收集患者心脏超声结果,包括左房内径(left atrial diameter, LAD)、左室舒张期内径、左室收缩期内径、左室射血分数、心脏瓣膜钙化情况。其中心脏瓣膜钙化定义为心脏瓣叶或瓣环存在至少1个>1mm的强回声区[4-5]

  • 依据冠脉Gensini评分对冠脉血管狭窄程度进行定量评定[6]。①管腔狭窄≤25%为1分,26%~50%为2分,51%~75%为4分,76%~90%为8分,91%~99%为16分,100%为32分。②不同冠脉节段评分系数:左主干为5.0,左前降支近段为2.5,左回旋支近段为2.5,左前降支中段为1.5,第2对角支为0.5,后侧支为0.5,其他冠脉节段为1.0。③评分方法为病变冠脉节段管腔狭窄程度得分乘以对应的冠脉节段评分系数,最终积分为各病变冠脉节段积分之和。将Gensini积分划分为0~20分、21~40分、> 40分3个级别。

  • 1.2.2 出院随访

  • 采用电话询问及本院就诊记录查询,对出院后患者进行随访,平均随访3.5年,出现MACCE,随访即结束。其中MACCE包括:短暂性脑缺血发作、缺血性脑卒中、急性冠脉综合征、冠脉再次血运重建、因心衰再次入院治疗、全因死亡。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 25.0联合GraphPad Prism 8软件进行统计分析和作图。采用Kolmogorov⁃Smirnov法对计量资料进行正态性检验,正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;非正态分布的计量资料以中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,组间比较采用Mann⁃Whitney U 检验;计数资料以例数(百分率)表示,组间比较采用卡方检验。排除共线性后,结合Cox回归筛选出MACCE发生的影响因素。使用受试者工作特征 (receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析已筛选出的影响因素对MACCE发生的预测效能。采用Kaplan⁃Meier曲线进行生存分析,生存曲线采用Log⁃rank法进行检验。P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 老年冠心病患者发生MACCE的情况

  • 140例老年冠心病患者平均随访3.5年,发生MACCE共计33例,包括:缺血性脑卒中2例 (1.43%)、短暂性脑缺血发作2例(1.43%)、急性冠脉综合征10例(7.14%)、全因死亡19例(13.57%)。全因死亡中死于肺部感染14例(10.00%)、死于菌血症2例(1.43%)、死于瓣膜病2例(1.43%)、死于胆管癌1例(0.71%)。

  • 2.2 MACCE组和无MACCE组的临床基本资料比较

  • 140例老年冠心病患者按是否发生MACCE,分为MACCE组和无MACCE组。两组临床基本资料比较见表1。与无MACCE组相比,MACCE组年龄更大,白蛋白、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high⁃density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL⁃C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low⁃density lipopro⁃ tein cholesterol,LDL ⁃C)、肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)、左室射血分数更低,尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、肌酐、左房内径、心脏瓣膜钙化率、硝酸酯类及氯吡格雷服用率更高,差异有统计学意义(P< 0.05);在性别、体重指数、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、脑卒中病史、吸烟史、收缩压、舒张压、甘油三酯、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、尿酸、1,25羟维生素D3、B型钠尿肽前体、左室舒张期内径、左室收缩期内径、服用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂/血管紧张素 Ⅱ 受体拮抗剂(ACEI/ARB)、β受体拮抗剂、钙通道阻滞剂、他汀类、依折麦布、曲美他嗪、阿司匹林方面、Gensini积分及分级方面差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。

  • 表1 MACCE组与无MACCE组的临床基本资料

  • Table1 Basic clinical datas between MACCE group and non⁃MACCE group

  • 2.3 老年冠心病患者发生MACCE的影响因素分析

  • 以是否发生MACCE事件(1=发生,0=未发生) 作为因变量,将临床可能影响MACCE的变量及表1中有意义的变量纳入单因素Cox回归分析(表2),结果发现年龄、舒张压、白蛋白、TC、HDL⁃C、LDL⁃C、空腹血糖、BUN、肌酐、eGFR、左房内径、左室射血分数、心脏瓣膜钙化、服用硝酸酯类及氯吡格雷对MACCE发生有显著影响。将这些有显著影响的变量经共线性诊断、多因素Cox回归分析(表3),发现BUN、TC、左房内径、心脏瓣膜钙化是老年冠心病患者发生MACCE的相关影响因素。心脏瓣膜钙化组发生MACCE的风险是无心脏瓣膜钙化组的2.378倍。

  • 2.4 MACCE影响因素的ROC曲线

  • 将表3中影响MACCE发生的因素绘制ROC曲线(图1)。心脏瓣膜钙化预测MACCE的曲线下面积为0.685(95%CI:0.588~0.798,P=0.001),灵敏度为0.697,特异度为0.673;BUN预测MACCE的曲线下面积为0.706(95%CI:0.578~0.815,P=0.001),灵敏度为0.697,特异度为0.689,临界值为7.38mmol/L; 总胆固醇预测MACCE的曲线下面积为0.728(95%CI:0.626~0.824,P< 0.001),灵敏度为0.848,特异度为0.542,临界值为4.04mmol/L;左房内径预测MACCE的曲线下面积为0.671(95%CI:0.555~0.786,P=0.004),灵敏度为0.594,特异度为0.718,临界值为39.5mm;心脏瓣膜钙化、BUN、TC联合左房内径预测MACCE的曲线下面积为0.842(95%CI:0.758~0.917,P< 0.001),灵敏度为0.875,特异度为0.676。

  • 表2 MACCE的单因素Cox回归分析

  • Table2 Univariate Cox regression analysis of MACCE

  • 表3 MACCE的多因素Cox回归分析

  • Table3 Multivariate Cox regression analysis of MACCE

  • 2.5 老年冠心病患者不同分组的Kaplan⁃Meier曲线

  • 将140例老年冠心病患者按有无心脏瓣膜钙化分为CVC组和无CVC组,绘制Kaplan ⁃Meier曲线(图2A),发现CVC组无MACCE生存率较非CVC组低,差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.64,P< 0.001)。根据ROC曲线中BUN的临界值7.38mmol/L,将140例老年冠心病患者分为低、高BUN组,绘制Kaplan⁃Meier曲线(图2B),发现低BUN组无MACCE生存率较高BUN组高,差异有统计学意义(χ2=13.34,P< 0.001)。根据ROC曲线中TC的临界值4.04mmol/L,将140例老年冠心病患者分为低、高TC组,绘制Ka⁃ plan⁃Meier曲线(图2C),发现高TC组无MACCE生存率较低TC组高,差异有统计学意义(χ2=13.39, P< 0.001)。根据ROC曲线中LAD的临界值39.5mm,将140例老年冠心病患者分为低、高LAD组,绘制Kaplan⁃Meier曲线(图2D),发现低LAD组无MACCE生存率较高LAD组高,差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.966, P=0.004)。

  • 图1 CVC、BUN、TC、LAD预测MACCE的ROC曲线

  • Fig.1 ROC curves of CVC,BUN,TC,and LAD in pre⁃ dicting MACCE

  • 图2 不同分组的Kaplan⁃Meier曲线

  • Fig.2 Kaplan⁃Meier curves of different groups

  • 3 讨论

  • 目前,社会老龄化现象日益加重,但与老年人群有关的研究却较少。老年人群由于具有体弱多病、脏器功能衰退、营养摄入不足、免疫功能低下等特点,发生MACCE的风险较中青年人群增加。冠心病是我国老年人群的常见病和多发病。目前影响老年冠心病患者生存的因素尚不明确,故本研究主要探讨老年冠心病患者MACCE发生的影响因素。

  • 研究表明心脏瓣膜钙化是心血管事件发生的独立危险因素[7]。Ramaraj等[8] 回顾性分析了有二尖瓣环钙化数据的3 169例患者,结果表明二尖瓣环钙化与全因死亡率显著相关。本研究多因素Cox回归分析发现存在心脏瓣膜钙化的老年冠心病患者发生MACCE的风险是无心脏瓣膜钙化患者的2.378倍。究其原因,可能是心脏瓣膜钙化会导致瓣膜狭窄、瓣膜关闭不全、心力衰竭甚至猝死,从而增加患者MACCE发生的风险。

  • BUN是蛋白质的代谢产物,在肝脏中合成,经肾脏排泄。研究表明BUN水平升高与中国中老年人群冠心病的发生、发展相关[9]。本研究发现BUN是老年冠心病患者MACCE发生的影响因素,当老年冠心病患者合并高BUN血症时,可能有合并代谢紊乱或肾损害[10] 的风险,继而可能出现心肌代谢及心功能下降,从而增加患者发生MACCE的风险。

  • 胆固醇是构成生物膜的重要成分之一,既是人体的一项营养指标,也参与调控机体免疫过程[11],其调控免疫的机制可能与主要组织相容性复合物活性有关[12]。研究表明血清TC水平与一般人群全因死亡率呈U型曲线关系,即TC过高或过低均能增加死亡率[13-14],但这种关系是否适用于老年人群尚有争议。本研究提示低胆固醇水平增加患者MACCE发生的风险。究其原因,可能低胆固醇预示着营养摄取能力、免疫防御功能、新陈代谢水平下降,感染风险增加,继而造成不良临床结局。本研究提示老年冠心病人群进行适当的降脂是有益的,过度降脂可能不会对患者生存产生获益。

  • 左心房的功能划分为3个阶段,分别是左室收缩期的蓄水池、左室舒张早期的管道和左室舒张晚期的增压泵。研究提示左心房增大是心血管不良事件的预测指标之一[15-16]。本研究提示左心房增大是患者发生MACCE的影响因素,究其原因,当老年人出现左心室舒张功能减退,顺应性降低时,左心房为维持有效循环血量而压力增加,心房肌伸展甚至重构,久之出现左心房不可逆性扩大,继而可能出现房颤、栓塞、猝死,从而增加患者MACCE发生的风险。

  • 1,25羟维生素D3具有多种生物学功能,例如钙磷调节、免疫调控、抗动脉硬化[17]、糖脂代谢、细胞增殖分化等。一般把血清1,25羟维生素D3质量浓度< 50nmol/L、50~<75nmol/L、≥75nmol/L定义为缺乏、不足和充足[18]。一项由欧洲和美国联盟开展的纳入26 018例50~79岁参与者的队列研究表明,1,25羟维生素D3水平与心因性死亡及全因性死亡显著相关[19]。欧洲公布的8个前瞻性研究结果表明,心血管疾病死亡率在1,25羟维生素D3水平< 75nmol/L时呈明显的非线性增加[20]。本研究进行单因素Cox回归分析时,未见1,25羟维生素D3水平与患者MACCE的发生相关,且1,25羟维生素D3不足组(n=88)与1,25羟维生素D3充足组 (n=52)MACCE发生率差异无统计学意义(χ2=5.601, P=0.068)。本研究结果与既往研究结果不一致的原因可能为:本研究受试者1,25羟维生素D3水平为53.4~98.1nmol/L,中位1,25羟维生素D3水平为66.1nmol/L,1,25羟维生素D3水平相对较高,且样本量较小,随访时间较短,从而导致本研究未出现阳性结果。

  • 理论上,应用冠心病二级预防药物可以改善冠脉血供,降低心肌氧耗,预防心血管不良事件。在既往药物使用方面,MACCE组硝酸酯类服用比例高于无MACCE组,可能与两组患者依从性不同有关。患者发生MACCE组较无MACCE组氯吡格雷使用率高,可能与MACCE组患者阿司匹林不耐受有关。本研究行多因素Cox回归分析时,未发现服药史及冠脉狭窄情况对老年冠心病患者发生MACCE有显著影响,可能与本研究发生的MACCE例数偏少有关,也可能患者提供的随访信息存在一定的偏倚。

  • 综上所述,尿素氮、胆固醇、左房内径、心脏瓣膜钙化是老年冠心病患者发生MACCE的影响因素。本研究未发现1,25羟维生素D3水平与患者发生MACCE相关。鉴于目前关于老年人的研究较少,日后需要更深入的研究去探讨老年冠心病患者MACCE发生的影响因素,为提高患者的生存率提供依据。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] WONG Y K,TSE H F.Circulating biomarkers for cardio⁃ vascular disease risk prediction in patients with cardiovas⁃ cular disease[J].Front Cardiovasc Med,2021,8:713191

    • [2] NEPAL R,KARKI P,URAW S,et al.Prevalence of vita⁃ min D deficiency among patients of acute coronary syn⁃ drome in a tertiary care center of Eastern Nepal[J].JN⁃ MA J Nepal Med Assoc,2021,59(235):225-230

    • [3] KAMO Y,FUJIMOTO S,AOSHIMA C,et al.A study on the prevalence,distribution and related factors of heart valve calcification using coronary CT angiography[J].Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc,2020,29:100571

    • [4] YANG X X,ZHANG H,SHI Y Y,et al.Association of se⁃ rum angiopoietin ⁃2 with malnutrition,inflammation,ath⁃ erosclerosis and valvular calcification syndrome and out⁃ come in peritoneal dialysis patients:a prospective cohort study[J].J Transl Med,2018,16(1):312

    • [5] BOON A,CHERIEX E,LODDER J,et al.Cardiac valve calcification:characteristics of patients with calcification of themitralan ⁃ nulus oraortic valve[J].Heart,1997,78(5):472-474

    • [6] GENSINI G G.A more meaningful scoring system for de⁃ termining the severity the coronary heart disease[J].Am J Cardiol,1983,51(3):606

    • [7] CAVALCANTI L R P,SÁ M P B O,PERAZZO Á M,et al.Mitral annular calcification:association with athero⁃ sclerosis and clinical implications[J].Curr Atheroscler Rep,2020,22(2):9

    • [8] RAMARAJ R,MANRIQUE C,HASHEMZADEH M,et al.Mitral annulus calcification is independently associat⁃ ed with all⁃cause mortality[J].Exp Clin Cardiol,2013,18(1):e5-e7

    • [9] JIANG H J,LI J,YU K,et al.Associations of estimated glomerular filtration rate and blood urea nitrogen with in⁃ cident coronary heart disease:the Dongfeng ⁃ Tongji Co⁃ hort Study[J].Sci Rep,2017,7(1):9987

    • [10] KIM H,LEE K,CHOI H A,et al.Elevated blood urea ni⁃ trogen/creatinine ratio is associated with venous thrombo⁃ embolism in patients with acute ischemic stroke[J].J Ko⁃ rean Neurosurg Soc,2017,60(6):620-626

    • [11] TALL A R,YVAN⁃CHARVET L.Cholesterol,inflamma⁃ tion and innate immunity[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2015,15(2):104-116

    • [12] ROY K,GHOSH M,PAL T K,et al.Cholesterol lowering drug may influence cellular immune response by altering MHC II function[J].J Lipid Res,2013,54(11):3106-3115

    • [13] KIM M K,HAN K,PARK Y M,et al.Associations of vari⁃ ability in blood pressure,glucose and cholesterol concen⁃ trations,and body mass index with mortality and cardio⁃ vascular outcomes in the general population[J].Circula⁃ tion,2018,138(23):2627-2637

    • [14] PAHLAVANZADE B,ZAYERI F,BAGHFALAKI T,et al.Serum lipids and cardiovascular disease mortality in iranian population:joint modeling of longitudinal and sur⁃ vival data in Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study(TLGS)Co⁃ hort[J].Galen Med J,2019,8:e1516

    • [15] THOMAS L,MARWICK T H,POPESCU B A,et al.Left atrial structure and function,and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction:JACC state of ⁃the ⁃art review[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2019,73(15):1961-1977

    • [16] LI T,LI G X,GUO X F,et al.Predictive value of echocar⁃ diographic left atrial size for incident stoke and stroke cause mortality:a population⁃based study[J].BMJ Open,2021,11(3):e043595

    • [17] 秦如洁,刘梅,徐小炮,等.2型糖尿病患者血清25⁃羟维生素D3水平与颈动脉硬化的相关性分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(11):1633-1638

    • [18] GHOLAMI F,MORADI G,ZAREEI B,et al.The associa⁃ tion between circulating 25⁃hydroxyvitamin D and cardio⁃ vascular diseases:a meta ⁃ analysis of prospective cohort studies[J].BMC Cardiovasc Disord,2019,19(1):248

    • [19] YANG J,OU⁃YANG J,HUANG J.Low serum vitamin D levels increase the mortality of cardiovascular disease in older adults:a dose⁃response meta⁃analysis of prospective studies[J].Medicine(Baltimore),2019,98(34):e16733

    • [20] GAKSCH M,JORDE R,GRIMNES G,et al.Vitamin D and mortality:individual participant data meta ⁃ analysis of standardized 25⁃hydroxyvitamin D in 26 916 individu⁃ als from a European consortium[J].PLoS One,2017,12(2):e0170791

  • 参考文献

    • [1] WONG Y K,TSE H F.Circulating biomarkers for cardio⁃ vascular disease risk prediction in patients with cardiovas⁃ cular disease[J].Front Cardiovasc Med,2021,8:713191

    • [2] NEPAL R,KARKI P,URAW S,et al.Prevalence of vita⁃ min D deficiency among patients of acute coronary syn⁃ drome in a tertiary care center of Eastern Nepal[J].JN⁃ MA J Nepal Med Assoc,2021,59(235):225-230

    • [3] KAMO Y,FUJIMOTO S,AOSHIMA C,et al.A study on the prevalence,distribution and related factors of heart valve calcification using coronary CT angiography[J].Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc,2020,29:100571

    • [4] YANG X X,ZHANG H,SHI Y Y,et al.Association of se⁃ rum angiopoietin ⁃2 with malnutrition,inflammation,ath⁃ erosclerosis and valvular calcification syndrome and out⁃ come in peritoneal dialysis patients:a prospective cohort study[J].J Transl Med,2018,16(1):312

    • [5] BOON A,CHERIEX E,LODDER J,et al.Cardiac valve calcification:characteristics of patients with calcification of themitralan ⁃ nulus oraortic valve[J].Heart,1997,78(5):472-474

    • [6] GENSINI G G.A more meaningful scoring system for de⁃ termining the severity the coronary heart disease[J].Am J Cardiol,1983,51(3):606

    • [7] CAVALCANTI L R P,SÁ M P B O,PERAZZO Á M,et al.Mitral annular calcification:association with athero⁃ sclerosis and clinical implications[J].Curr Atheroscler Rep,2020,22(2):9

    • [8] RAMARAJ R,MANRIQUE C,HASHEMZADEH M,et al.Mitral annulus calcification is independently associat⁃ ed with all⁃cause mortality[J].Exp Clin Cardiol,2013,18(1):e5-e7

    • [9] JIANG H J,LI J,YU K,et al.Associations of estimated glomerular filtration rate and blood urea nitrogen with in⁃ cident coronary heart disease:the Dongfeng ⁃ Tongji Co⁃ hort Study[J].Sci Rep,2017,7(1):9987

    • [10] KIM H,LEE K,CHOI H A,et al.Elevated blood urea ni⁃ trogen/creatinine ratio is associated with venous thrombo⁃ embolism in patients with acute ischemic stroke[J].J Ko⁃ rean Neurosurg Soc,2017,60(6):620-626

    • [11] TALL A R,YVAN⁃CHARVET L.Cholesterol,inflamma⁃ tion and innate immunity[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2015,15(2):104-116

    • [12] ROY K,GHOSH M,PAL T K,et al.Cholesterol lowering drug may influence cellular immune response by altering MHC II function[J].J Lipid Res,2013,54(11):3106-3115

    • [13] KIM M K,HAN K,PARK Y M,et al.Associations of vari⁃ ability in blood pressure,glucose and cholesterol concen⁃ trations,and body mass index with mortality and cardio⁃ vascular outcomes in the general population[J].Circula⁃ tion,2018,138(23):2627-2637

    • [14] PAHLAVANZADE B,ZAYERI F,BAGHFALAKI T,et al.Serum lipids and cardiovascular disease mortality in iranian population:joint modeling of longitudinal and sur⁃ vival data in Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study(TLGS)Co⁃ hort[J].Galen Med J,2019,8:e1516

    • [15] THOMAS L,MARWICK T H,POPESCU B A,et al.Left atrial structure and function,and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction:JACC state of ⁃the ⁃art review[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2019,73(15):1961-1977

    • [16] LI T,LI G X,GUO X F,et al.Predictive value of echocar⁃ diographic left atrial size for incident stoke and stroke cause mortality:a population⁃based study[J].BMJ Open,2021,11(3):e043595

    • [17] 秦如洁,刘梅,徐小炮,等.2型糖尿病患者血清25⁃羟维生素D3水平与颈动脉硬化的相关性分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(11):1633-1638

    • [18] GHOLAMI F,MORADI G,ZAREEI B,et al.The associa⁃ tion between circulating 25⁃hydroxyvitamin D and cardio⁃ vascular diseases:a meta ⁃ analysis of prospective cohort studies[J].BMC Cardiovasc Disord,2019,19(1):248

    • [19] YANG J,OU⁃YANG J,HUANG J.Low serum vitamin D levels increase the mortality of cardiovascular disease in older adults:a dose⁃response meta⁃analysis of prospective studies[J].Medicine(Baltimore),2019,98(34):e16733

    • [20] GAKSCH M,JORDE R,GRIMNES G,et al.Vitamin D and mortality:individual participant data meta ⁃ analysis of standardized 25⁃hydroxyvitamin D in 26 916 individu⁃ als from a European consortium[J].PLoS One,2017,12(2):e0170791