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通讯作者:

王伟,E-mail:wangwei15261883958@163.com

中图分类号:R734.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)04-549-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20220414

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨肺浸润性黏液腺癌(invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma,IMA)的临床病理特点及其预后相关因素。方法: 回顾性分析2015年1月—2019年12月在南京医科大学第一附属医院行根治性手术治疗且术后病理明确诊断为IMA的106例患者的临床病理特点,通过Kaplan⁃Meier法及时序检验计算总体生存率和无病生存率,同时生成生存曲线。结果:14例患者术前CT影像上表现为肺炎型。所有患者均接受根治性手术治疗,50例患者接受了术后辅助治疗。单因素生存分析显示,肺炎型表现、T分期与淋巴结转移及是否行辅助治疗是影响IMA患者术后总体生存率的因素(P < 0.05)。此外,肺炎型表现、T分期、 淋巴结转移、手术方式及是否行辅助治疗等与患者术后无病生存率相关(P < 0.05)。Cox风险评估模型多因素生存分析显示, 肺炎型表现及淋巴结转移是影响IMA患者术后总体生存率和无病生存率的独立危险因素(P < 0.05)。结论:肺炎型表现以及淋巴结转移与肺IMA的不良预后相关。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the clinicopathological features and prognostic factors of invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA)of the lung. Methods:From January 2015 to December 2019,106 patients were identified as having IMA accepted radical resection and enrolled in the retrospective study. Their clinicopathological features were analyzed,the overall survival rate and disease⁃ free survival rate were calculated by Kaplan⁃Meier and log⁃rank test,and the survival curve was generated. Results:On preoperative CT images, 14 patients showed pneumonia. All patients received radical surgery,and 50 patients received postoperative adjuvant therapy. Univariate survival analysis showed that pneumonia type,T stage,lymph node metastasis and whether adjuvant treatment were the factors affecting the overall survival rate of IMA patients(P < 0.05). In addition, the expression of pneumonia,T stage,lymph node metastasis,operation method and whether adjuvant treatment were related to the disease ⁃free survival rate(P < 0.05). Multivariate survival analysis of Cox risk assessment model showed that pneumonia and lymph node metastasis were independent risk factors affecting the overall survival rate and disease ⁃ free survival rate of IMA patients(P < 0.05). Conclusion:The manifestation of pneumonia and lymph node metastasis are associated with the poor prognosis of IMA.

  • 目前肺癌仍是全世界发病率及死亡率最高的恶性疾病[1]。非小细胞肺癌占所有肺癌的85%以上,其中浸润性腺癌约占非小细胞肺癌的55%[2]。 2011年,国际肺癌研究协会/美国胸科协会/欧洲呼吸协会(IASLC/ATS/ERS)联合推出了新的肺癌病理亚型分型,把原发性肺浸润性黏液腺癌(invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma,IMA)定义为浸润性腺癌的一种新的病理亚型,这引起人们极大的关注。 2015年,世界卫生组织(WHO)病理分期手册也将IMA正式归为浸润性腺癌的新病理分型[3]

  • IMA仅占浸润性腺癌的2%~5%[4-5]。由于IMA临床较为罕见,现阶段对其临床病理特征及预后相关因素缺乏明确的认识,导致临床医生在IMA患者的治疗选择方面缺乏相应的指导和依据。同时多项研究表明[6-7],不同亚型的肺腺癌预后大相径庭。大量研究均指出IMA的生存预后较非黏液型的贴壁型、腺泡型和乳头型浸润性腺癌差[8-10]。而与非黏液型浸润性腺癌相比,IMA出现淋巴结转移和远处转移的比例较低,发生气腔播散和直接浸润的比例较高[11-12],其中气腔播散更是与IMA预后相关的独立危险因素[12]。随着肺癌研究的进一步深入,如今人们对IMA的生物学行为有了初步认识,但国内对于该病尚缺乏大宗样本的病例报告和临床研究。本研究旨在通过对IMA的临床病理特征和预后相关因素进行总结和分析,提高临床医生对IMA的认知,以期为临床诊疗提供指导意见。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 2015年1月—2019年12月共4 261例原发性肺浸润性腺癌患者就诊于南京医科大学第一附属医院胸外科并接受手术治疗。从中筛选出接受根治性手术切除且术后诊断为IMA的患者共106例 (2.5%)纳入本例研究。纳入标准:①经病理检查明确诊断为IMA;②患者肺功能储备条件充足能够在手术中使用单肺通气。排除标准:①原位型或微小浸润型黏液腺癌;②既往或就诊时同时合并有结核感染或其他恶性疾病;③手术前接受化学药物治疗或放射治疗;④远处转移;⑤心脏、肾、肺或肝功能严重受损;⑥手术为姑息切除或切缘阳性;⑦肺上多处原发病变;⑧术后30d内死亡。本研究经医院医学伦理委员会批准(批号:2021⁃SR⁃555),所有入组患者均签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 术前检查包括胸部CT平扫、腹部超声、颅脑磁共振成像、核素骨显像和血清肿瘤标志物检测。考虑到经济方面的原因,仅对部分实体肿瘤较大(直径≥3cm)的患者行术前必须的正电子发射断层扫描CT检查(positron emission tomography CT scan, PET/CT)。经上述检查评估为可切除后方行手术治疗。如果术前CT影像上结节的恶性特征较为典型,则常规不取病理活检直接行外科手术。中央型肺癌的患者术前需要接受电子支气管镜检查并取活检明确病理。

  • 本研究中,首选的肿瘤切除方式是电视辅助胸腔镜手术(video ⁃ assisted thoracic surgery,VATS)。依据en⁃Bloc原则,对所有患者均进行标准的外科手术切除,即原发肿瘤的彻底切除和系统性的淋巴结清扫。对绝大多数患者采用肺叶切除的标准术式,对部分肿瘤较小(直径< 2cm)或无法耐受肺叶切除术的患者可采用亚肺叶切除的手术方式,包括肺段切除术及肺楔形切除术。

  • 所有的手术标本均进行常规组织病理学检查,包括苏木精⁃伊红染色和免疫组化染色,并根据美国癌症联合委员会(AJCC)第8版病理分期手册对入组患者进行TNM分期。对部分术后可能会接受辅助治疗的患者进行基因检测。基因检测采用人肺癌多基因检测试剂盒,通过突变阻滞扩增系统法或二代基因测序法进行肺癌驱动基因检测,检测位点包括EGFR、ALK、ROS1、KRAS、BRAF、HER ⁃ 2、 RET、MET、NRAS等。对肿瘤分期较晚或含有高危复发因素的患者,则根据指南加做术后的辅助治疗,包括化学治疗、放射治疗、免疫治疗或分子靶向治疗等。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 17.0统计软件进行统计分析并绘制图表。通过Kaplan⁃Meier法计算总体生存率(overall survival,OS)及无病生存率(disease ⁃ free survival, DFS),使用log⁃rank法进行组间比较,并生成生存曲线。生存时间定义为手术日期到末次随访日期或结局事件(死亡或复发)发生的日期。通过Cox风险评估模型,采用正向逐步法进行多变量生存因素分析,并计算危险比(hazard ratio,HR)与95%可信区间(confidence interval,CI)。所有统计检验均为双尾检验,P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 患者临床特征

  • 本研究队列包括53例男性和53例女性,平均年龄60岁,中位年龄61岁(29~78岁)。表1显示了患者的人口特征及临床特征。截至2021年3月31日的最后一次随访,所有患者的中位随访时间为29个月 (8~62个月)。

  • 本研究中所有患者术前均常规接受胸部平扫CT或胸部增强CT检查。CT检查发现大部分IMA患者的原发灶位于两肺下叶(66.0%,70/106)。依据CT影像上的表现,术前影像学考虑78例(73.6%) 患者病变为恶性肿瘤。所有患者中,有14例 (13.2%)患者为肺炎型IMA,其余92例(86.8%)为结节型IMA(表1、图1)。本组中有39例患者进行了术前的PET/CT检查,其中64.1%的患者(25/39) 病变的最大标准化摄取(maximum standardized up⁃ take value,SUVmax)升高(≥2.5),但仅有46.2%患者 (18/39)的SUVmax超过3.5。32例(30.2%)患者接受了术前的CT引导经皮穿刺肺活检术,27例(25.5%) 患者接受了经电子纤维支气管镜肺活检,术前明确诊断病变为IMA。此外,术前的实验室检查结果显示,仅有13例(12.3%)患者血清癌胚抗原(CEA)升高,22例(20.8%)患者血清Cyfra211升高。

  • 所有患者均接受了VATS手术,其中有8例因术中大量出血或是肿瘤广泛侵犯周围组织而中转为开放手术。最终,有83例患者接受了肺叶切除术,23例患者接受了亚肺叶切除术。所有入组患者均未发生围术期死亡。术后患者平均住院时长为7.5d(2~40d)。

  • 除常规组织病理学检查外,还对61例患者的手术标本进行了进一步的肺癌相关驱动基因突变检测。其中,检测到KRAS突变19例,EML4⁃ALK融合7例、EGFR突变6例、HER⁃2突变2例、ROS1突变1例、KIT突变1例,另外25例患者的手术标本未检测到任何驱动基因突变。综合术后病理结果及多方面因素,50例有相应适应证的患者接受了包括化学治疗、靶向治疗、免疫治疗及放射治疗在内的辅助治疗。

  • 2.2 单因素生存分析

  • 截至本研究随访完成时,共有18例(17.0%)患者出现复发,其中,14例(13.2%)死亡,死因均与肺癌相关。Kaplan⁃Meier法分析显示,本队列中IMA患者3年的OS率和DFS率分别为88.0%和82.5%。采用单因素分析法对IMA患者的预后因素进行了分析(表2)。结果显示,肺炎型表现、T分期、淋巴结转移和术后辅助治疗是影响IMA患者OS的因素 (图2)。此外,单因素生存分析显示肺炎型表现、 T分期、淋巴结转移、手术方式的选择及术后辅助治疗等因素与IMA患者的DFS相关(图3)。

  • 2.3 多因素生存分析

  • 对单因素生存分析中有意义的因素,进一步行Cox多变量回归分析,结果表明,肺炎型表现和淋巴结转移是IMA患者OS和DFS的独立危险因素 (表3)。

  • 表1 IMA患者的临床特征

  • Table1 Clinical characteristics of patients with lung inva⁃ sive mucinous adenocarcinoma

  • 图1 肺IMA的影像学表现

  • Fig.1 Imaging finds of lung IMA

  • 表2 单因素生存分析

  • Table2 Univariable survival analysis

  • 图2 不同影响因素下IMA患者的总体生存率曲线

  • Fig.2 Overall survival curve of IMA patients with dif⁃ ferent influencing factors

  • 3 讨论

  • IMA作为一种相对罕见的肺浸润性腺癌的病理亚型,同时也属于肺炎型肺癌的一种主要表现类型,目前其临床病理特点和预后相关因素尚不明确[13-17],现阶段国内缺乏大宗病例报道。本研究对IMA这类特殊的肺癌亚型的临床资料进行了总结分析,结果显示:①IMA好发于两肺下叶,本研究中66%(70/106)的IMA发生于双下肺;②术前CT对诊断有重要指导作用,本研究中术前影像诊断的准确率达73.6%(78/106),其中14例患者术前CT影像上存在肺炎表现;③早期行手术根治性切除的IMA,无论是亚肺叶切除术或是肺叶切除术,患者均能获得较好的OS;④IMA驱动基因突变率相对较低,且多表现为KRAS突变,ALK及EGFR少有,因此临床可用靶向治疗的机会不多。

  • 图3 不同影响因素下IMA患者的无病生存率曲线

  • Fig.3 Disease free survival curve of IMA patients with different influencing factors

  • 表3 多因素生存分析

  • Table3 Multivariable survival analysis

  • CT检查对于IMA患者的诊断和治疗具有重要意义。Shimizu等[18] 根据CT影像学表现将IMA分为结节型、囊腔型及肺炎型3种类型,同样发现肺炎型表现与IMA的不良预后相关,但他们的研究队列中仅含29例患者,因此需要更大样本的研究证实这一结论。本研究通过对106例IMA进行回顾性分析,发现肺炎型IMA患者明显预后不佳,这与既往研究结论基本一致。肺炎型IMA预后差的原因可能与其容易被误诊为肺炎[19],从而导致治疗延误有关。留永健等[20] 分析晚期肺炎型肺癌时,发现这类患者病理检查结果多为IMA。因此我们建议对于临床初诊为肺炎并经积极抗感染治疗无效的患者,如果CT表现有恶性征象,如多发的囊泡、空洞或磨玻璃影的情况,应高度怀疑肺炎型IMA的可能,并尽早行CT穿刺活检确诊。

  • TNM分期仍是评估肺癌预后的主要手段之一,包括IMA这一特殊病理亚型。目前认为IMA转移途径以肺内转移较为多见,而少有血行和淋巴转移,这可能与其易发生气腔播散的特性相关[11-12]。 Watanabe等[11] 报道40例经手术切除的黏液腺癌患者,其中14例术后病理证实为原位腺癌或微浸润腺癌,但根据现有研究显示,完整切除的原位腺癌或微浸润腺癌患者5年生存率为100%,与特殊病理亚型并无关系,故本研究中入组标准中剔除了这两类黏液腺癌。本研究结果显示,单因素分析中,T分期和淋巴结转移均是影响IMA患者OS和DFS的预后因素。虽然IMA的淋巴结转移较非黏液腺癌少见,但多因素分析仍然显示,淋巴结转移是影响IMA患者OS和DFS的独立危险因素。

  • Wang等[21] 基于SEER数据库对IMA进行了系统的分析,结果发现IMA预后主要与年龄、分化程度、肿瘤大小、治疗方式选择等密切相关,而手术可能是目前延长患者生存时间的唯一有效的手段。本研究同样发现针对可手术切除的IMA,依据患者年龄、术前肺功能状态、肿瘤T分期等综合评估后合理采用肺叶切除或是亚肺叶切除,患者均能从中得到良好的生存获益。尽管目前没有直接证据表明接受肺叶切除术的IMA患者受益更大,但根据IMA易肺内转移或气腔播散的特性[11-1222],采用传统的肺叶切除术加系统性的淋巴结清扫治疗IMA可能更为合理。本研究数据显示接受肺叶切除术的IMA患者DFS反而差于接受亚肺叶切除术的患者,这可能是因为接受亚肺叶切除的IMA患者结节更小、分期更早。进一步的多因素分析结果显示手术方式并不是影响IMA患者OS和DFS的独立预后因素。

  • 对于高复发风险的患者,推荐行积极的术后辅助治疗可以有效改善部分中晚期患者的生存时间。药物治疗方面,尽管培美曲塞联合铂类药物作为一线治疗方案用于没有基因突变的IMA患者治疗中,在延长预期生存时间方面取得了不错的效果[19],但随着肺癌驱动基因研究的深入[23] 及三代肺癌靶向药物的全面上市,推荐有基因突变的肺癌患者选用相应的靶向治疗逐渐成为趋势。研究发现不同组织亚型的伴黏液分泌的腺癌具有不同的分子表型,具有印戒细胞、筛状结构和微乳头状结构者ALK重排阳性率较高,而IMA和不具有印戒细胞结构者KRAS突变率高[24]。本研究接受肺癌驱动基因检测的61例患者中,共检出19例(31.1%)KRAS突变,在非小细胞肺癌中常见的ALK阳性者仅7例 (11.5%),EGFR突变有6例(9.8%)。近期Gu等[25] 报道了首例克唑替尼(Alectinib)在ALK阳性IMA患者治疗中展现出了良好的效果,这提示了现阶段靶向治疗在部分符合适应证的IMA患者群体中应用的可行性。现阶段研究均指出KRAS突变是IMA进展及复发的独立危险因素[2426]。尽管KRAS与细胞外黏蛋白有相关性,但现阶段仍没有明确的药物临床试验指导IMA的靶向治疗[26]。现阶段关于KRAS突变的药物临床试验也正逐项展开,一项针对KRAS G12C 分子突变的一期临床小样本研究发现,索托拉西布(sotorasib)展现出了良好的效果,对于非小细胞肺癌的疾病控制率高达88.1%[27],将来此类药物可能会成为改善IMA患者预后的一个重要手段。此外,免疫检查点抑制剂的出现使肺癌治疗进入了免疫治疗时代[28],研究显示免疫治疗在晚期IMA治疗中取得了不错的效果[29],这为部分IMA患者群体治疗提供了新思路。

  • 本项研究存在诸多不足之处:首先,虽然本研究是目前国内报道IMA最大样本的研究,但是我们仅在胸外科收集接受根治性手术治疗的IMA患者,因此入组患者普遍分期较早,缺乏Ⅳ期患者;其次,本研究的随访时间相对较短,部分患者的OS可能尚未达到终点;此外,受经济和治疗决策等因素的影响,部分肿瘤直径< 2cm左右的患者没有接受术前PET/CT检查,术后近一半患者也没有做基因检测,需要更完整数据的补充。未来我们将开展前瞻性大样本多中心研究,进一步明确IMA这一特殊病理亚型患者的临床特征和预后因素,为临床治疗决策提供相关基础。

  • 参考文献

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    • [3] TRAVIS W D,BRAMBILLA E,NOGUCHI M,et al.Inter⁃ national Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/Ameri⁃ can Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society:inter⁃ national multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocar⁃ cinoma:executive summary[J].Proc Am Thorac Soc,2011,8(5):381-385

    • [4] SHIM H S,KENUDSON M,ZHENG Z L,et al.Unique ge⁃ netic and survival characteristics of invasive mucinous ad⁃ enocarcinoma of the lung[J].J Thorac Oncol,2015,10(8):1156-1162

    • [5] CHEN Z C,LI M,MA K,et al.Analysis of the clinicopath⁃ ological characteristics,genetic phenotypes,and prognos⁃ tic of pure mucinous adenocarcinoma[J].Cancer Med,2020,9(2):517-529

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    • [7] YOSHIZAWA A,MOTOI N,RIELY G J,et al.Impact of proposed IASLC/ATS/ERS classification of lung adenocar⁃cinoma:prognostic subgroups and implications for further revision of staging based on analysis of 514 stage I cases [J].Mod Pathol,2011,24(5):653-664

    • [8] CADRANEL J,QUOIX E,BAUDRIN L,et al.IFCT⁃0401 trial:a phase II study of gefitinib administered as first ⁃ line treatment in advanced adenocarcinoma with bronchio⁃ loalveolar carcinoma subtype[J].J Thorac Oncol,2009,4(9):1126-1135

    • [9] MANSUET ⁃ LUPO A,BOBBIO A,BLONS H,et al.The new histologic classification of lung primary adenocarci⁃ noma subtypes is a reliable prognostic marker and identi⁃ fies tumors with different mutation status:the experience of a French cohort[J].Chest,2014,146(3):633-643

    • [10] LEE H Y,CHA M J,LEE K S,et al.Prognosis in resected invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas of the lung:related factors and comparison with resected nonmucinous adeno⁃ carcinomas[J].J Thorac Oncol,2016,11(7):1064-1073

    • [11] WATANABE H,SAITO H,YOKOSE T,et al.Relation between thin ⁃ section computed tomography and clinical findings of mucinous adenocarcinoma[J].Ann Thorac Surg,2015,99(3):975-981

    • [12] LEE M A,KANG J,LEE H Y,et al.Spread through air spaces(STAS)in invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung:Incidence,prognostic impact,and prediction based on clinicoradiologic factors[J].Thorac Cancer,2020,11(11):3145-3154

    • [13] SAITO T,TSUTA K,HONDA O,et al.Prognostic impact of mucin spread,tumor cell spread,and invasive size in in⁃ vasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung[J].Lung Cancer Amsterdam Neth,2020,146:50-57

    • [14] GOW C H,HSIEH M S,LIU Y N,et al.Clinicopathologi⁃ cal features and survival outcomes of primary pulmonary invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma[J].Cancers,2021,13(16):4103

    • [15] OKI T,AOKAGE K,NOMURA S,et al.Optimal method for measuring invasive size that predicts survival in inva⁃ sive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2020,146(5):1291-1298

    • [16] BOLAND J M,MALESZEWSKI J J,WAMPFLER J A,et al.Pulmonary invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma and mixed invasive mucinous/nonmucinous adenocarcinoma⁃a clinicopathological and molecular genetic study with sur⁃ vival analysis[J].Hum Pathol,2018,71:8-19

    • [17] LUO J Z,WANG R,HAN B H,et al.Analysis of the clini⁃ copathologic characteristics and prognostic of stage I inva⁃ sive mucinous adenocarcinoma[J].J Cancer Res Clin On⁃ col,2016,142(8):1837-1845

    • [18] SHIMIZU K,OKITA R,SAISHO S,et al.Clinicopatholog⁃ ical and immunohistochemical features of lung invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma based on computed tomogra⁃ phy findings[J].Oncotargets Ther,2017,10:153-163

    • [19] CHA Y J,KIM H R,LEE H J,et al.Clinical course of stage IV invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung [J].Lung Cancer Amsterdam Neth,2016,102:82-88

    • [20] 留永健,李霁,王世波,等.晚期肺炎型肺癌:一项中国单中心临床⁃放射⁃病理特征回顾性研究及预后分析 [J].中国肺癌杂志,2019,2(6):329-335

    • [21] WANG Y D,LIU J C,HUANG C C,et al.Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting survival of pulmonary invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma based on surveillance,epidemiology,and end results(SEER)data⁃ base[J].BMC Cancer,2021,21(1):148

    • [22] MATSUI T,SAKAKURA N,KOYAMA S,et al.Compari⁃ son of surgical outcomes between invasive mucinous and non ⁃ mucinous lung adenocarcinoma[J].Ann Thorac Surg,2021,112(4):1118-1126

    • [23] 严晓娣,史国振,毛旭华.高通量测序技术检测非小细胞肺癌相关驱动基因的突变[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(2):193-197

    • [24] 曲杨.肺伴黏液分泌的腺癌分子表型与临床病理特征和预后相关性研究[D].北京:中国人民解放军医学院,2016

    • [25] GU R M,SHI Z L,DUAN T,et al.Feasibility and safety of neoadjuvant alectinib in pulmonary invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma with ALK rearrangement:case report and literature review[J].Oncotargets Ther,2021,14:5107-5113

    • [26] KADOTA K,YEH Y C,D′ANGELO S P,et al.Associa⁃ tions between mutations and histologic patterns of mucin in lung adenocarcinoma:invasive mucinous pattern and extracellular mucin are associated with KRAS mutation [J].Am J Surg Pathol,2014,38(8):1118-1127

    • [27] HONG D S,FAKIH M G,STRICKLER J H,et al.KRASG12C inhibition with sotorasib in advanced solid tumors[J].N Engl J Med,2020,383(13):1207-1217

    • [28] 温少迪,沈波.非小细胞肺癌免疫治疗作用机制及临床研究现状[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(11):1739-1746

    • [29] JANG Y J,HYUN D G,CHOI C M,et al.Optimizing pal⁃ liative chemotherapy for advanced invasive mucinous ade⁃ nocarcinoma of the lung[J].BMC Cancer,2021,21(1):731

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SIEGEL R L,MILLER K D,FUCHS H E,et al.Cancer statistics,2021[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2021,71(1):7-33

    • [2] LI T H,KUNG H J,MACK P C,et al.Genotyping and ge⁃ nomic profiling of non ⁃ small ⁃ cell lung cancer:implica⁃ tions for current and future therapies[J].J Clin Oncol,2013,31(8):1039-1049

    • [3] TRAVIS W D,BRAMBILLA E,NOGUCHI M,et al.Inter⁃ national Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/Ameri⁃ can Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society:inter⁃ national multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocar⁃ cinoma:executive summary[J].Proc Am Thorac Soc,2011,8(5):381-385

    • [4] SHIM H S,KENUDSON M,ZHENG Z L,et al.Unique ge⁃ netic and survival characteristics of invasive mucinous ad⁃ enocarcinoma of the lung[J].J Thorac Oncol,2015,10(8):1156-1162

    • [5] CHEN Z C,LI M,MA K,et al.Analysis of the clinicopath⁃ ological characteristics,genetic phenotypes,and prognos⁃ tic of pure mucinous adenocarcinoma[J].Cancer Med,2020,9(2):517-529

    • [6] RUSSELL P A,WAINER Z,WRIGHT G M,et al.Does lung adenocarcinoma subtype predict patients survival?A clinicopathologic study based on the new International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Tho⁃ racic Society/European Respiratory Society international multidisciplinary lung adenocarcinoma classification[J].J Thorac Oncol,2011,6(9):1496-1504

    • [7] YOSHIZAWA A,MOTOI N,RIELY G J,et al.Impact of proposed IASLC/ATS/ERS classification of lung adenocar⁃cinoma:prognostic subgroups and implications for further revision of staging based on analysis of 514 stage I cases [J].Mod Pathol,2011,24(5):653-664

    • [8] CADRANEL J,QUOIX E,BAUDRIN L,et al.IFCT⁃0401 trial:a phase II study of gefitinib administered as first ⁃ line treatment in advanced adenocarcinoma with bronchio⁃ loalveolar carcinoma subtype[J].J Thorac Oncol,2009,4(9):1126-1135

    • [9] MANSUET ⁃ LUPO A,BOBBIO A,BLONS H,et al.The new histologic classification of lung primary adenocarci⁃ noma subtypes is a reliable prognostic marker and identi⁃ fies tumors with different mutation status:the experience of a French cohort[J].Chest,2014,146(3):633-643

    • [10] LEE H Y,CHA M J,LEE K S,et al.Prognosis in resected invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas of the lung:related factors and comparison with resected nonmucinous adeno⁃ carcinomas[J].J Thorac Oncol,2016,11(7):1064-1073

    • [11] WATANABE H,SAITO H,YOKOSE T,et al.Relation between thin ⁃ section computed tomography and clinical findings of mucinous adenocarcinoma[J].Ann Thorac Surg,2015,99(3):975-981

    • [12] LEE M A,KANG J,LEE H Y,et al.Spread through air spaces(STAS)in invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung:Incidence,prognostic impact,and prediction based on clinicoradiologic factors[J].Thorac Cancer,2020,11(11):3145-3154

    • [13] SAITO T,TSUTA K,HONDA O,et al.Prognostic impact of mucin spread,tumor cell spread,and invasive size in in⁃ vasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung[J].Lung Cancer Amsterdam Neth,2020,146:50-57

    • [14] GOW C H,HSIEH M S,LIU Y N,et al.Clinicopathologi⁃ cal features and survival outcomes of primary pulmonary invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma[J].Cancers,2021,13(16):4103

    • [15] OKI T,AOKAGE K,NOMURA S,et al.Optimal method for measuring invasive size that predicts survival in inva⁃ sive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2020,146(5):1291-1298

    • [16] BOLAND J M,MALESZEWSKI J J,WAMPFLER J A,et al.Pulmonary invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma and mixed invasive mucinous/nonmucinous adenocarcinoma⁃a clinicopathological and molecular genetic study with sur⁃ vival analysis[J].Hum Pathol,2018,71:8-19

    • [17] LUO J Z,WANG R,HAN B H,et al.Analysis of the clini⁃ copathologic characteristics and prognostic of stage I inva⁃ sive mucinous adenocarcinoma[J].J Cancer Res Clin On⁃ col,2016,142(8):1837-1845

    • [18] SHIMIZU K,OKITA R,SAISHO S,et al.Clinicopatholog⁃ ical and immunohistochemical features of lung invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma based on computed tomogra⁃ phy findings[J].Oncotargets Ther,2017,10:153-163

    • [19] CHA Y J,KIM H R,LEE H J,et al.Clinical course of stage IV invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung [J].Lung Cancer Amsterdam Neth,2016,102:82-88

    • [20] 留永健,李霁,王世波,等.晚期肺炎型肺癌:一项中国单中心临床⁃放射⁃病理特征回顾性研究及预后分析 [J].中国肺癌杂志,2019,2(6):329-335

    • [21] WANG Y D,LIU J C,HUANG C C,et al.Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting survival of pulmonary invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma based on surveillance,epidemiology,and end results(SEER)data⁃ base[J].BMC Cancer,2021,21(1):148

    • [22] MATSUI T,SAKAKURA N,KOYAMA S,et al.Compari⁃ son of surgical outcomes between invasive mucinous and non ⁃ mucinous lung adenocarcinoma[J].Ann Thorac Surg,2021,112(4):1118-1126

    • [23] 严晓娣,史国振,毛旭华.高通量测序技术检测非小细胞肺癌相关驱动基因的突变[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(2):193-197

    • [24] 曲杨.肺伴黏液分泌的腺癌分子表型与临床病理特征和预后相关性研究[D].北京:中国人民解放军医学院,2016

    • [25] GU R M,SHI Z L,DUAN T,et al.Feasibility and safety of neoadjuvant alectinib in pulmonary invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma with ALK rearrangement:case report and literature review[J].Oncotargets Ther,2021,14:5107-5113

    • [26] KADOTA K,YEH Y C,D′ANGELO S P,et al.Associa⁃ tions between mutations and histologic patterns of mucin in lung adenocarcinoma:invasive mucinous pattern and extracellular mucin are associated with KRAS mutation [J].Am J Surg Pathol,2014,38(8):1118-1127

    • [27] HONG D S,FAKIH M G,STRICKLER J H,et al.KRASG12C inhibition with sotorasib in advanced solid tumors[J].N Engl J Med,2020,383(13):1207-1217

    • [28] 温少迪,沈波.非小细胞肺癌免疫治疗作用机制及临床研究现状[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(11):1739-1746

    • [29] JANG Y J,HYUN D G,CHOI C M,et al.Optimizing pal⁃ liative chemotherapy for advanced invasive mucinous ade⁃ nocarcinoma of the lung[J].BMC Cancer,2021,21(1):731