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通讯作者:

王聪,E-mail:wangcong⁃patholo⁃gy@njmu.educn

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)06-897-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20220622

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目录contents

    摘要

    组蛋白H3第27位赖氨酸三甲基化(trimethylated histone H3 at lysine 27,H3K27me3)是最常见的组蛋白甲基化修饰之一,由多梳抑制复合物2产生,而多梳抑制复合物2组成部分改变,如zeste基因增强子人类同源物2功能改变或过表达会表现出H3K27me3表达失衡,使细胞增殖分化失控,导致肿瘤发生。目前已在多种肿瘤中发现H3K27me3的组蛋白修饰缺失,例如乳腺癌、卵巢癌和胰腺癌等。然而,H3K27me3在不同肿瘤中的表达和预后存在异质性。本文总结并探讨了H3K27me3在不同肿瘤中的表达、生物学功能及其对肿瘤的诊断、治疗及预后的价值,为肿瘤研究提供新思路。

    Abstract

    Trimethylated histone H3 at lysine 27(H3K27me3)is one of the most common histone methylation modifications and is produced by polycomb repressive complex 2,while changes in the components of polycomb repressive complex 2,such as altered function or overexpression of enhancer of zeste homolog⁃2 will show an imbalance in H3K27me3 expression,resulting in uncontrolled cell proliferation and differentiation and leading to tumorigenesis. Loss of histone modification of H3K27me3 has been found in a variety of tumors,for example,breast,ovarian,and pancreatic cancers. However,there is heterogeneity in the expression and prognosis of H3K27me3 in different tumors. In this paper,the expression and biological function of H3K27me3 in different tumors and its value in the diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of tumors were summarized and investigated,providing new ideas for the study of tumors.

    关键词

    肿瘤H3K27me3EZH2

    Keywords

    tumorH3K27me3EZH2

  • 十多年来,肿瘤表观遗传修饰的研究处于肿瘤研究的前沿,其通过调节基因表达在肿瘤发生中发挥着重要作用[1]。表观遗传修饰主要包括DNA甲基化修饰、组蛋白修饰和微小RNA(miRNA)调节[2-3]。组蛋白H3第27位赖氨酸三甲基化(trimethylated histone H3at lysine27,H3K27me3)是最常见的组蛋白修饰之一,由多梳抑制复合物2(polycombrepressive com⁃ plex 2,PRC2)产生,而PRC2组成部分的改变,如zeste基因增强子人类同源物2(enhancer of zeste⁃ homolog ⁃ 2,EZH2)功能改变或过表达会使H3K27me3表达失衡,细胞增殖分化失控,导致肿瘤发生[4-5]。EZH2是多梳蛋白家族(polycomb groups, PcG)的核心催化亚基,通过组蛋白甲基的一个高度保守区域SET催化组蛋白H3K27发生甲基化,从而使抑癌基因表达下调[6-7]。H3K27的甲基化是抑制基因转录的关键介质,参与多个重要的生物学过程,包括X染色体失活、干细胞维持以及肿瘤发生等[8-9]。H3K27me3表达水平的调节主要由H3K27甲基转移酶PRC2和H3K27me3去甲基化酶UTX和jmjd3介导。既往研究结果表明,在不同肿瘤中H3K27me3的表达及对预后的作用存在异质性[10]。本文总结并探讨了H3K27me3在不同肿瘤中的表达、生物学功能及其对肿瘤的诊断、治疗及预后的价值,为肿瘤相关研究提供理论基础及新思路。

  • 1 组蛋白甲基化修饰

  • 在真核生物细胞核中,DNA链缠绕在核心组蛋白外,形成染色质的基本单位——核小体。由于组蛋白富含精氨酸和赖氨酸,带有正电荷,因此能与带负电荷的DNA密切结合。组蛋白主要由H1、 H2A、H2B、H3和H4等5种类型蛋白质亚基组成。组蛋白修饰是最重要、最复杂的表观遗传调控机制之一,包括组蛋白乙酰化、甲基化、磷酸化和泛素化等[11]

  • 1964年,Murray在鼠伤寒沙门菌鞭毛蛋白中发现了N⁃甲基化赖氨酸,这是最早发现的组蛋白甲基化修饰。组蛋白甲基化是指蛋白侧链氨基酸在各甲基化酶的催化下,以S⁃腺苷甲硫氨酸作为甲基供体,获得不同数目甲基的一种翻译后修饰[12-13]。组蛋白甲基化主要发生在精氨酸、赖氨酸和组氨酸的残基上。根据修饰的氨基酸残基不同,组蛋白甲基化酶可分为精氨酸甲基转移酶和赖氨酸甲基转移酶。其中组蛋白精氨酸甲基化是一种常见的翻译后修饰,异常的组蛋白精氨酸甲基化与癌变和转移密切相关[14]。组蛋白H3是发生修饰最多的亚基,其第4、9、27、36和79位赖氨酸残基是甲基化修饰的位点,对基因表达发挥着重要的调控作用。一般来说,组蛋白H3不同位点的赖氨酸甲基化修饰能够调节染色质结构,使染色质处于疏松或紧密状态,从而对基因转录活性进行调控[15]

  • 2 H3K27me3及其生物学功能

  • H3K27me3是最为常见的组蛋白甲基化修饰之一,由PRC2的EZH2亚基介导。H3K27的甲基化是抑制基因转录的关键介质,参与多个重要的生物学过程。研究发现H3K27me3通过3种方式抑制基因的表达:①EZH2催化组蛋白H3K27me3,由PRC1的色素框结构域蛋白亚基识别并进一步募集PRC1复合物,其RING1亚基将组蛋白H2A亚基第119位赖氨酸单泛素化,使染色质结构更加致密,基因转录起始位点无法与转录酶RNA聚合酶Ⅱ结合[816],这是H3K27me3经典的调控方式;②H3K27me3募集其他抑制性调控因子,如DNA甲基化转移酶(DNA methyltransferase,DNMT),使与之结合的DNA序列甲基化;③H3K27me3在受精卵中特异结合于印记基因的母源等位基因,以不依赖DNA甲基化的形式对不同亲本来源的等位基因(主要为母本来源)进行印记[17]

  • 3 H3K27me3在实体肿瘤中的表达及其机制

  • 研究发现H3K27me3可通过影响DNA损伤的修复,特别是通过同源重组修复双链DNA断裂,在肿瘤发生中发挥重要作用。近来研究表明, H3K27me3的表达在不同肿瘤中预后不同[1018-19]。因此探究H3K27me3在肿瘤中的作用机制对不同肿瘤的诊疗和预后有重要意义。

  • 3.1 H3K27me3与乳腺癌

  • 乳腺癌是女性最为常见的恶性肿瘤之一,发病率呈逐年上升趋势且异质性较大。探索乳腺癌表观遗传改变与肿瘤亚型之间的关系可能有助于临床分类和治疗[20]

  • Wei等[10] 通过免疫组化方法分析了142例乳腺癌患者的H3K27me3表达情况,发现H3K27me3低表达与乳腺癌不良预后有关,其中43例为雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)阳性。Fontes⁃Sousa等[21] 研究结果与Wei等[10] 一致,均发现ER阳性乳腺癌患者H3K27me3低表达时其预后较差。此外,Healey等[22] 研究发现H3K27me3高表达与较低级别和luminal A型乳腺癌相关。

  • Hsieh等[23] 通过功能研究和转录组测序技术 (RNA⁃seq)和染色质免疫共沉淀测序(ChIP⁃seq)数据发现,H3K27me3高表达可促使诱导细胞转移的透明质酸结合蛋白(cell migration⁃inducing and hyal⁃ uronan⁃binding protein,CEMIP)失活继而使乳腺癌肿瘤细胞生长和转移减少,表明H3K27me3的表达水平对乳腺癌诊断具有一定特异性,可能是一种较可靠的预后预测标志物。作为Hippo/YAP信号通路的重要上游组分,wwc1基因具有抑癌作用,能抑制EMT、侵袭和转移[24-25]。Liu等[26] 研究发现EZH2、 H3K27me3和DNMT1协同编码表观遗传修饰的wwc1基因启动子,导致其转录沉默,从而促进乳腺癌的进展。综上,H3K27me3可能是乳腺癌的一种潜在的预后生物标志物和治疗靶点,且H3K27me3低表达与ER阳性乳腺癌的较差预后相关。

  • 3.2 H3K27me3与卵巢癌

  • 卵巢癌是女性生殖系统中高度恶性的肿瘤[27]。虽然目前血清糖类抗原CA125和超声检查是常规诊断方法,但它们的敏感性和特异性较低,不能识别早期卵巢癌。因此,迫切需要发现和鉴定更加准确和敏感的卵巢癌特异性的生物标志物。

  • He等[28] 通过免疫组化方法分析了168例原发性卵巢癌H3K27me3的表达情况,发现肿瘤组织的表达水平较低,进一步的相关性分析表明,H3K27me3低表达患者易发生远处转移,且其FIGO分期较晚,提示H3K27me3表达下调可促进卵巢癌的进展。

  • EZH2通过H3K27me3参与基因表达沉默,在卵巢癌中通常表达上调。EZH2的高表达刺激卵巢癌细胞的增殖和侵袭,并通过促进肿瘤血管生成来调节卵巢癌微环境[29]。另一方面,EZH2的消耗会抑制细胞周期进程并触发细胞凋亡[30]。miR⁃212和miR⁃132在卵巢癌中通常表达下调并充当肿瘤抑制因子,Lin等[31] 通过CHIP实验表明SOX4、EZH2和H3K27me3之间存在相互作用,研究发现miR⁃212/132启动子区EZH2和H3K27me3显著富集。此外,蛋白质印迹和双荧光素酶测定实验证实miR⁃212和miR⁃132可以靶向SOX4mRNA 3'UTR中的相同位点并抑制其在卵巢癌细胞中的表达,从而在卵巢癌细胞中形成了miR⁃132/212⁃SOX4/EZH2⁃H3K27me3反馈通路。 Sun等[32]研究了EZH2的经典途径EZH2/H3K27me3和非经典途径pAkt1/pS21EZH2在卵巢癌中的预后价值,发现EZH2/H3K27me3低表达组合与更好的化疗反应、更长的总体生存期 (overall survival,OS)和无进展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)相关,而pS21EZH2低表达与较差的化疗反应和更短的PFS相关。综上研究, H3K27me3表达水平可以用来区分卵巢癌肿瘤组织和正常组织,且可为卵巢癌患者提供一个预后标志,进一步了解H3K27me3生物学功能和临床意义,可能有助于卵巢癌的诊断和治疗。

  • 3.3 H3K27me3与胰腺癌

  • 胰腺癌起病隐匿、发展迅速、预后极差且不易早期诊断[27]。超过80%的胰腺癌患者被确诊时已为晚期,且治疗效果不佳[33-34]。探索新的治疗方法对进一步提高胰腺癌的疗效具有重要意义。

  • Chen等[35] 对80例胰腺癌标本的组织芯片进行免疫组化分析,评估肿瘤组织中H3K27me3的表达水平,发现大于一半的肿瘤患者病理组织H3K27me3为低表达,进一步统计分析发现H3K27me3与肿瘤大小、分化程度和淋巴结转移呈负相关,结果有统计学意义。Zhou等[36] 研究发现干扰细胞核中的长链非编码RNA(long non⁃coding RNA,lncRNA)BLACAT1可以通过阻断EZH2的募集来促进细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶抑制因子E1(cyclin E1,CCNE1)的表达,从而抑制胰腺癌的增殖和转移,进而抑制H3K27me3,并促进线粒体氧化磷酸化的恢复。上述研究结果表明,H3K27me3和EZH2可以通过LncRNA分子途径影响胰腺癌的肿瘤进展,为胰腺癌的治疗及预后相关研究提供新的方向。

  • 3.4 H3K27me3与前列腺癌

  • 与许多恶性肿瘤类似,前列腺癌的发生和进展与遗传和表观遗传作用密切相关[37]。Ngollo等[38] 通过染色质免疫共沉淀PCR(ChIP⁃qPCR)和实时荧光定量PCR(RT⁃qPCR)评估前列腺癌和正常组织之间的H3K27me3表达水平,发现与正常组织相比, H3K27me3表达水平在肿瘤组织中相对高表达。通过临床病理参数分层后,发现H3K27me3水平与Gleason评分、前列腺特异性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)水平呈正相关。Cao等[39] 研究发现赖氨酸特异性去甲基化酶6B与细胞周期蛋白D1(cy⁃ clin D1,CCND1)的启动子区域结合,降低了H3K27me3的占有率,并增加了CCND1的表达,抑制前列腺癌的进展。大部分研究提示,H3K27me3的高表达与前列腺癌高侵袭性相关。因此,通过表观遗传药物(如组蛋白甲基转移酶抑制剂)促使组蛋白去甲基化可能是前列腺癌可行的治疗策略。

  • 3.5 H3K27me3与食管鳞癌

  • 鳞癌是食管癌最常见的组织学类型,尤其是在发展中国家。尽管在诊断和治疗方面取得了巨大进步,但食管鳞癌患者的5年总生存率仍然不佳。 Lin和Liu等[18⁃19] 均通过免疫组化方法发现与正常食管黏膜相比,肿瘤组织中H3K27me3高表达,且H3K27me3高表达与较差的预后相关。提示H3K27me3有望成为预测食管鳞癌患者生存和转移的生物标志物。

  • 3.6 H3K27me3与结直肠癌

  • 结直肠癌是消化系统常见的肿瘤,发病率在男性恶性肿瘤中居第3位,女性中居第2位,总死亡率在所有恶性肿瘤中排名第3 [27]。结直肠癌发病隐匿,早期无明显症状,约50%~60%的患者发病时存在远处转移。尽管随着新的诊疗技术的发展,结直肠癌的总死亡率已显著降低,但发生淋巴结转移和远处转移的患者预后仍然很差,因此有必要发现和鉴定新的可以用于早期诊断的生物标志物。由于表观遗传机制在肿瘤发生中发挥着关键作用,因此它们逐渐成为生物标志物研究的热点。

  • Wang等[40] 利用免疫组化方法分析了结直肠癌肿瘤组织及其正常组织样本H3K27me3的表达情况,发现H3K27me3在肿瘤组织中的表达水平更高 (P <0.001),进一步分析发现H3K27me3高表达与较好的预后相关。此外,Wang等[40] 还发现H3K27me3低表达维持了结直肠癌干细胞的干性,从而增强了结直肠癌细胞对化疗药物的抵抗力,表明H3K27me3可能是克服结直肠癌化疗耐药性的潜在分子靶标。

  • 上皮源性恶性肿瘤细胞侵袭和转移的形态学基础是上皮间质转化(epithelial⁃mesenchymal transi⁃ tion,EMT)过程[41]。既往研究表明,在不同类型的高度侵袭性恶性肿瘤中,组蛋白甲基转移酶可以催化E⁃钙黏蛋白(E⁃cadherin)基因启动子区H3K27或组蛋白H3第9位赖氨酸(H3K9)的甲基化,从而促进肿瘤细胞的EMT过程[41-42]。此外,也有研究发现lncRNA可以与PRC2结合,通过H3K27me3来影响下游基因的表达,从而抑制靶基因的转录[43]。He等[44] 研究结果表明lncRNA DUXAP8可以通过与EZH2和H3K27me3结合在表观遗传上沉默E⁃cadherin转录,从而促进结直肠癌细胞的EMT过程,但与Wang等[40]研究结果相左,还需要进一步深入探讨H3K27me3在结直肠癌中的进展及治疗中的具体机制,进而为结直肠癌的治疗带来帮助。

  • 3.7 H3K27me3与其他肿瘤

  • lncRNA HOX转录反义RNA(HOTAIR)是预测肿瘤进展和总生存期的有效标志物。既往研究表明,HOTAIR通过降低耐药小细胞肺癌中DNA甲基化转移酶1和DNA甲基转移酶3B的表达来调节同源异形盒基因(homeobox A1,HOXA1)DNA甲基化。此外,H3K27me3由EZH2催化,并影响小细胞肺癌的化疗敏感性[45]。Fang等[46] 发现H3K27me3通过HOTAIR调节影响HOXA1DNA甲基化,表明H3K27me3可能是小细胞肺癌化疗耐药的潜在治疗靶点。多项研究发现lncRNA forkhead boxP4反义RNA1(FOXP4⁃AS1)参与多种肿瘤的发生和进展,如肝细胞癌、结直肠癌、胃癌和前列腺癌等[47-50]。Ye等[51] 研究发现lncRNA FOXP4⁃AS1通过募集EZH2介导H3K27me3抑制具有CCCH锌指结构域的蛋白质12D(ZC3H12D)表达,从而促进肝细胞癌的进展,提示FOXP4 ⁃AS1/EZH2/H3K27me3/ZC3H12D轴在肿瘤微环境中起到促进癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭的作用,并可能与肝细胞癌的不良预后相关。He等[52] 通过免疫组化分析EZH2和H3K27me3蛋白在胃癌及对应癌旁正常组织中的表达情况,发现相比癌旁正常组织,EZH2和H3K27me3在胃癌组织中过表达,多因素分析发现H3K27me3、EZH2、肿瘤大小、分化程度和临床分期均为胃癌患者的独立预后因素。因此,提示H3K27me3和EZH2有望作为预测胃癌患者生存的生物标志物。崔黎等[53]研究发现H3K27me3蛋白在脑膜瘤组织中呈高表达,随着脑膜瘤WHO分级的升高,其表达逐渐降低,提示H3K27me3蛋白可以作为脑膜瘤WHO分级的一个重要免疫组织化学指标。H3K27me3可能还在其他一些肿瘤中发挥作用,具体作用机制亟待进一步探索。

  • 4 小结和展望

  • H3K27me3是最常见的组蛋白修饰之一,在多种肿瘤中存在异常表达,且在不同肿瘤中的表达、生物学功能以及对预后的影响不尽相同,即H3K27me3既可以充当促癌基因,也可以发挥抑癌基因的作用,其具体作用与其在不同恶性肿瘤中涉及的靶基因及通路有关。尽管H3K27me3作为一种潜在的新型临床靶标的研究已取得部分成果,但由于肿瘤发生是一个多因素、多步骤、多阶段的复杂过程,H3K27me3在其中不同阶段、不同微环境中可能有着不同的表达和作用,许多作用机制尚未明确。相信随着研究的深入,H3K27me3在恶性肿瘤中的作用机制也会进一步得到阐明,从而为肿瘤治疗提供新思路。

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