Abstract:Objective：To investigate the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor（bFGF） on the expression of β1 subunit of integrin and to explore the effects of bFGF and fibronection（FN） on osteoblast adhesion on bio-derived bone. Methods：The third generation of osteoblast was treated with bFGF（100 ng／ml） and then seeded on bio-derived bone which had been modified with FN（10 μg／ml）. Expression of β1 subunit of integrin was detected by Western blot. Cell adhesion was measured by MTT assay. Cell density and appearance was observed by scanning electron microscope. Results：The expression of β1 subunit of integrin was significantly enhanced by bFGF. Both FN and bFGF could enhance osteoblast’s adhesion efficiency on bio-derived bone（P < 0.01）. But the osteoblast’s adhesion efficiency was significantly strengthened by combined use of FN and bFGF. They had a significant synergistic effect in statistics（P < 0.01）. Combined use of FN and bFGF had a better effect on cell density and appearance than solo use when observed with scanning electron microscope. Conclusion：BFGF can significantly enhance the expression of β1 subunit of integrin and significantly strengthen osteoblast’s adhesion efficiency on bio-derived bone which has been modified with FN. BFGF and FN have a significant synergistic effect on osteoblast’s adhesion.

Abstract:Transesophapeal echocardiography (TEE) can be used as a diagnostic tool during cardiac surgery to direct the surgical procedure and diagnose unanticipated problems. TEE has also been one of the most important means of monitoring myocardial ischemia during coronary artery bypas grafting procedures. The cardiac anesthesiologist can apply intraoperative TEE in evaluating coronary artery anatomy and aorta atherosclerosis，assessing diastolic left ventricular function and preload，measuring intracardiac pressure and cardiac output，detecting ischaemic mitral regurgitation，intracardiac air and pericardial effusion.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the relationship between 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1（11beta-HSD1） and preadipocyte differentiation. Methods：The mouse 11beta-HSD1siRNA plasmids were transfected into 3T3-L1 cells for the examination of the effect of targeted 11beta-HSD1 inhibition on differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. Differentiation was stimulated with 3-isobutyl-1-methyxanthine（MIX）, insulin and dexamethasone（DEX）. Oil Red O staining was used to observe the lipid accumulation. The genes expression was detected by real-time PCR and Western blot. Results：Lipid accumulation was significantly inhibited in cells transfected with mouse 11beta-HSD1-siRNA compared with untransfected 3T3-L1 cells. Fewer lipid droplets were detected in transfected cells both prior to stimulation and after stimulation with differentiation-inducing reagents. The expression of adipocyte differentiation-associated markers such as lipoprotein lipase（LPL）， fatty acid synthetase（FAS） were downregulated in transfected cells. Similarly, the expression of preadipocyte factor-1（Pref-1）, an inhibitor of adipocyte differentiation, was downregulated in transfected cells stimulated by MIX, insulin and dexamethasone. Conclusion：11beta-HSD1 can promote preadipocyte differentiation, and may be an important candidate mediator of obesity and obesity-induced insulin resistance.

Abstract:Objective： To establish a simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation （SPK） model in the rat. Methods： SD rats served as donors and recipients. The donor portal vein and the recipient superior mesenteric vein were anastomosed and the donor renal veins and recipient renal veins were anastomosed by cuff method. Arterial reconstruction was carried out by end to side anastomosis of the donor abdominal aorta to the recipient abdominal aorta. Enteric drainage was performed by side to side anastomosis between donors’ duodenum and recipients’ jejunum. The donor ureter -bladder valve was anastomosed to the bladder of recipients. Results： Out of 30 cases of SPK transplantation， 24 had normal serum glucose and serum creatinine after operation. The successful rate was 80 %. Conclusion： This model of SPK in rats is stable and reliable， which could be applied for further scientific research.

Abstract:Acceptance of bribe is very currently behavior of medical personnel. Legislation has no proper rules.Whether we need criminal law or not，and how to rule this kind of behavior are on the dispute. There also has confusion in practice. To study and solve this problem，we should analyse the peculiarity of acceptance of bribe of medical personnel and find the differences between this behavior and two other similar act of accepting bribes，which are government staff and company enterprise and other personnel. Enacting a new crime to hit this behavior effectively should be advised.

Abstract:Objective： Reactive oxygen species may be involved in the progression of gastric carcinomas. To clarify whether the pathology of gastric carcinoma are related to oxidative DNA damage， the expression of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine （8-OHdG） was examined in 30 patients with gastric carcinomas. Methods： The expression of 8-OHdG and apoptosis in the gastric carcinoma were measured using the methods of immunocytochemistry and deoxynucleartididyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling （TUNEL）， respectively. Results： Of the 30 cases， 25（83%） showed stronger immunoreactivity than normal control. The patients with poorly differentiated gastric carcinoma had a larger tumor size and higher labeling indices of TUNEL- and 8-OHdG-positive cells than those with well and moderately differentiated gastric carcinoma. Conclusion： Our findings suggest that oxidative DNA damage is increased in association with necroinflammation in chronic gastric injuries and determination of 8-OHdG is useful in assessing high-grade malignancy in gastric carcinomas.

Abstract:Objective：To establish a simple collagenase perfusion method through abdominal aorta cannulation to isolate rat pancreatic stellate cell and demonstrate the procedures of its culture and characterization. Methods：Via a cannula iserted into adominal aorta, Gey’s balanced salt solution containing 0.025% collagenase P was perfused into rat normal pancreas. After digestion with collagenase P and protease, Nycodenz density gradient centrifugation was performed to isolate PSC. PSC was identified by its morphology, cytoplasmic lipid droplets and immunocytochemical staining for desmin, GFAP and α-SMA. Results：The production,viability and purity of isolated PSC were（15.3 ± 4.6） × 103／g body weight, （95.0 ± 3.5）%, and ﹥80％ respectively. After 24 hours in culture, most PSC attached to culture dishes, and showed angular or stellate appearance. PSC became positive for desmin and GFAP after 48 hours in culture but did not express α-SMA until 96 hours in culture. Conclusion：The collagenase perfusion method through abdominal aorta cannulation could be used for PSC isolation, with high production, viability and purity, therefore, it could to meet the need of in vitro experiments.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the effects of AQP4 on the interplay between sex hormone and neurotransmitter. Methods：Firstly, the concentrations of estrogen and progestogen between AQP4 knockout and wild type female mice were compared. And then the alterations of monoamine neurotransmitters in ovariectomied female mice were determined. Results：AQP4 knockout decreased the concentrations of estrogen and progestogen. Ovariectomy only induced the decrease of DA in striatum of AQP4+／+ mice, but did not alter the levels of DA in AQP4-／- mice. Conclusion：These findings reveal for the first time that AQP4 alters the action of ovarian hormones on monoamine neurotransmitters.

Abstract:Objective： To compare intervertebral location L2-L3 with L4-L5 as landmarks for measuring abdominal fat distribution and to determine critical levels of visceral adipose tissue（VAT） at those planes， exceeding which may lead to the development of type 2 diabetes. Methods： Abdominal fat distribution was measured using computed tomography（CT） in 29 diabetics （19 male， 10 female） and 30 non-diabetics （18 male， 12 female）. CT images obtained at two intervertebral locations L2-L3 and L4-L5 were used to measure the areas of total fat， VAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue（SCAT） using slice thickness of 5mm and an attenuation range from -190 to -30 Hounsfield units（HU）. Data were analyzed using logistic regression and Receiver-operating characteristic（ROC） analysis. Results： At L2-L3， diabetes and obesity were correctly classified at 91.53% and 83.05% respectively， while at L4-L5， the same were correctly classified at 84.75% and 88.14% respectively. VAT compared to SCAT， had significantly higher correctly classified percent values for predicting diabetes in both measurement sites. At L2-L3， VAT≥177.29 cm2 or VAT≥51.52% of the total fat area had the highest correctly classified value for predicting diabetes in men， while VAT≥132.27 cm2 or VAT≥45.7% of the total fat area had the highest correctly classified value for predicting diabetes in women. At L4-L5， VAT≥130.82 cm2 or VAT≥45.54% of the total fat area had the highest correctly classified value for predicting diabetes in men， while VAT≥118.56 cm2 or VAT≥32.24% of the total fat area had the highest correctly classified value for predicting diabetes in women. Conclusion： L2-L3 plane is a better landmark for measuring abdominal fat distribution for predicting diabetes， while abdominal fat distribution measured at L4-L5 has better association with obesity. Regardless of the measurement site， VAT compared to SCAT， has significantly stronger association with diabetes.

Abstract:The legal constituents of “patients’ valid consent” in medical behaviors include doctors’ sufficient inform, having the capacity of consent, patients’ independent and voluntary consent. Nowadays, after the medical behaviors, patients often claim damages based on their invalid consents. Thereby, during the medical behaviors, doctors should respect patients’ self-鄄determination rights and enhance the communication with patients. On the other hand, doctors should adhere to the regulations and rules to protect themselves.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the role of RhoA-ROCK signal pathway in the reorganization of actin cytoskeleton and the changes of morphology induced by hypoxia in breast cancer cells（MDA-MB-435 cells）. Methods：During the experiments the breast cancer cells were exposed to hypoxia for 16 h or pre-incubated with a special inhibitor of ROCK, Y-27632（10 μmol／L） for 1h before hypoxia in vitro. The reorganization of cellular actin cytoskeleton and the changes of cellular morphology induced by hypoxia or pretreatment of Y-27632 were examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results：Hypoxia induced the depolymerization of actin cytoskeleton, ɑｎｄ the changes of arrangement and distribution of stress fibers, and the changes of morphology were observed obviously in breast cancer cells. Pretreatment with Y-27632（10 μmol／L） before hypoxia could prevent the depolymerization of actin cytoskeleton and the changes of arrangement and distribution of stress fibers induced by hypoxia in breast cancer cells. Conclusion：RhoA-ROCK signal pathway may mediate the reorganization of actin cytoskeleton and morphological changes in breast cancer cells during hypoxia.

Abstract:Objective： To study the effect of natural killer （NK） cells on graft-versus-host disease （GVHD） after H-2 haploidentical bone marrow transplantation（BMT） in mice. Methods：Murine model of H-2 haploidentical BMT was established by using Balb/c（H-2d） mouse as recipient， and Balb/c（H-2d）×C57BL/6（H-2b）（H-2d／b） mouse as donor. Lethally irradiated Balb/c（H-2d） mice were transplanted with the bone marrow cells from Balb/c（H-2d）×C57BL／6（H-2b）（H-2d／b） mice containing donor spleen cells and/or NK cells. GVHD and survival rates were studied by observation of clinical manifestations and pathological changes. Results：In the group of bone marrow ＋spleen cells， GVHD was induced in 90% mice； but in the group plus with low amount of NK cells， GVHD was induced in 20% mice； and in the group transplanted with high amount of NK cells， GVHD was induced only in 10% mice. Compared to the group transplanted only with BM plus spleen cells， the incidences of GVHD in the latter two groups decreased significantly（P < 0.01） and the survival rates at different periods of 15， 30， 45 and 60 days increased obviously（P < 0.01）. Conclusion： In mouse H-2 haploidentical BMT， alloreactive NK cells can reduce the incidence of GVHD and increase the survival rate.

Abstract:Objective：To construct bicistronic DNA vaccines containing extra-cellular fragment of Flt3 ligand（FL） genes and early secreted antigen（ESAT-6） of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and to express them in glomerular mesangial cells（GMC）. Methods：FL and ESAT-6 genes were cloned into pIRES, a bicistronic vector, using polymerase chain reaction（PCR）. After being screened and identified, the vector was transfected into GMC cells in order to examine FL and ESAT-6 and their expression levels. Results：The recombinant vector was confirmed by sequencing and the expression of FL and ESAT-6 genes in GMC cells were detected by western blot. Conclusion：The recombinant pIRES-FL-ESAT6 bicistronic vector could be successfully constructed and expressed in vitro.

Abstract:Objective： To measure the percent of free prostate specific antigen（fPSA） among men without prostate diseases in Xi’an area， and to study the relationship of percent fPSA with age and pathological grade， clinical stage of prostate cancer（PCa） with percent fPSA， and to analyze the difference between the data in China and the overseas data to determine appropriate reference range for Chinese male. Methods： A total of 713 participants were enrolled into the study， with PSA， fPSA in serum measured and the percent fPSA calculated. Out of 713 cases， 679 without prostate diseases were divided into 5 groups by age， and then the relationships of PSA， fPSA and percent fPSA with age were studied， respectively. The relationship of pathological grade and clinical stage with percent fPSA of the 34 participants with PCa was also studied. With the help of the related data of men without prostate disease， the appropriate reference range for Chinese male was established. Results： The increases in PSA or fPSA were correlated with age， while there was no significant correlation between age and percent fPSA. The percent fPSA was also correlated with pathological grade and clinical stage of PCa. The percent fPSA of men without prostate disease in Xi’an area was significantly lower than that in the related overseas data. The reference range of percent fPSA for Chinese male was≥15%. Conclusion： Percent fPSA might be more useful than PSA in the detection of prostate cancer. As the percent fPSA is decreased， the pathological grade is decreased， and the clinical stage is increased， the malignant degree is increased. The reference range of ≥15% is more appropriate for Chinese male.

Abstract:Objective：To establish a reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic（RP-HPLC） assay for the determination of vacomycin levels in rabbits aqueous humor. Methods：The vancomycin extracted by the sedimentation with 10% ZnSO4 was detected through RP-HPLC. The analytical column was a C8 column. Twenty microlitres of samples were injected directly into the column and were eluted with a gradient consisting of methanol（A） and acetic acid（B）. The sample was collected and analyzed after nano-vancomycin eyedrops administered. Results：The drug peak was separated well without interference from the aqueous humor. The peak area and concentration of the drug in aqueous humor were linearly correlated within the range of 0.5-20 μg／ml, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9990. The average recovery rate of the samples of 1，10，18 μg／ml was（98.67０ ± 0.321）%, and the precision and accuracy of the inter- and intra-day was（3.40 ± 1.30）%，（3.80 ± 2.20）% respectively. The concentration of vancomycin in rabbits aqueous humor at 120 min after nano-vancomycin eye drops administered was 0.83 ± 0.05 μg／ml. Conclusion：RP-HPLC assay is simple and sensitive, which may be used in ocular pharmacokinetic studies of vancomycin.

Abstract:Objective： To investigate the correlation between hair selenium（Se） level and gastric cancer. Methods： Atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer（AFS） was used to detect the Se level in hair. Results： The Se concentration in patients with gastric cancer ranged from 0.25 to 2.33 μg/g（0.825 ± 0.51 μg/g）， and that of health individuals ranged from 4.23 to 9.21 μg/g（6.29 ± 1.68 μg/g）. The results showed that the Se concentration in the patients’ hair was significantly lower than that in controls（P < 0.01）. Conclusion： There is a correlation between hair concentration and gastric cancer.

Abstract:The article analyses the medical dissension reason in maternity department. The reasons comprise three causes :the social factor，the economic factor and the nosocomial factor included. Making excessive demands，laking the cognition of medical hazard，exorbitant expectation ，oriented falsity of consensus and onus proof conversion were the the social factor.Conflict of interest between hospitals and patients was the economic factor.Skill defect，bad service consciouseness of medical personnel， and deficient in humanistic solicitude were the nosocomial factor.

Abstract:Objective：To evaluate the effects of dendritic cells derived from bone marrow in the pathogenesis of asthma. Methods： A murine model of ovalbumin（OVA）-allergic asthma was established. DCs were developed by incubating bone marrow cells with rmIL-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Phenotype was assessed with flow cytometry, and the antigen-presenting function was assessed with the mixed leukocyte reaction. Results: DCs expressing DCs characteristic 33D1 could be developed from bone marrow cells by using rmIL-4 and rmGM-CSF. The stimulating effect of DCs on the proliferation of the lymphocytes was shown in asthmatic and control group, but the effect in asthmatic group was more intensive than that in control group. DCs from asthmatic mice showed different phenotypes of CD86, but there were no differences in the expression of CD80 and CD40 between asthmatic and control group. Conclusion：This study suggests the antigen-presenting function of DCs in asthmatic group is increased and DCs may play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma.

Abstract:Objective： To study the sensitivity and clinical significance of HE-staining，IHC and RT-PCR in detecting breast cancer micrometastases in bone marrow and sentinel lymph nodes（SLNs）. Methods：After general anesthesia， all patients underwent bone marrow puncture and sentinel lymph node biopsy（SLNB） by 1% isosulfan blue， and then HE-staining，IHC and RT-PCR were used to detect micrometastases. Results：Of 62 patients with breast cancer whose axillary lymph nodes showed negative HE-staining results， 15 cases presented with positive RT-PCR and 9 cases showed positive IHC results positive in bone marrow micrometastases detection. PT-PCR and IHC showed good uniformity（kappa=0.6945）and there was significant difference in detective rate between these two methods（χ2=4.1667，P = 0.0412）. In SLN samples， 13 showed positive RT-PCR results， while 7 showed positive IHC results. PT-PCR and IHC showed good uniformity（kappa=0.6483）and significant difference was also found in detective rate between these two methods（χ2=4.1667，P = 0.0412）. Both bone marrow and SLN samples were RT-PCR positive in 3 cases， which indicated that bone marrow micrometastases did not always accompany SLN micrometastases（χ2=0.067，P = 0.796）. Conclusion： Even if no axillary lymph node involvement or distant metastases are present in routine preoperative examination， micrometastases can still be detected in bone marrow or SLNs. Because the bone marrow micrometastases and axillary node micrometastses are not present simultaneously， combination test of multiple indicators will detect micrometastases more accurately.

Abstract:When Sizhenhecan is used in the three lawsuit activities，court investigation, court debate and court intercession，which are not only tightly related but also self-鄄governed, the medical thought of Sizhenhecan can actually make the summary procedure to achieve the benefit and justness. It can also get new annotation in the legal field.

Abstract:Objective： To explore the role and mechanism of myeloid differentiation factor88（MyD88） in HSP60 signal transduction in dendritic cells. Methods：Mouse DCs were cultured from murine bone marrow cells. The DC marker CD11c was detected by flow cytometry， then DCs were divided into control group， HSP60 groupand RNA interference group. Control group was cultured under normal condition， and HSP60 group was cultured with 10 μg/ml of HSP60. RNA interference group was first cultured with MyD88 siRNA for12 hours and then HSP60 was added into the culture mixture. All groups were cultured for 48 hours. Immunochemistry was used to detect the concentration of MyD88 and NF- κB. Western blot was used to detect the concentration of MyD88. Flow cytometry and mixed lymphocyte reaction（MLR） were used to detect the phenotype and functional properties of DCs. ELISA was used to detect the concentration of TNF-α， IFN-γ and IL-12 in the supernatant. Results：The expression of CD11c in murine bone marrow DCs was 88.76%. HSP60 stimulation increased the expression of CD80， CD86， MHC-Ⅱin DCs and TNF-α， IFN-γ， IL-12 secretion in the supernatant. HSP60 stimulation also increased the level of MyD88 in the cytoplasm and promoted the shift of NF-κB to karyon and the proliferation of allogeneic T cells. MyD88 siRNA could decrease MyD88 and inhibit these effects induced by HSP60. Conclusion：HSP60 activates DCs through MyD88-dependent pathway. MyD88 plays a critical role in HSP60 signal transduction. Inhibition of MyD88 may be a novel way for treating disease correlated with HSP60.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the effects of nasal continualpositive airway pressure（NCPAP） on adiponectin and mean arterial pressure（MAP） in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome（OSAHS）. Methods：The effects of NCPAP therapy on serum adiponectin and MAP levels were observed in 23 patients with moderate or severe OSAHS before and on the 3rd, 7th,14th day of NCPAP treatment. Results：Adiponectin levels were significantly higher in patients 14 days after treatment with NCPAP（P < 0.01）. MAP level was significantly lower in patients on 14th day of NCPAP treatment（P < 0.01）. Conclusion：The results suggest OSAHS could cause hypoadiponectinemia, which might be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension in OSAHS patients and might be reversed by NCPAP therapy.

Abstract:Objective: To investigate the effects of continuous positive airway pressure（CPAP） treatment on insulin resistance （IR） in patients with type 2 diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome（OSAHS）. Methods：Twenty-five patients with type 2 diabetes and OSAHS were recruited. Their apnea hypopnea index （AHI） was 37.7±18.0 with BMI maintained at 29.1 ± 2.3 kg／m2. The homeostasis model assessment（HOMA） index was used to reflect IR and measured before and after 6 months’ CPAP treatment. Results：The HOMA index was significantly lower following 6 months’ CPAP treatment than before treatment（1.84 ± 1.98 vs 3.33 ± 2.96, P < 0.0001）. Conclusion：CPAP treatment can significantly improved increased IR in OSAHS patients, which suggests that OSAS is an independent risk factor of IR.

Abstract:Objective： To investigate the ultra structure of amelanotic melanocytes （AMMC）. Methods： The hair follicles obtained from normal human scalp by 0.50% collagenase type V treatment were washed with 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer salt （PBS）. Hair-follicle cell suspensions were prepared by trypsin treatment and cultured in melanocyte medium. Remaining keratinocytes were removed by differential trypsinization. 100μg/ml geneticin was used to eliminate the contaminating fibroblasts. At third passage， the cells were trypsinized， and then washed in phosphate-buffered saline and processed for transmission electron microscopy. Results： Under transmission electron microscope， the cultured cells showed round or oval shape， with single large nuclear and the karyotheca were double deck. There were obvious euchromosome within the nucleus， and sparse heterochromosome. There were various organelles in the cytoplasm， including plentiful melanosomes with nearly similar size， mitochondria， rough endoplasmic reticule（RER） and ribosome. The electron density granules in most of the melanosomes disposed along concentric circularities. Golgi apparatus in the cells was inconspicuous. Conclusion： The ultra structure of AMMC from human hair follicles is different from that of epidermal melanocytes， and these characteristics determine the functional immature of AMMC.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the cell proliferation and cell cycle and the expression of cyclin D1 in the primary cultred airway smooth muscle cells（ASMC） in murine model of asthma. Methods：The murine asthmatic model was established and the primary ASMC were cultured. The primary ASMC of normal mice were chosen as control group. The cell proliferation was detected by MTT. The cell cycle was measured by FCM, and the expression of cyclin D1 was measured by FCM. Results：Compared with the normal ASMC line,the cell proliferation and the percentage of S phase of asthmatic ASMC line was significantly increased（P < 0.05）. The expression of cyclin D1 was significantly increased compared with the normal cell line. Conclusion：The proliferation of ASMC is increased in the progression of airway remodeling in asthma and cyclin D1 may contribute to this progression.

Abstract:It has been more than one century since aspirin was synthesized. With its development， it is more and more concerned by people that aspirin can prevent and cure of cardiovascular disease. The development history of aspirin application gives us many philosophic thinking：the reiteration and infinitude of cognition， the mine and impetus to cognition， the supplement theory with practice each other.

Abstract:Objective： To investigate the response of the xenograft endothelium in the concordant hamster to rat cardiac xenotransplantation and the mechanism of acute vascular rejection. Methods： The animals were divided into 5 groups randomly： control group， CsA group， splenectomy group， D0 splenectomy＋CsA group and D3 splenectomy＋CsA group. Hamster heart was heterotopicaly transplanted to rat abdominal cavity. The graft survival was monitored by palpation of the rat abdominal wall. The histological and ultrastructural changes of the xenogafts were investigated. NF-κB and P-selectin expression in the xenograft were detected. Heme Oxigenase-1 and Bcl-2 expression were also detected in the xenografts of different groups. Results： The mean survival time of the xenografts in control group， CsA group， splenectomy group， D0 splenectomy＋CsA group and D3 splenectomy＋CsA group was 3.4 ± 0.55， 3.8 ± 0.45， 6.4 ± 1.52， 30 and 7.4 ± 1.14 days. The rejected graft showed typical acute vascular rejection in control group， CsA group，splenectomy group and D3 splenectomy＋CsA group. Endothelial cells of the rejected xenograft showed dramatic assembly of ribosomes and expansion of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. However， the endothelium of the long-term survived grafts in D0 splenectomy＋CsA group showed normal architecture. NF-κB and P-selectin expression were detected in the rejected xenografts. HO-1 expression was observed in the long-term survived xenografts in D0 splenectomy＋CsA group. Conclusion： The endothelial cells of the xenograft might be activated during the acute vascular rejection. Expression of HO-1 might inhibit the upregulation of NF-κB and adhesion molecular which decreases the activation of the endothelium of the graft.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the effect of nebulized ketamine inhalation on the expression of nitric oxide synthase（NOS） in the lungs of asthmatic rats. Methods：Forty Brown Norway rats（10-12 weeks） were randomly assigned to five groups, with eight animals each, which were control group（C）, asthma group（A）, and ketamine pretreated groups（K1，K2，K3）. In group A，K1，K2，K3， asthma was induced in two steps：receiving subcutaneous injection of ovalbumia（OVA）1 mg and aluminum hydroxide 160 mg in 1ml of PBS, and then inhaling nebulized 1% OVA in PBS for 30 min. In group K1, K2 and K3, the sensitized rats were exposed to 12.5 mg／ml（K1 group），25 mg／ml（K2 group），50 mg／ml（K3 group） of nebulized ketamine for 30 min. Lung samples were taken and total RNA were isolated, NOS mRNA were determined with RT-PCR. The right lung was removed for microscopic examination. Results：There were acute airway inflammation changes in group A. Compared with group A, there was significantly less inflammation in the bronchial subnucosa and alveolar septum in group K1，K2 and K3. Compared with group C, the expression of iNOS mRNA was significantly higher in group A（P ＜ 0.01）. Compared with group A, the expression of iNOS was significantly less in group K1（P ＜ 0.05）, K2 （P ＜ 0.01） and Ｋ3（P ＜ 0.01）. There was no significant difference between group K1，K2 and K3 in expression of eNOS mRNA. The expression of nNOS was low in all groups. Conclusion：Inhalation of nebulized ketamine can restrain the expression of iNOS mRNA in lung in asthmatic rats and has a protective effect on airway against inflammation and tissue damage. 12.5 mg／ml nebulized ketamine appears to be enough for satisfactory clinical results.

Abstract:Objective： To establish reliable methods for evaluating the quality of Chinese herb fructus chaenomelis. Methods： Qualitative analysis by Thin layer chromatography（TLC） ， reference substances were Chaenomeles speciosa（Sweet） Nakai and oleanolic acid，a mixed solvent of chloroform-methanol（40 ∶ 1） was employed as the mobile phase，color developing agent was 10% sulfuric acid-ethanol solution.In the system of high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）， a Prontosil Eurobond C18 column （250 mm×4.0 mm，5 μm ） was used，the mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile-methanol-0.4% ammonium acetate solution（55 ∶ 25 ∶ 20），the flow rate was 1.0 ml/min with UV detected at 210 nm， the column temperature was maintained at room temperature. Results： In the system of TLC， oleanolic acid was separated successfully. In HPLC， the linear ranges of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid were 5.89~13.73 μg （R=0.9990）and 6.84~15.96 μg （R=0.9990）， respectively. The average recoveries of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid were 97.52%（RSD=2 .58%）， 98.21%（RSD=2.23%）， respectively. Conclusion： The established TLC method can easily distinguish Chinese herb fructus chaenomelis from other commonly used crude drugs of the same family .The HPLC method for determining oleanolic acid and ursolic acid is simple， reproducible， accurate and feasible. The methods reported in this paper can be used scientifically and effectively to evaluate the quality of Chinese herb fructus chaenomelis.

Abstract:Objective：In order to investigate the effects of actovegin administrated before anesthesia on blood glucose（BG）, plasma insulin（INS）, plasma lactic acid（LA） and erythrocytes glycolysis rate-limiting enzyme, phosphofructokinase（PFK） activities in patients undergoing esophagus surgery. Methods：Forty patients scheduled for esophagus surgery were randomly divided into two groups： control group and actovegin group. Isoflurane inhalation anesthesia was used in both groups and isoflurane was administrated at 1.2 MAC end-tidal concentration. Actovegin（20 mg／kg） was administrated intravenously before anesthesia in actovegin group. Blood samples were taken from peripheral vein for determination of BG, plasma INS, plasma LA and erythrocytes PFK activities. Insulin sensitivity index（ＩＳＩ） was calculated. Samples were obtained before anesthesia（T1）, 90 min after the start of surgery（T2）, 60 min after the end of surgery（T3）, first postoperative morning（T4） and second postoperative morning（T5）. Results：In both groups, BG was increased significantly（P < 0.05） compared with those before anesthesia. On T3, BG was significantly lower（P = 0.034） in actovegin group than that in control group. On T4, there was no significant difference（P = 0.732） in INS in actovegin group but significant difference（P = 0.003） in control group compared with those before anesthesia, and there was significant difference in INS between two groups（P = 0.035）. On T4, ISI was reduced significantly（P < 0.05） compared with those before anesthesia in both groups, but ISI was significantly higher（P = 0.045） in actovegin group than that in control group. On T4, there was no significant difference（P = 0.055） in PFK in actovegin group but significant difference（P = 0.001） in control group compared with those before anesthesia，and there was significant difference between two groups（P = 0.044）. On T3, there was no significant difference（P = 0.114） in LA in actovegin group but significant difference（P = 0.000） in control group compared with those before anesthesia, and there was significant difference between two groups（P = 0.036）. Conclusion：Actovegin could decrease insulin resistance and the increased reaction of blood glucose originated stress, enhance PFK activity of erythrocytes and inhibit the production of lactic acid in patients undergoing esophagus surgery activity.

Abstract:Objective： To investigate the effects of gene therapy with IL-10 on PTg-induced proliferation of splenocytes and Th1 cytokine production from PTg-stimulated splenocytes. Methods： EAT rats were divided into four groups：group A （PBS+PLL） ， group B（pORF+PLL）， group C （pORFmIL10+PLL）， and group D （pORFmIL10+ MEM）. The substances mixed with lipofectamine were injected into the thyroid tissues of rats on the 18th dday after immunization. The rats were sacrificed at the 8th week. In vitro proliferative responses to ConA and different concentration of PTg were measured by culturing 4×105 splenocytes pulsed with 18.5KBq of［3H］ thymidine for the final 12h and then harvested for liquid scintillation counting. In vitro splenocytes were cultured with PTg（25 mg/L）. Th1 cytokine IFN-γ，TNF-αand IL-2 were detected by ELISA. Results： The proliferative response to PTg was suppressed in group C， compared with that of group A and B（P < 0.05）. The levels of IFN-γ，TNF-αand IL-2 in the supernatant of PTg-stimulated splenocytes were 3548.25 ± 779.47 pg/ml， 27.66±10.50 pg/ml and 3617.73± 609.15 pg/ml， respectively， which were much lower in group C than those in group A and B（P < 0.01， P < 0.05， P < 0.001， respectively）. Conclusion： IL-10 gene transmission in thyroid tissues could inhibit PTg specific proliferation of splenocytes from EAT rats and the secretion of Th1 cytokines from PTg-stimulated splenocytes.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the clinical relationship of type 2 diabetes with maligant tumor. Methods：The dead patients with type2 diabetes were stratified into 2 groups according to whether they suffered from maligant tumor. The number, sex, the course of diabetes, blood pressure and some biochemical results were compared between the two groups, meanwhile the incidence and the sorts of tumor were analysied. Results：The average dead age of the patients with diabetec mellitus was（73.57 ± 10.17） years. The incidence of malignancy among the patients was 28.35%（57／201）. The top three kinds of maligancy were digestant cancer, hematal cancer and lung carcinoma. The systolic blood pressure，HOMA-IR, plasma insulin and triglyceride were increased. Conclusion：Type 2 diabetes mellitus is correlated with malignancy which has special distributing rule.The pathogenesis of cancer is unclear, and insulin resistance may be involved in it.

Abstract:The foundation of medical aid should be set up in public hospital has been specific mentioned the very first time at the National Hygienical Conference in 2006. The building of medical charity aid foundation has very important practical and immediate significance. It can solve a lot of current problems which bothered a lot such as the owing fee problem in public hospitals， bringing significant help to the weak crowd. It also can conform the international common practices， for the need to construct the platform to make charitable found helps the weak medical treatwent crowd get medical aid， solving the problem that the hospital has no way to benefit from the medical foundation which is built by civil administration， building the good impression for the public hospitals. Besides it can provide channel for legal support. The article analyses the possibilities of building the foundation and the major difficulties which we will face at. A series of tentative plan such as establishing，managing and collecting the foundation are brought forward.

Abstract:Objective： To study the molecular mechanism of epididymal protease inhibitor（Eppin） modulating the liquafication of semen. Methods： Human semenogelin cDNA（nucleotides 82-849） and Eppin cDNA（nucleotides 70-423） were generated by PCR and cloned into pET-100D/TOPO.Recombinant Eppin and Sg were produced by BL21（DE3）. The association of Eppin with Sg was studied by far-western and radioautography.In vitro the digestion of Sg by PSA in the presence or absence of recombinant Eppin was studied. The effect of anti-Q20E（N-terminal） and C-terminal of Eppin on Eppin-Sg binding was monitored. Results： Eppin binds Sg on the surface of human spermatozoa with C-terminal Eppin（aa75-133）.Recombinant Sg was digested with PSA ，many low molecular weight fragments were produced， when Eppin is bound to Sg，then digested by PSA ，producing incomplete digestion and a 14.5-14.8 kDa fragmen. Antibody binding to the N-terminal of Eppin did not affect Sg digestion. Addition of antibodies to the C-terminal of Eppin inhibited the modulating effects of Eppin. Conclusion： Eppin modulates the digestion activity of PSA through binding Sg.The active site locates at C-terminal.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1（sICAM-1） and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1（sVCAM-1） in serum of patients with acute leukemia（AL） and evaluate their clinical significance. Methods： Sixty untreated patients with AL（39 with acute non-lymphoid leukemia, 21 with acute lymphoid leukemia） were included in this study. Serum levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were determined using commercially available immunoassays（ELISA）. In addition, twelve healthy volunteers were studied as control. Results：Serum sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 levels were significantly higher in untreated patients than those in control and the complete remission group（P ＜ 0.001, P ＜ 0.001）. In initial diagnosed patients with AL, the patient who achieved CR showed lower levels of sICAM-1和sVCAM-1 than those without CR（P < 0.05, P < 0.05）. While the difference of the serum levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 between CR group with control group was not significant. The patients with different levels of sICAM-1 or sVCAM-1 showed no statistical difference in overall survival. Conclusion：Serum levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 in patients with AL are abnormal which influence the therapeutic efficiency but had no prognostic significance.

Abstract:Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of rifaximin capsula for acute infectious entercolitis. Methods:A total of 216 patients with acute infectious entercolitis entered a randomized controlled double-blind double dummy multicenter clinical trial. Patients were divided into two groups treated with rifaximin capsula（200 mg, per 6 h）+Oflxacin dummy capsula（2#，3 times per day） as a treated group and Oflaxaxin（200 mg, three times per day）+ rifaxicin dummy capsula（2#, per 6 h) as a control for three days, respectively. 109 patients were enrolled in rifaximin group and 107 patients were enrolled in control group. Results:The rate and time of diarrhea, the normalization rate of stool routine, the clearance of bacteria and the relieve rate of symptoms were similar in the two groups. The total efficacy rates were 95.41% and 95.33%in the treatment and controlled group, respectively. The incidence of adverse reaction was 3.64% and 2.75% in the two groups. There werer no significant differences between the two groups in total efficacy and incidence of adverse reaction. Conclision:Rifaximin is effective and safe in the treatment of acute infectious entercolitis.

Abstract:By elaborating the concept of innovation as well as the promotion of innovational talented personnel, this study was designed to put forward the main problems occurring during the innovational clinical personnel training and meanwhile it also advocates to train innovational clinical personnel by transforming the past educational notions, consolidating the consciously-applied innovational teaching methods, boosting up the discipline of innovational thoughts, and exerting great strength on the molding of innovational personality among medical students.

Abstract:Objective：To evaluate the safety, clinical success rates, and short-term patency in patient with iliac artery and femoral multisegmental artery occlusive disease. Methods：Nineteen patients with iliac artery and femoral multisegmental artery occlusive disease were treated with endovascular therapy. The patients had chronic limb ischemia described as disabling claudication（fontain Ⅱb）in 15cases, restpain in 3 cases, ulcer in 1 case. The affected arteries receiving treatment included 8 iliac arteries with complete occlusion and 11 iliac arteries with critical stenosis（≥50％）, 3 common femoral arteries with complete occlusion or critical stenosis, 6 superficial femoral arteries with complete occlusion, 13 superficial femoral arteries with critical stenosis. Endovascular procedures were performed using introducer sheaths from contralateral femoral artery via aorta crotch to occlusive iliac artery. Results：There was no perioperative death. Total complication rate was 5.2%（one thrombosisn in stent）, and the technical success rate was 100%. The mean follow-up time was 5.5 months（range, 1 to 8 months）. The patency rate was 89%（17／19）. Conclusion：Endovascular therapy of iliac and femoral multisegmental artery occlusive disease is safe, convenient and effective, but the long-term curative effect need to be confirmed.

Abstract:Objective：To explore the expression and clinical significance of p53, C-erbB-2, p21WAF1 and CDK4 in breast cancer tissue. Methods：The level of p53, C-erbB-2, p21WAF1 and CDK4 were detected with immunohistochemical staining method in 120 breast tissues species. The relationship between p53, C-erbB-2, p21WAF1, CDK4 and some clinicopathologic factors were analyzed. Results：P53, C-erbB-2, p21WAF1, CDK4 were mostly expressd in nucleus with rates of 53.3%，63.3%，58.3%，41.6% respectively. The expression level of p53, C-erbB-2 was significantly correlated with histological grade（P < 0.05） and axillary lymph node metastases（P < 0.01）. The p21WAF1 expression was related with lymph node metastasis（P < 0.01）, while not related with clinicopathologic characteristics such as histological grade, PR and ER status（P > 0.05）. The expression of CDK4 was correlated with histological grade（P < 0.01）. and lymph node metastasis status（P < 0.01）,while not correlated with PR and ER status（P > 0.05）. Conclusion：The gene products of p53, C-erbB-2, p21WAF1, CDK4 play a key role in the oncogenesis and development of breast cancer. Their expression could be useful indexes to assess the malignant level and clinical prognosis of breast carcinoma. The expression of p53 and axillary lymph node metastases may be dependent prognostic indicators of operative survival for patients with breast cancer. The combined use of the above markers may be helpful in making a better estimation of prognosis.

Abstract:Objective： To evaluate the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with low acoustic pressure in differential diagnosis of focal liver lesion. Methods：181 cases with 209 focal liver lesions underwent contrast-enhanced ultrasonography（CEUS） and the results were analyzed retrospectively. The lesion was confirmed by pathology or follow-up for 6-12 months. Results：144 cases of HCC, 1 case of angiosarcoma, 1 case of cholangiocellular carcinoma（CCC） and 1 case of hepatic tuberculosis（HTB） showes an enhancement pattern of “fast-in and fast-out”, 25 cases of haemangioma showing “slow-in and slow-out”, 21 nodules of adenomatous hyperplasia in cirrhotic patients showing no enhancement in the arterial phase. In the portal phase, the echogenicity increased and the lesion became isoechoic compared to the surrounding liver parenchyma. Five cases of metastasis showed a pattern of “fast out”, 1 case of focal nodular hyperplasia（FNH） and 1 case of inflammatory pseudotumor（IPT） showing“fast-in and slow-out”. Five cases of liver abscess showed quick indiscrete haphazard enhancement, and 3 cases of IPT and 2 cases of HTB showing no enhancement. Conclusion：CEUS is a choice for characterization of liver focal lesions. Compared to CDFI, CEUS, can dramatically improve the ability to find and characterize focal liver lesions.

Abstract:Standardized test reflects the status quo of the American education to some extent. The idea of keeping their first place in the education has been deeply rooted in American sub-consciousness. Therefore, American government takes pains to improve the educational quality and enhance the educational level incessantly, thus the standardized test is regarded as a key way to realize their goal. However, the United States is always characterized by multiculturalism and individualism, which makes people from all walks of life express their different attitudes. As such, Chinese educationalists also hold different opinions towards it. Under such circumstances, success and failure of standardized test in the US provide some illumination for the improvement of Chinese test system.