Abstract:(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenolic constituent of green tea, can inhibit activity of specific receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and related downstream signal transduction pathways, resulting in the control of unwanted cell proliferation. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is one of the most important pathways that regulates growth, survival, proliferation and differentiation in mammalian cells. This review addresses the effects of EGCG on some protein factors involved in the EGFR signaling pathway in a direct or indirect manner. Based on our understanding of the interaction between EGCG and these factors, and based on their structures, EGCG could be used as a lead compound for designing and synthesizing novel drugs with significant biological activity.

Abstract:To investigate the role of glutathione S-transferase (GST) genetic variants and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in smoking- related coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Methods: Five hundred and thirty-five Chinese CAD patients were successfully genotyped. Plasma total antioxidant status (TAOS), glutathione, C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen(FIB) and white blood cell count (WBC) were determined to evaluate the oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Results: GSTM1-0/GSTT1-0 subjects had a higher CRP, FIB, WBC and GSH and a lower TAOS compared to patients with wild-type GSTM1/GSTT1 genes, but there was significant difference only with regards to TAOS. Smokers with the null genotype of GSTT1 had the highest CRP and the lowest TAOS and GSH when compared to the GSTT1-1 genotype with smoking status, or the GSTT1-0 genotype with non-smoking status, or the GSTT1-1 genotype with non-smoking status. However, we found no significant difference between these groups. Also, no significant interaction was observed between genotypes and smoking status in determining CRP levels. Conclusion: Our results suggest that GST polymorphisms do not modify the effect of smoking on markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in Chinese CAD patients.

Abstract:Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and surgical treatment of intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL), and outline the differences between Chinese and overseas cases. Methods: Clinical data of two IVL cases, treated in our hospital, were analyzed retrospectively and the related literature was also reviewed. The data of preoperative diagnostic rate, surgical procedures, and postoperative recurrence between patients in China and other countries were compared. Results: The first stage operation was performed successfully in 2 patients. However, they refused subsequent therapies, including a second stage operation to excise the remnants of the tumor, uterus, bilateral oviducts and ovaries, and anti-estrogen therapy. Both suffered from IVL recurrence, one at 6-month and the other at 9-month, and died at 16-month and 12-month respectively after the first stage surgery. Worldwide reports of 110 IVL cases were reviewed, which included 28 cases in China and 82 cases in other countries. In the majority of the Chinese patients, tumors only extended into the right atrium rather than the right ventricle (RA 22 cases vs RV 4 cases). However, among the overseas patients, the rate of extension into the right atrium was similar to that of extension into the right ventricle (RA 41 cases vs RV 38 cases). The rate of hysterectomies was not significantly different between Chinese and overseas patients ( 67.86% vs 55.9%, P=0.278). The rate of correct preoperative diagnosis in the Chinese patients was significantly lower than that in the overseas patients (32.14% vs 80%, P=0.000002), as well as the rate of complete excision of the tumor (22.7% vs 75.5%, P=0.000001). The proportion of patients who undergoing a single-stage or a two-stage operation was similar in Chinese and overseas patients. The recurrence rate was significantly higher in the Chinese patients than in the overseas patients (36.8% vs 9.1%, P=0.0055), and the patients with tumor recurrence were partial tumor excision patients. Conclusion: The possibility of IVL should be considered if echocardiography in female patients demonstrates a tumor in the right heart and a mass in the inferior vena cava (IVC). Further imaging should be performed to confirm the diagnosis. The correct diagnosis and accurate preoperative delineation of tumor extension are essential for an optimal surgical outcome. The key point in IVL treatment is the complete excision of tumors (single-stage or two-stage surgical procedure).

Abstract:Objective: To determine the effect of different concentrations of Radix Saposhnikoviae (RS) on the contraction of smooth muscle strips and the Ca2+ mobilization of cultured smooth muscle cells of rat colon and its possible mechanism of action. Methods: Strips of rat colon longitudinal muscle were prepared and smooth muscle cells from rat colon were isolated and cultured. In the experiments, in vitro muscle strips were suspended in an organ bath and the contraction of the strips was recorded. In the cell-experiments, intracellular Ca2+ was assessed using fluorescent intensity (FI) of smooth muscle cells loaded with Fluo-4/AM, measured with a laser scanning confocal microscope and related software. Results: In the in vitro experiment, RS (0.02, 0.2, 2, 20 g/L) inhibited contraction of muscle strips in a concentration-dependent manner, and this inhibition was significant for the three higher RS concentrations (P < 0.01) for both Peak (the maximal contraction amplitude) and Area (the area under curves). Similarly, RS inhibited Ach-induced contraction. In these experiments the inhibition of the Peak values in the RS 2 and 20 g/L groups was significant (P < 0.01), as was the inhibition of the Area values in all RS groups (P < 0.05). Naloxone and propranolol did not significantly affect the inhibitory effect of RS on smooth muscle contractility, while phentolamine significantly reduced the inhibitory effect (P < 0.01). In experiments using primary smooth muscle cell cultures in Ca2+ - containing buffer, the post-treatment fluorescence of cells in the RS 0.2, 2 and 20 g/L groups differed significantly from pre-treatment values (P < 0.05), and the percent inhibition of fluorescence in the RS 2 g/L and 20 g/L groups was significant (P < 0.01). However, in Ca2+-free buffer, FS had no significant effect on cell fluorescence. Conclusion: RS inhibited both the spontaneous and Ach-stimulated contraction of rat colonic smooth muscle strips. This RS effect appeared to involve α-adrenoceptors, but not β-adrenoceptors or opioid receptors. In cultured primary smooth muscle cells, RS reduced the mobilization of Ca2+ from extracellular sources, but may had no effect on the release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum and endoplasmic reticulum.

Abstract:Objective: This study compared the performance of the immunochromatographic strip (ICS) to the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test and Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) at a primary health care setting. Methods: The study group was comprised of 150 females randomly drawn from a population of pregnant women attending their first antenatal visit or follow-up visits at West Maternity Hospital in Eldoret Kenya, but without a previous syphilis test during that pregnancy. On-site VDRL, ICS and TPHA tests were performed and immediate treatment provided where appropriate. The performance of the three tests was compared. Results: The sero-prevalence of syphilis as determined by the VDRL test was 3%. There was no significant difference between the ICS and the VDRL test (P > 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of the ICS test were 80% and 98.6% respectively, while the negative predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive value (PPV) were both 100%. On the other hand, the sensitivity and specificity of the VDRL test were 66.7% and 99.3%, while the NPV and PPV were 80% and 98.6% respectively. The Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay was used as a reference test and had sensitivity, specificity, NPV and PPV of 100%. Conclusion: The diagnostic accuracy of the ICS compared favorably with theVDRL gold standard. The use of the ICS in Kenya can improve the diagnosis of syphilis in health facilities both with and without laboratories and allow community health care workers to make a rapid diagnosis of the disease, and consequently make immediate therapeutic decisions.

Abstract:Objective: This study was designed as an open-label trial to assess the effects of changing the antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) regi-men to lamotrigine (LTG) as adjunctive/monotherapy in patients with partial seizures who were dissatisfied with their drug regimen because of intractable seizures. Methods: The patients were recruited from multicenters using the following criteria: age≥18 years; at least 3 seizures per month during the last 16 weeks; previous use of at least 3 AEDs. The study involved a baseline phase and 2 experimental phases: LTG was first added to the regimen, and then patients could gradually change to LTG monotherapy if their seizures were reduced by at least 50 percent/month. Tolerability, the primary end point, was assessed using the Liverpool Adverse Experience Profile (LAEP). Secondary end points included quality of life, as measured with the Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 inven-tory. Reductions in seizures from baseline throughout each phase were also analyzed. Results: One hundred and fourteen patients aged between 18 and 52 years (age 27.8±13.2 years; 71 men and 43 women) were enrolled. After adding LTG, 105 patients (92.11%) completed adjunctive therapy. Upon completion of the adjunctive phase, mean improvement from baseline was 2.6 points on the LAEP (p=0.037). The overall score on the QOLIE-31 improved by 8.49 points from baseline (p=0.023). At the end of the trial, 26 (22.81%) of patients completed LTG monotherapy, and 65 patients (57.02%) experienced at least 50% reduction in seizure frequency compared to baseline, The mean improvement from baseline was 5.1 points on the LAEP (p=0.0059), and the overall score on the QOLIE-31 score improved by 12.72 points from baseline(p=0.0071). Twenty-two (19.30%) patients reported adverse effects and 9 patients discontinued participation in the trial because of adverse effects. Conclusion: For patients with partial seizures who were dissatisfied with their AED regimen because of intractable seizures, adding LTG to the drug regimen was well tolerated and effective in improving the quality of life and controlling seizures. Furthermore, switching to LTG monotherapy was associated with further improvement.

Abstract:Objective: To evaluate the effects of preoperative inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on the incidence of atelectasis in patients at high risk of postoperative pulmonary complications scheduled for elective total hip replacement surgery under general anesthesia. Methods: Thirty two high-risk patients undergoing elective total hip replacement surgery under general anesthesia were chosen from Nanjing Medical University, Affiliated Nanjing First Hospital. In this single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial, patients were randomly assigned to receive preoperative inspiratory muscle training or conventional treatment (CT). The major effectiveness outcome variables were atelectasis and duration of postoperative hospitalization. Results: Both groups were comparable prior to surgery. Seven patients in the CT group and 3 in the IMT group developed atelectasis (P = 0.25). Median duration of postoperative hospitalization was 13 days (range, 10～17 days) in the IMT group versus 16 days (range, 11～23 days) in the CT group (Mann-Whitney U statistics, Z = -2.22, P = 0.03). Mean postoperative inspiratory pressure was 5% higher in the IMT group. Conclusion: Preoperative intensive inspiratory muscle training appears to reduce the incidence of atelectasis and duration of postoperative hospitalization in patients at high risk of developing postoperative pulmonary complications who were scheduled for elective total hip replacement surgery under general anesthesia.

Abstract:Objective: To investigated the role of intraoperative iodine-125 (125I) brachytherapy as a treatment option for advanced thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Methods: Using preoperative computed tomography (CT)-based staging criteria, between 2000 and 2008, 298 patients with ESCC (stage II-III) were enrolled in this prospective study. With informed consent, patients were randomized into two groups: intraoperative 125I seed implantation and surgery alone (control group). Twenty to forty 125I seeds (0.5 mCi per seed), with a total activity in 10~30 mCi, and a matched peripheral dose (MPD) of 60~70 Gy, were implanted under direct visualization. The surgical procedure used in this study was either a radical resection, which involved an esophagectomy through a left thoracotomy with two-field lymphadenectomy, or palliative resection. The postoperative complications were observed and recorded. The location and quality assessment of 125I seeds were assessed using CT scans or X-ray imaging. The short-term efficacy was evaluated according to WHO criteria. The 1, 3, 5 and 7-year survival rates were determined on follow-up. Results: There was no displacement or loss of 125I seeds. The local recurrence rates in the intraoperative 125I seed implantation group and control group were 14.9% and 38.7%, respectively (P < 0.05). An objective response rate of 92% was observed in the seed implant group, which was significantly higher than 0% in the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups when comparing of complications (P > 0.05). The 1-year survival rate of the two groups were not significantly different (P > 0.05). However, the 3, 5 and 7-year survival rates in the united 125I group (64%, 55.3% and 8%, respectively) were statistically different from those in the control group (52%, 29.1% and 1.4%,respectively)(P < 0.05). Conclusion: Intraoperative 125I seed implantation is safe and effective for advanced ESCC. Seed implantation may reduce the local recurrence rate and improve survival in patients with ESCC. The MPD of 60~70 Gy, with single 125I seed activity of 0.5 mCi, is reasonable.

Abstract:Objective: MnSOD plays a vital role in carcinogenesis, partly in that it converts superoxide radical to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The conflicting results of studies on the role of MnSOD polymorphism (Val-9Ala) with the risk of prostate cancer encouraged us to perform a meta-analysis to examine the association. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted to examine all the eligible studies of MnSOD polymorphism and prostate cancer risk. We used odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the strength of the association. The pooled estimates of ORs were computed using the fixed-effects model or random-effects model. Results: Ten eligible studies, including 4 608 cases and 5 861 controls, were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, individuals with Ala/Ala and Ala/Val genotypes have an increased risk of prostate cancer, compared with those carrying the Val/Val genotype (Ala/Ala vs. Val/Val: OR=1.13; 95% CI=1.02～1.25; P = 0.020, Pheterogeneity=0.370; Ala/Val vs. Val/Val: OR=1.14; 95% CI=1.04～1.25; P = 0.004, Pheterogeneity=0.940). This significant association was also found in a dominant model with -9Ala allele (Ala/Ala＋Ala/Val vs. Val/Val: OR=1.12; 95% CI: 1.03～1.22; P = 0.009, Pheterogeneity=0.64). In the subgroup by ethnicity, it was observed that significantly elevated prostate cancer risk was associated with -9Ala allele in Caucasians (Ala/Ala vs. Val/Val: OR=1.14; 95% CI=1.03～1.27; P = 0.01, Pheterogeneity=0.31; Ala/Val vs. Val/Val: OR=1.14; 95% CI=1.04～1.24; P = 0.006, Pheterogeneity=0.87) but not in African-Americans. Furthermore, this meta-analysis showed that the -9Ala allele was associated with both nonaggressive and aggressive prostate cancer risks. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis suggests that MnSOD Val-9Ala polymorphism is associated with prostate cancer risk, especially in Caucasians.

Abstract:Objective: To explore the roles of the expression of the co-stimulatory molecule, B7-2, and the co-inhibitory molecule, PD-L1, on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the mechanism of immunotolerance in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Methods: Thirty HBV infected patients in the immunoreactive phase and 20 patients in the immunotolerant phase were enrolled in the study, while 20 healthy volunteers were used as controls. RT- PCR and real-time PCR methods were used to detect the expression levels of B7-2 and PD-L1 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in chronic HBV infected patients. Results: The B7-2 expression in immunoreactive and immunotolerant patients was significantly lower than that in the controls (P all < 0.01 ); B7-2 expression in immunoreactive patients was significantly lower than in immunotolerant patients (P < 0.01). PD-L1 expression in immunoreactive patients and immunotolerant patients was significantly higher than that in normal controls (P all < 0.01). The PD-L1/B7-2 ratios in immunoreactive and immunotolerant patients were significantly higher than that of the healthy controls (P all < 0.01); the PD-L1/B7-2 ratio was significantly higher in the immunoreactive patients than in the immunotolerant patients (P < 0.01). Conclusion: In chronic HBV infection, changes in the expression of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules imply a protective adjustment against the patient's immune response that may result in increased immunotolerance and persistent HBV infection.

Abstract:Objective: To study the expression of osteosarcoma metastasis associated gene using a cDNA microarray, and screen new candidate genes related to the development, progress and osteosarcoma metastasis. Methods: Total RNA of a low metastatic osteosarcoma and a high metastatic osteosarcoma (M6 and M8 cell lines, respectively) was extracted, purified to mRNA and then reverse transcribed to cDNA. M6 was used as the experimental group and M8 as the control group, and the gene expression of cells from both of these two sublines was investigated using cDNA microarrays containig 8064 cDNA clones. The cDNA of M6 was labeled with cy3 and the cDNA of M8 was labeled with cy5. The two sublines were hybridized with the cDNA microarray. The hybridization signals were scanned with a Generation III array scanner and analyzed by Imagequant 5.0 software. Results: There were 330 differentially expressed genes between M6 and M8. In the M6 subline,152 genes were up-regulated and 178 genes were down-regulated compared to the M8 subline. These genes could be classified according to their function. Cell growth-related genes that were down-regulated included CCNG1, CDC2, APC10,and RPA3, while expression of the tumor suppressor genes, CDKN1A and CDKN2D, was up-regulated. Other genes that were differentially expressed included those that have been implicated in the regulation of signal transduction, metabolism and apoptosis. Conclusion: This study exploits a cDNA microarray approach to identifying genes that may be associated with metastasis. The gene expression profiles of osteosarcoma cell lines is a potentially important index in the search of new candidate genes related to tumor occurrence, development and metastasis.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate the effect of PGE2 on the expression of Survivin in HuH7 cell line and its correlation with PI3K/AKT signal conduction pathway. Methods:HuH7 cells were treated with PGE2,Celecoxib(EP receptor agonist),LY294002(EP receptor inhibitor). Western blotting was employed to detect the expression of Survivin in HuH7 cells. Results:The expression of Survivin in HuH7 cells were increased by 63.59%,114.76%,76.68% and 70.01%(P < 0.01)after treatment of PGE2(5 μmol/L) and EP1,EP3,EP4 receptor agonist(5 μmol/L)for 8 h,and decreased by 32.95%(P < 0.01)and 28.36%(P < 0.05) after treatment of EP1 and EP4 receptor inhibitor(10 μmol/L)for 8 h respectively,but have no change after treatment of EP2 receptor agonist(5 μmol/L) and EP2 receptor inhibitor(5 μmol/L)(P > 0.05). After the treatment of LY294002(10 μmol/L) for 8 h,the expression of Survivin in HuH7 cells were decreased by 28.05%(P < 0.01) vs that treated with PGE2 . Conclusion:Our findings suggested that PGE2 might up-regulate the expression of Survivin through EP1,EP3 and EP4 receptors,which could be partly related to the PI3K/AKT signal conduction pathway.

Abstract:Objective:To construct Gadd45γ and its shRNA expression vectors and assess their function on rat glomerular mesangial cell(GMC). Methods:The cds area of Gadd45γ and four 19~21 bp reverse repeated motifs targeting of Gadd45γ gene were synthesized and cloned into eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA3.1/HA and pGCsi.U6.neo.GFP. After being screened and confirmed,the recombinant plasmids were transfected into GMCs,then the levels of Gadd45γ protein in rat GMCs were measured using Western blot and immunocytochemistry to prove its expression and find out the optimal shRNA. Results:It was verified by partial nucleotide sequencing and restriction endonuclease digestion that the constructed eukaryotic vectors were correct. The results by Western blot and immunocytochemistry showed that the constructed pcDNA3.1/Gadd45γ plasmid could express correctly,and the optimal shRNA which could effectively silence the target gene,was Gadd45γ shRNA-3. Conclusion:The pcDNA3.1/ Gadd45γ plasmid and its shRNA were constructed successfully. These data provide the foundation for studying biological functions of Gadd45γ gene in the future.

Abstract:Objective:To construct shRNA expression vectors targeting of rat ATF3 gene specifically. Methods:Five 19~21 bp shRNAs targeting of rat ATF3 gene were synthesized and cloned into eukaryotic expression plasmid pGenesil-1. After being digested by restriction endonuclease and sequencing confirmed,the recombinant plasmids were transfected into rat glomerular mesangial cells(GMC),and then the level of ATF3 protein was measured by Western blot to select the optimal shRNA. Results:It was verified by partial nucleotide sequencing and restriction endonuclease digestion that the eukaryotic vectors expressing shRNA targeting of rat ATF3 gene were successfully constructed. The most optimal shRNA which could effectively silence the target genes was shATF3-1. Conclusion:The eukaryotic vector with the ability of specifically knocking down rat ATF3 gene was constructed successfully.

Abstract:Objective:To generate an anti-Met single-chain antibody fragment(scFv)and human IgG Fc fusion protein and increase the solubility of the scFv. Methods:The human IgG Fc gene was amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into the expression vector of pBAD-scFv which had been constructed previously. The anti-Met scFv-Fc expressing vector was transferred into E.coli. Top10 and the fusion protein expression was induced by L-arabinose.The soluble protein was purified by His-affinity chromatography and characterized by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The specificity of the scFv-Fc fusion protein was confirmed by ELISA. Results:DNA sequence result showed that the cloned scFv-Fc gene sequence was correct, corresponding to the data of GenBank. SDS-PAGE and Western blot showed that the molecular weight of the fusion protein was about 60 ku.The ELISA results confirmed the scFv-Fc fusion protein could bind to Met protein specifically. Conclusion:The solubilty of scFv-Fc fusion protein was increased when compared with that of the scFv fragment.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate the effect of actin phosphorylation on the migration ability in human breast(MDA-MB-231)cancer cells and its role in the reorganization of actin cytoskeleton. Methods:The MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with LPA(10 μmol/L)for 4 h. Migration rate was measured by Transwell assay. The contents of G-actin(in cytosolic fraction) and F-actin(in cytoskeletal fraction) in cells were evaluated by Western blotting. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was used to separate phosphorylated actin from unphosphorylated actin in cytosolic and cytoskeletal fraction of cells. Results:After treated with LPA for 4h,the ability of migration in MDA-MB-231 cells was significantly increased compared to the control cells. Consistently,the cellular F-actin was also polymerized after LPA treatment. The proportion of phoshprylated actin after LPA treatment was higher than that of control cells. The further study demonstrated that dephosphorylated actin was only found in cytoplasmic fraction rather than in cytoskletonal fraction. Conclusion:LPA can enhance the ability of migration and polymerization of actin cytoskeleton in MDA-MB-231 cells probably through the phosphorylation of actin.

Abstract:Objective:To determine whether bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BM-MSCs) can migrate subcutaneously into different organs. Methods:The bone marrow cells isolated from β-galactosidase transgenic mice were cultured. BM-MSCs were passaged until the 3rd generation. The 3rd passaged BM-MSCs derived from β-galactosidase transgenic mice were transplanted into 6-week-old C57BL/6J wild type mice subcutaneously. 8 weeks later,β-gal+ MSCs were shown the distribution in various organs from recipient mice through LacZ staining. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase(MMPs) genes in the 3rd passaged β-gal+ BM-MSCs were examined by real-time RT-PCR. Results:The 3rd passaged BM-MSCs derived from β-galactosidase transgenic mice were positive for LacZ staining. Followed subcutaneous injection of the 3rd passaged β-gal+ BM-MSCs for 8 weeks,β-gal positive organ specific cells were detected in lung,brain,heart,liver and kidney from recipient mice. MMPs genes were expressed in the 3rd passaged β-gal+ BM-MSCs. Conclusion:BM-MSCs transplanted through subcutaneously can migrate into various organs through blood circulation and may differentiate into various organ specific cells to participate in self-renewal of normal tissues.

Abstract:Objective:To determine whether effects of active vitamin D deficiency and subsequent alterations of milk contents on tooth and mandible development in sucking pups. Methods:Comparison of tooth and mandible phenotypes between 25-Dihydroxyvi-tamin D3 1α-hydroxylase heterozygous[1α(OH)ase+/-] and homozygous[1α(OH)ase-/-] sucking mice at 2-week-old fed by 1α(OH)ase+/- or 1α(OH)ase-/- dames by radiography,micro-CT and histology. Results:Milk calcium levels were decreased in 1α(OH)ase-/- dames compared with that in 1α(OH)ase+/- dames. Dental volume and bone volume in mandibles were reduced in 1α(OH)ase-/- pups compared with those in their 1α(OH)ase+/- littermates. Dental volume and bone volume in mandibles were also reduced in pups fed by 1α(OH)ase-/ dames compared with pups fed by 1α(OH)ase+/- dames. Dental volume and bone volume in mandibles were the highest in 1α(OH)ase+/- pups fed by 1α(OH)ase+/- dames and were lowest in 1α(OH)ase-/- pups fed by 1α(OH)ase-/- dames. Conclusion:Active vitamin D and high milk calcium intake stimulate the mineralization and development of teeth and mandibles respectively and have cooperative action.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate the effect of Angiotensin Ⅱ(AngⅡ)on renal tubular Epithelial-Mesenchymal transition,evaluate the relationship between AngⅡ and transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) and discuss the mechanism of AngⅡ involved in tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Methods:Human proximal tubular epithelial HKC cells were taken as research objects. They was maintained in DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 10% newborn calf serum. α-SMA,E-cadherin and FN triggered by AngⅡ(10-9,10-8, 10-7,10-6 mol/L),and the combination of TGF-β1 were tested by Western blot. The changes of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in supernatant were detected by gelatin zymogramphy. The migration of HKC was assayed by Boyden chamber. Results:①In HKC induced by AngⅡ only,the expression of α-SMA and E-cadherin proteins has no change,while FN was highly expressed. ②α-SMA,E-cadherin and FN triggered by combination of TGF-β1 and AngⅡ was up-regulated,and AngⅡ could enhance the effect of TGF-β1. ③AngⅡ up-regulated MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions of HKC. ④AngⅡ(10-7,10-6 mol/L) could increase the number of cells that migrated across the filter and attached to the underside of boyden chamber. Conclusion:①Ang Ⅱ was involved in EMT,while it was not the critical factor of EMT. ②AngⅡ cooperated with TGF-β1 was involved in EMT and might aggravate tubulointerstitial fibrosis.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate the mechanism of the PTH deficiency resulting in fertility defects in female mice. Methods:Capacity of fertility,the number of tertiary follicles,corpus luteum formation and angiogenesis were compared between PTH knock-out and wild-type littermates at 4 months of ages fed either on normal calcium(1%),low calcium(0.01%) and high calcium(2%) diet by using histology,immunohistochemistry and Western-blot,respectively. Results:Compared with wild-type mice,on the normal calcium diet,PTH knock-out mice displayed lower fertility capacity,decreased number of tertiary follicles and formation of corpus luetum and reduced the angiogenesis in ovary; On the low calcium diet,PTH knock-out mice displayed completely infertile,further decreased number of tertiary follicles without the corpus luteum formation and reduced angiogenesis in ovary more dramatically; Whereas on the high calcium diet,PTH knock-out mice were normalized for all fertility parameters including the number of tertiary follicles,the corpus luteum formation and angiogenesis in ovary. Conclusion:PTH deficiency resulted in fertility defects mediated through extracellular calcium.

Abstract:Objective:To confirm the expression of parathyroid hormone(PTH) gene in mouse thymus,determine the localization of PTH protein in mouse thymus and explore whether thymus-derived PTH is regulated by the alteration of serum calcium levels. Methods:The difference of PTH gene and protein expression in parathyroid gland and thymus were compared between PTH knock-out mice 1α(OH)ase knock-out mice and their wild-type littermates at 2 weeks of ages by RT-PCR,real-time PCR and immunohistohemistry. Results:PTH gene and protein were undetectable in parathyroid gland and thymus in PTH knock-out mice,but were detectable in both organs in wild-type mice,despite the fact that the gene and protein expression of PTH was lower in the thymus than in the parathyroid glands. PTH was localized in the epithelium,but not in lymphocytes in thymus. PTH gene and protein expression levels were up-regulated in parathyroid gland and thymus in 1α(OH)ase knock-out mice with hypocalcaemia. Conclusion:The thymus is the another source of parathyroid hormone,in which the expression of PTH is regulated by the alteration of serum calcium levels.

Abstract:Objective:To explore the relationship between non-syndromic hearing loss and SLC26A5 IVS2-2A > G transition in Chinese Han populations. Methods:Genomic DNA from 120 hearing impaired and 100 normal hearing control subjects were isolated and amplified using primers corresponding to IVS2-2 region of SLC26A5 gene. Each fragment was purified and subsequently analyzed by direct sequencing in an Applied Biosystems 3730 automated DNA sequencer. The resultant sequence data were compared with the standard sequence to identify IVS2-2A > G substitution. Results:PCR amplifications were successfully conducted in all the subjects. The IVS2-2A > G variant was not found in a total 220 Chinese Han people with either impaired or normal hearing,by sequence analysis. Conclusion:The carrier frequency for the SLC26A5 IVS2-2A > G DNA sequence variation in Chinese Han populations is very low or naught. Further studies are needed to elucidate the correlation between this mutation and hereditary hearing impairment.

Abstract:Objective:To obtain the PANC1 pancreatic cell line which was stably transfected with HCCR siRNA plasmid and investigate the effect of proliferation and invasion on PANC1 cell by knockdown of HCCR expression through RNA interference. Methods:The siRNA targeting HCCR was designed and the plasmid of pGCsi-HCCR was synthesized. Plasmid of pGCsi-HCCR was transfected into PANC1 cells. The vector pGCsi was used as the negtive control. G418-resistant clone was selected and obtained. Proteins of the stable-transfected cell lines was detected by western blot using HCCR antibody. p53 protein in the stably transfected cell lines was also detected. Flow cytometry(FCM), MTT and Transwell assay were examined to observe the apoptotic rate, proliferation and invasion of HCCR siRNA transfectant. Results:Plasmid of pGCsi-HCCR can inhibit the expression of HCCR. The protein level of P53 was decreased in HCCR siRNA cells compared with the vector cells. Plasmid of pGCsi-HCCR can induce a more significant G0/G1 stage arrest and higher apoptotic rate compared with control cells. The proliferation of HCCRsiRNA cells were decreased by 0.65 times and 0.68 times in HCCRsiRNA cells compared with control cells. The number of invasion cells were 24.4 ± 9.9 and 49.1 ± 15.4 respectively, which were significant difference. Conclusion:Down-regulating the expression of HCCR gene by siRNA can inhibit proliferation and invasion and induce apoptosis in PANC1 cells.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate the expression of interstitial cells of Cajal(ICC)and stem cell factor(SCF)in mice colon with ulcerative colitis(UC). Methods:Thirty-two male health adult BALB/c mice were divided randomly into control group and UC groups. Eight mice of the UC groups were sacrificed after 1,4 and 7 days respectively.The colon histological score was made according to Dieleman’s method,and the expression of ICC and SCF in distal colon was detected by immunohischemistry and Western blot analysis. Results:Comparing with normal mice,the colon histological score showed a peak level at 7th day(P < 0.05). The number of distal colon ICC in UC groups was more significantly decreased than that in the normal mice(P < 0.05). Meanwhile,the expression of SCF of distal colon in UC groups was significantly decreased in UC groups compared with that in normal mice(P < 0.01). There were high positive correlations between SCF and ICC(UC 4 d,r = 0.862,P = 0.027;UC 7 d,r = 0.948,P = 0.004). Conclusion:The decrease of SCF and ICC in the distal colon of mice with ulcerative colitis may be an effective factor which is associated with the mechanism of ulcerative colitis.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate the mRNA and protein expressions of Rac1 and HIF-1α in human esophageal squamous cell cancer Eca109 and the effects on the cell proliferation of Eca109. Methods:The mRNA and protein expressions of Rac1 and HIF-1α were detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot under hypoxia;The expression of HIF-1α mRNA and the cell proliferation were detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and MTT in Eca109 cell line with the use of Rac1 specific inhibitor NSC23766 under normoxia and hypoxia. Results:The mRNA and protein expressions of Rac1 and HIF-1α were upregulated in Eca109 cell line by hypoxia,up to the maximum in 24 h. Rac1 specific inhibitor NSC23766 reversed the hyoxia-induced upregulation of HIF-1α mRNA and significantly inhibited the proliferation of Eca109 cell line. Conclusion:Rac1 and HIF-1α were both activated by hypoxia,and might be involved in the proliferation of the cancer cell.

Abstract:Objective:To explore the expression of Musashi-1 mRNA in colonic cancer,which is a putative intestinal stem and early progenitor cell marker. Methods:The mRNA expression of Musashi-1 gene in 25 colonic cancer specimens and 18 distal normal colon tissues was detected by relatively quantitative real-time RT-PCR method. The multiples of expression of Musashi-1 in colonic cancer relative to distal normal colon tissue was calculated by the method of 2-△△CT. Results:By Real-time RT-PCR method,the expression of Musashi-1 mRNA in colonic cancer was 4.24(1.95-9.23)times higher than that in distal normal colon tissue. There was a significant difference between them(P < 0.01). The expression of Musashi-1 mRNA in the poorly differentiated colonic cancer was significantly different from the high and medium differentiated tissues(P < 0.001 and P < 0.005). The expression of Musashi-1 mRNA in the poorly differentiated colonic cancer was 5.54(3.07-9.98)times higher than that in the high differentiated tissues. Conclusion:The expression of Musashi-1 mRNA in colonic cancer especially is higher in poorly differentiated tissues than in distal normal colon tissue,which suggests that Musashi-1,the intestinal stem and early progenitor cell marker,may play an important role in the initiation and development of the colonic cancer.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate the protective effect of PEG1 and adenosine perfusion on the isolated lung of rabbit. Methods:Eighteen rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups which contain control group(A),UW fluid with PGE1 group(B),UW fluid with adenosine group(C). The lungs and hearts of rabbits were dissociated as the isolated lung and heart model. The model was perfused with low temperature perfusion fluid and conserved. The lung specimens were obtained in order to analyze the changes in morphology by using electron microscope at 2 and 4 h after perfusion. The ratio of wet/dry weight(W/D),airway pressure(Paw)of lung model,gas analysis of the blood which was pumped into the lung model through main pulmonary artery were detected,and then the blood which was elicited from left atrium pulmonale by using a vacuum aspiration tube after 4 hours of perfusion was collected. Results:The protective effects on the gas exchange function of the lung and the moisture capacity in group B were better than those in group A and C significantly. The protective effect on Paw,moisture capacity and the gas exchangs function of lung of group C was better than those of group A. Conclusion:Perfusion of the isolated lung with PGE1 can get longer time of preservation and better function of lung tissue gas exchange than pertusion with UW solution.

Abstract:Objective:To explore the role of mineralocorticoid receptor(MR) in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ(PPARγ)promoting white adipose cell differentiation. Methods:With the process of adipose differentiation,3T3-L1 fibroblasts were long-term exposure to pioglitazone,an agonist of PPARγ. The mRNA levels of MR and relative genes were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. Results:Accompanied with pioglitazone induced adipogenesis,mRNA levels of MR and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 were increased. Conclusion:PPARγ agonist promoted the gene expression of mineralocorticoid receptor in adipocyte differentitation.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate the inhibition effect of small interfering RNA(siRNA)on the expression of vitamin D receptor(VDR),and observe the effects of down-regulation of VDR on the expression of dentin matrix protein 1(Dmp1),core binding factorα1(Cbfa1)and bone morphogenesis protein 2(BMP-2)mRNA in mouse osteoblast mc3t3-E1cells. Methods:Four pairs of 21 nucleotide VDR siRNAs directed to mouse VDR mRNA 144,594,852 and 3 628 targets were transfected into mc3t3-E1cells with LipofectamineTM 2000,while untreated and transfected scramble siRNA served as the blank control and nonspecific siRNA control separately. Total RNA of the cells were extracted after 24 h of transfection while protein extracted after 72 h. The expression of VDR in mRNA and protein levels were assessed by semiquantitive RT-PCR and Western blot respectively,according to ascertainment of the effective siRNA sequences. The expression of the functional gene of osteoblast,Dmp1,Cbfa1 and BMP-2 mRNA in mc3t3-E1 cells were detected by quantitive SYBR Green real-time PCR. Results:Compared with the blank control group,the expression of VDR mRNA and protein were significantly down-regulated by siRNA directed to 852 and 3628 target of mouse VDR mRNA(P < 0.01),while siRNA directed to 144 and 594 targets showed no effect on the expression of VDR(P > 0.05). According to the results of real-time PCR the expression of Dmp1,Cbfa1 and BMP-2 mRNA were down-regulated in mc3t3-E1 cells transfected with siRNAs directed to 852 and 3628 targets(P < 0.01). Conclusion:VDR siRNA can effectively inhibit the mRNA and protein mRNA expression of VDR. Inhibition of VDR expression down-regulates the mRNA expression of Dmp1,Cbfa1 and BMP-2 in mouse osteoblastic mc3t3-E1 cells. VDR may play some role in the maintenance of osteoblast functions.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate the effects of bufalin on glomerular mesangial cells(GMC)apoptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS). Methods:Rat GMC lines were cultivated in vitro and divided into 3 groups:control group,LPS group(LPS 5mg/L),bufalin group(LPS 5 mg/L and bufalin 1 × 10-8 mol/L).Cell structure was observed by electron microscrop.The transcriptional level of Bax and Bcl-2 gene were detected by RT-PCR. The protein expression level of Bax and Bcl-2 were detected by Western blot method. Results:The morphology of GMC presented changes of apoptosis with electron microscopg. The mRNA and protein expression of Bax in bufalin group were more significant than those in LPS group(P < 0.01),but the mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2 were less than those in LPS group(P < 0.01). Conclusion:Bufalin may induce the cell apoptosis of lipopolysaccharide-induced GMC by modulating Bax and Bcl-2.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate the mRNA expression of four serotonin 5-HT4 receptor isoforms(5-HT4Ra,5-HT4Rb,5-HT4Rg,5-HT4Ri) in interatrial septum with atrial fibrillation(AF) and study its clinic significance. Methods:Interatrial septums were obtained from 36 patients who underwent heart valve replacement. Among them,17 patients were in sinus rhythm and 19 patients had AF. The mRNA expression of 5-HT4 receptor isoforms was measured by SYBR Green Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Results:5-HT4Ra mRNA expression in the SR and AF Group was(19.89 ± 9.68) × 10-4 and(336.86 ± 255.56) × 10-4 respectively. Compared with the SR Group,it was increased by 1593.61%(P < 0.01) in the AF group;5-HT4Rb mRNA expression in the SR and AF Group was(23.32 ± 8.37) × 10-4 and(240.32 ± 242.49) × 10-4 respectively. And it was increased by 930.53%(P < 0.01) in the AF group;5-HT4Rg mRNA expression in the SR and AF Group was(2.23 ± 0.77) × 10-4 and(0.72 ± 0.45) × 10-4 respectively. But it was decreased by 67.71%(P < 0.01) in the AF group;5-HT4Ri mRNA expression in the SR and AF Group was(34.95 ± 8.08) × 10-4 and(392.15 ± 347.75) × 10-4 respectively. And it was increased by 1022.03%(P < 0.01) in the AF group. Conclusion:These data support that the abnormal mRNA expression of 5-HT4 receptor isoforms in interatrial septum may be involved in the occurrence and maintenance of AF.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate mRNA expression of human runt-related transcription factor1(Runx1) in non small cell lung cancer(NSCLC),and its genesis and development. Methods:The mRNA expression of Runx1 was measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR in 37 cases of NSCLC tissues and 10 cases of normal tissues beside the lung benign lesion tissues. Results:The mRNA expression level of Runx1 gene was significantly lower in NSCLC tissues than in normal tissues(P < 0.01). The mRNA expression level of Runx1 gene was significantly related to lymphatic metastasis(P < 0.05). Conclusion:Compared with the control,the expression of Runx1 mRNA was dereased and was correlated with lymph node metastasis. It suggests that Runx1 should be involved in the generation and development of NSCLC.

Abstract:Objective:To explore the mechanism of alendronate on the formation of osteoclast from osteoclast precursors(OCPs) induced by wear debris,and provide more evidences for bisphosphonate on the treatment of aseptic loosening of prosthesis. Methods:OCPs were induced from hematopoietic stem cells in the presence of macrophage colony stimulating factor(M-CSF), and then OCPs were induced into osteoclast cells in the presence of M-CSF and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand(RANKL), and then polyethylene(103/ml) and different concentration alendronate(0.4 -滋g/ml,2.0 -滋g/ml,10.0 -滋g/ml,50.0 -滋g/ml) were added to the culture medium. After cultured for 4 days,the cells were stained with TRAP. Multinucleated( ≥ 3 nuclei) TRAP-positive cells were counted as osteoclasts, and the expression of TRAP mRNA were determined by RT-PCR. Results:The number of TRAP+ osteoclasts and the expression of TRAP mRNA from the polyethylene group were significantly higher than those in control group(P < 0.05), which in alendronate groups were all lower than those in the polyethylene group,and the number of TRAP+ osteoclasts and the expression of TRAP were decreased with the concentration increase of alendronate(P < 0.05). Conclusion:Bisphosphonate can inhibit the formation of osteoclast from osteoclast precursors induced by wear debris.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate the effects of Iptakalim(IPT),a novel ATP sensitive potassium channel opener,on the lung mRNA expression of endothelin A receptor(ETAR)and endothelin B receptor(ETBR)in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension(HPH). Methods:SD rats were equally divided into normal-controlled group,HPH-model group,and IPT treated group(treated with IPT 1.5 mg/(kg·d) prior to hypoxia). The HPH-model group and IPT treated group were bred in normal baric and hypoxic condition,8 hours a day,6 days a week,for 4 weeks. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)was performed to analyze the expression of ETAR and ETBR. Results:The mRNA expression of ETAR was markedly higher(P < 0.01),whereas the level of ETBR mRNA was significantly lower in HPH rats than in control(P < 0.01);Iptakalim significantly inhibited the expression of ETAR mRNA(P < 0.01),and enhanced the expression of ETBR in HPH rats(P < 0.01). Conclusion:There were significantly alterations in gene expression of ET receptors in the lung of HPH,and Iptakalim could partly reverse this expression,which might contribute to inhibit vasoconstriction and vascular proliferation.

Abstract:Objective:To study the expression levels of endothelin-1(ET-1)in lung vascular endothelium,bronchial and alveolar epithelia,thromboxane A2(TAX2)and prostacyclin(PGI2)in plasma and arterial blood gas in acute pulmonary thromboembolism(APTE)of rabbit,and explore the effects of thrombolytic(urokinase,UK)and ant-inflammatory therapy(xuebijing)on their expressions. Methods:Thirty rabbits were randomly divided into the control group,the pulmonary thromboembolism(PTE)model group,the Xuebijing therapy group,the UK therapy group and an UK + Xuebijing therapy group,with 6 rabbits in each group. The PTE model was established by intravenous injection of autologous blood clots. Arterial bloodgas were analyzed,and Plasma’s concentrations of TXA2 and PGI2 by were examined by radioimmunoassay before and 1 h,2 h,4 h,8 h after injection. Pathological changes of the lung were examined with light microscope,and the expression levels of ET-1 in lung vascularendothelium,bronchial and alveolar epithelia were examined by immunohistochemistry. Results:①Arterial blood gas analysis showed that PO2 and PCO2 were obviously lower in PTE model group than the control group,no significance found in Xuebijing group and PTE group;the PO2 improved earlier in UK and UK + Xuebijing groups than in PTE group;②radioimmunoassay showed that TXA2 and PGI2 in the PTE group increased at 1 h,peaked at 2 h,decreased at 4 h,which also were higher than those in the control group at 1 h,2 h,4 h(P < 0.01),In the treat group TXA2 and PGI2 increased at 1 h,peaked 2 h,decreased after 2 h,also decreased fasted than those in PTE group at 1 h,2 h and 4 h irrespectively(P < 0.01),especially in UK + Xuebijing group. There were no differences in TXA2 and PGI2 before injection and 8 h after injectionin in each groups;③Histopathological study showed that lung injury was obvious in the PTE,but was less inUK and Xuebijing groups,and least inthe UK + Xuebijing group;④the immunohistochemistry results showed in the PTE and Xuebijing groups,the expression levels of ET-1 in lung vascular endothelium,bronchial and alveolar epithelia were significantly higher compared those in the control group. The UK and UK + Xuebijing groups were significantly lower in ET-1 as compared to the PTE group. Conclusion:After APTE,thrombolytic and anti-inflammatory treatment could improve arterial blood gas,decrease TXA2,PGI2 and acute lung injury induced by ET-1. Thus,Xuebijing injection may alleviate pulmonary inflammation and decrease acute lung injury in APTE . Anti-inflammatory therapy should be considered in APTE when thrombolytic treatment was used.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate the relationship between serum levels of cystatin C and severity of coronary heart disease(CHD). Methods:Five hundred and twenty-five patients with CHD who underwent coronary angiography were selected in the study.The relationship between serum levels of cystatin C and the pathogenetic condition of CHD,the number of diseased vessels and the CHD Gensini cumulative index was evaluated. Serum levels of cystatin C was measured by nephelometric immunoassay. All data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results:①With the increase of serum levels of cystatin C,the pathogenetic condition in patients with CHD became more serious,the number of diseased vessels and the CHD Gensini cumulative index increased.Due to the reaction at the acute phase of acute myocardial infarction(AMI),the serum levels of cystatin C decreased;②Further logistic regression analysis indicated that cystatin C had significant correlation with pathological changes of coronary artery(OR was 5.346,95% CI = 2.225~12.846,P < 0.01);③After adjusting the influencing factors such as age,sex and so on,multivariable stepwise regression analysis showed that cystatin C also had significant correlation with the CHD Gensini cumulative index(β = 0.149,P < 0.01). Conclusion:The serum levels of cystatin C had significant correlations with CHD.With the increase of serum levels of cystatin C,the pathogenetic condition and pathological changes of coronary artery in patients with CHD became more and more serious.

Abstract:Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of ibandronate and alendronate in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Methods:A total of 32 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were randomly classified into two groups,16 in each:group A,oral ibandronate 150 mg per month;and group B,oral alendronate 70 mg per week. All patients received calcium 500 mg and Vitamin D 200 IU daily for one year. All patients were examined by DEXA(lumbar,hip)before and after treatment. At the same time the biochemical marker of bone resorption serum C-terminal telopeptide-I(CTX-1)was determined. Results:The BMD of lumbar spine(L2-4)significantly increased compared with that of pretreatment in both groups(P < 0.05),the BMD of hip locations also increased but without significance. The increases of BMD in ibandronate group were 15.34%,4.15%,5.05%,2.49% at L2-4,femoral neck,trochanter and the total of hip respectively,those in alendronate group were 14.50%,4.42%,1.18%,2.64% respectively; serum CTX-1 levels decreased dramatically in both groups(P < 0.05). The BMD change rates in all locations and the CTX-1 decreases at all time points between the two groups were not significant. Conclusion:Ibandronate is more convenient for long-term use than alendronate,which is as effective as alendronate for increasing bone mineral density and for inhibiting osteoclastic activity in treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Abstract:Objective:To disscuss the relationship between progesterone receptor(PR)expression in human placenta chorionic tissues and labor onset . Methods:PR protein levels and cellular localization were measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blot,respectively,in term pregnancy placenta tissue .Two clinical groups were selected:woman in labor(n = 15)and not in labor(n = 15). Results:PR immunostaining in placenta tissues of women not in labor was positive,and slightly positive in placenta tissues of women in labor. PR-A and PR-B levels decreased in labor group(P < 0.01) by Western blot. The PR-A to PR-B protein ratio also increased in labor group(P < 0.05). Conclusion:An increased PR-A to PR-B ratio may participate in the process of labor onset.

Abstract:Objective:To evaluate the reproducibility of dynamic CT perfusion(CTP)imaging for liver cancer. Methods:Multi-slice spiral CT(Siemens sensation 64,Germany)was used and the data was processed with liver perfusion software-Body PCT,for which the mathematical model of slope and the analysis method of Patlak was used. First,a relative coincident and standard post-processing method was established. CT perfusion image was obtained after software processing,and each ROI was marked out with mouse,including the size of the tumor and the half-diameter ROI of the tumor. Then a post-processing method for comparison was built up:①To observe the reproducibility of the same operator:The operators who have different skills and experience(A and B)separately made the post-processing of CTP. The post-processing results from the same operator were statistically analyzed and the consistency was evaluated. ②To observe the reproducibility between the two operators:The results from the two operators were compared to evaluate the effects of different operators on the reproducibility of CTP. Results:The result from operator A was consistent with that from B for the first time; and there was also a good consistency between the results from the same operator. Conclusion:Dynamic CT perfusion imaging in liver cancer is a reproducible method.

Abstract:Objective:To review the characteristics and spectrum of pathogen in patients with infection after total joint replacement and offer some data for antibiotics treatment. Methods:Some articles were selected from all the collected articles relevant to infection after total joint replacement from Chinese database since 2003 to 2008 and analyzed for their pathogen spectrum. Results: Forty-nine articles were selected for analysis, the main pathogens included gram-positive bacteria(which accounted for 80.49%), gram-negative bacteria(which accounted for 17.74%), mycobacterium(which accounted for 1.33%) and fungus(which accounted for 0.44%). In all pathogens, S.aurus accounted for 34.59% and S.epidermis accounted for 37.48%. Conclusion:Gram-positive bacteria are the main pathogen in patients with infected total joint replacement in China,most of which are S.aurus and S.epidermis. Selecting antibiotics properly are highly recommended.