Abstract:Objective：The current study aims to establish an efficient and fast method for in vivo knockdown of endogenous genes in mouse testis. Methods：Lentiviral vector(pSliencer -GFP-shSox30)along with the control vector(pSliencer -GFP-shScramble)were designed and constructed. These lentiviral particles were microinjected into the mouse testis at postnatal day 24. Immunofluorescence and histological analysis was performed to evaluate the functional consequences in mouse testis upon Sox30 knockdown. Results：After the shSox30 lentiviral particles treatment，Sox30 protein was substantially decreased in mouse testis. Immunofluorescence of testis sections revealed that many spermatids were arrested at step 2-3. Histological examination of testis sections revealed that elongated spermatids were absent in seminiferous tubules at stage Ⅶ-Ⅷ. Conclusion：The shRNA-mediated lentivirus effectively decreases the expression level of target genes in mouse testis，providing a useful platform to knockdown endogenous genes in vivo.

Abstract:Objective：The current study aims to explore the effect and mechanism of hydroxychloroquine(HCQ)on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)induced neutrophil extracelluar traps(NET)in dextran sulfate sodium salt(DSS)induced colitis mice. Methods：Mice were randomly divided into control group，DSS group(3% DSS drinking water+200 μL pure water by gavage)，and DSS+HCQ group(3% DSS drinking water+200 μL HCQ of 60 mg/kg by gavage). The disease activity index(DAI)score was evaluated every day. The mice were killed after seven days，colon length of mice in each group were counted. The pathological changes of colon tissue of mice in each group were observed by HE staining；the NET level was detected by fluorescence microscope and fluorescence microplate reader. The peripheral blood of volunteers was collected to extract neutrophils for experiments in vitro，and the level of NET with fluorescence microscope and fluorescence microplateanalyzer was detected. The level of reactive oxygen species(ROS)was detected by fluorescence microplate analyzer after incubation with DCFH -DA fluorescence probe. The protein expression levels of p-MEK，MEK，p-ERK and ERK were detected by Western blot. Results：HCQ alleviated intestinal inflammation in DSS model mice by reducing the formation of NET in vivo and in vitro. In vitro，HCQ decreased the release of ROS，and inhibited the activation of MEK/ ERK signaling pathway. The MEK agonist C16-PAF reversed the inhibition of HCQ on MEK/ERK signaling pathway，enhanced the release of ROS，and then increased the formation of NET. Conclusion：HCQ can reduce DSS induced colitis in mice through reducing the release of ROS by inhibiting the MEK/ERK signal pathway，thereby reducing the intestinal damage caused by NET.

Abstract:Objective：The current study aims to investigate the effect of argininosuccinate synthetase 1(ASS1)on cell proliferation and apoptosis of pancreatic islet β cells. Methods：Small interference RNA was used to knockdown ASS1，and lentiviral vector to overexpress ASS1 in pancreatic islet β cells. The 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine(EdU)and CCK-8 methods were used to detect proliferation ability，and Annexin V-PI flow cytometry and terminal dUTP nick-end labeling(TUNEL)were used to detect apoptosis. Western blot was used to examine protein expression of B -cell leukaemia -2(Bcl -2)，Bcl -2 associated X protein(Bax)，Caspase -3， cleaved Caspase-3，apoptosis inducing factor(AIF)，nuclear proliferation antigen Ki67 and mammalian rapamycin target protein (mTOR). RT-qPCR was applied to detect mRNA expression of AIF，Ki67 and mTOR. Results：①Proliferation activity of pancreatic β cells detected by EdU and CCK-8 was lower when ASS1 was knockdown，and apoptosis of islet β cells examined by TUNEL method and flow cytometry was higher than that in the control group. Meanwhile，the increased AIF expression and the decreased ratio of Bax/ Bcl-2 and the activity of Caspase-3 were observed. ②After overexpression of ASS1, the number of TUNEL positive cells and the apoptosis rate detected by AV/PI decreased compared to the control group, accompanied by expression levels of Ki67 and mTOR increased in pancreatic islets β cells. But there was no significant change in the positive rate of EdU and proliferative activity of cells by CCK -8 detected. Conclusion：Overexpressing ASS1 in pancreatic islet β cells may activate mTOR signaling pathway to promote cell proliferation. Pancreatic islet β cells with decreased ASS1 expression may initiate apoptosis through AIF pathway. In summary， ASS1 may play a role in proliferation and apoptosis of pancreatic islet β-cells.

Abstract:Objective：The current study aims to investigate the molecular mechanism of mitochondrial unfolded protein reaction (mtUPR)induced by down - regulation of dynamin related protein 1(Drp1)expression in mouse embryonic fibroblast(MEF)cells. Methods：The expression levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein(CHOP)，ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 10(ABCB10)，Lon peptidase 1(LONP1)and heat shock protein 60(Hsp60)were detected by Western blot in Drp1 KO/KD cells，MEF cells treated with Drp1 inhibitors Mdivi1 or P110 and control cells after administration of 3-nitropropionic acid(3-NP)at different concentrations(0，2.5，5.0，10.0 mol/L). RT-qPCR was used to detect ABCB10 mRNA levels in Drp1 KD or Mdivi-1 treated MEF cells. After Drp1/ABCB10 double knocking down，the expression levels of CHOP protein was detected by Western blot，lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)release assay kit was used to detect the content of LDH in culture medium，and the levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen and membrane potential were detected by flow cytometry. Results：The expression levels of CHOP were upregulated in Drp1 KO/KD cells or MEF cells treated with Drp1 inhibitors Mdivi-1 or P110. The expression levels of ABCB10 and mtUPR related proteins LONP1 and Hsp60 were upregulated in Drp1 KO/KD cells or MEF cells treated with Drp1 inhibitors Mdivi - 1 or P110. Compared with control groups，the mRNA levels of ABCB10 were upregulated in Drp1 KD or Mdivi -1 treated MEF cells. After both Drp1 and ABCB10 knocking down，the expression levels CHOP was down - regulated，LDH content was decreased，mitochondrial reactive oxygen level was decreased，and mitochondrial membrane potential level was increased. Conclusion：Deficiency of Drp1 activates the mtUPR through ABCB10，which causes the upregulation of the mtUPR proteins CHOP，LONP1 and Hsp60.

Abstract:Objective：The transport and Golgi organization protein 2 homolog(TANGO2)knockout mice were generated to elucidate its physiological function in mammals，and to explore whether TANGO2 is a candidate gene responsible for DiGeorge syndrome. Methods：The TANGO2 knockout mouse model was generated，and the knockout efficiency of the mouse model was detected by real-time quantitative PCR. The phenotype，growth and breeding of wild-type，TANGO2 ^+/- and TANGO2 ^-/- mice were observed and recorded. The morphological structures of heart and brain tissues in wild-type and knockout mice were observed through anatomic and histological analysis. Results：The TANGO2 mRNA was expressed in the heart and brain of wild-type mice，but its expression level was substantially reduced in the knockout mice. TANGO2 knockout mice could develop，survive and reproduce，and did not exhibit obvious phenotypic abnormalities. Histological analyses of the heart and brain showed no significant differences between knockout mice and wild-type mice at birth and 6-month-old. Conclusion：TANGO2 knockout mice grow and reproduce normally，and lack the phenotype associated with TANGO2-related disorders or DiGeorge syndrome in humans.

Abstract:Objective：This study aims to explore the effect and mechanism of total flavonoids of patriniae radix on hippocampal neuron apoptosis in neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy（HIE）. Methods：Seventy-two neonatal rats were divided into sham operation group，model group，chelerythrine group（5 mg/kg），and total flavonoids of patriniae radix low -（50 mg/kg）and high-（100 mg/kg）dose groups，total flavonoids of patriniae radix + chelerythrine group（100 mg/kg total flavonoids of patriniae radix+5 mg/kg chelerythrine），with 12 rats in each group. The HIE model was constructed by ligating the right common carotid artery and hypoxic treatment for 2.5 h. Rats in the chelerythrine group were intraperitoneally injected with chelerythrine，and the total flavonoids of patriniae radix groups were given the corresponding doses of total flavonoids of patriniae radix by gavage. Rats in the total flavonoids of patriniae radix + chelerythrine group were injected intraperitoneally with chelerythrine while giving total flavonoids of patriniae radix by gavage，once daily for 7 consecutive days. The neurological deficit score was used to detect the nerve function of rats. Hematoxylin- eosin（HE）staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the hippocampus of brain tissue. TdT -mediated dUTP nick end labeling（TUNEL）/neuronal nuclei antigen（NeuN）fluorescent double staining was used to observe the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. Western blot was used to detect the expression of protein kinase C（PKC）/extracellular signal-regulated kinase（ERK） pathway and apoptosis-related proteins in brain tissue. Oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion（OGD/R）was used to construct a cell model. CCK -8 and lactate dehydrogenase（LDH）assays were performed to analyze the neuronal effect of total flavonoids of patriniae radix on primary hippocampal neurons. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry，and Western blot was used to detect the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. Results：In the in vivo study，compared with the sham operation group，the rats in the model group showed different degrees of neurological deficits，and the neurological deficit score，the numbers of NeuN⁺ TUNEL⁺ cells，the expression of Bax and Caspase-3 in brain tissue increased significantly，while the expression of Bcl-2，the ratios of p-PKC/PKC and p -ERK_1/2/ERK_1/2 reduced significantly（P < 0.05）. The neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus were swollen and decreased in number. Compared with the model group，the neurological function of the total flavonoids of patriniae radix low -dose and high -dose group improved，and the neurological deficit score，the numbers of NeuN⁺ TUNEL⁺ cells，the expression of Bax and Caspase-3 in brain tissue reduced significantly，while the expression of Bcl-2，the ratios of p-PKC/PKC and p-ERK_1/2/ERK_1/2 increased significantly（P < 0.05）. The neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus were increased in density. And on the basis of the intervention of total flavonoids of patriniae radix，combined with chelerythrine can significantly reduce the inhibitory effect of total flavonoids of patriniae radix on hippocampal neuronal apoptosis after HIE. In an in vitro study，total flavonoids of patriniae radix increased cell viability after OGD/R injury，reversed neuronal damage and reduced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis，while increasing hippocampal neuronal p-PKC/ PKC and p-ERK_1/2 /ERK_1/2 ratio（P < 0.05），verified the activation of PKC/ERK pathway by total flavonoids of patriniae radix in OGD/R- induced primary hippocampal neurons. Conclusion：Total flavonoids of patriniae radix can inhibit hippocampal neuron apoptosis in neonatal rats with HIE，and its mechanism may be related to the activation of PKC/ERK pathway.

Abstract:Objective：The current study aims to observe the effects of auricular electroacupuncture on behavior，gastric emptying rate，expression of tyrosine kinase receptor(c-Kit)and corticotropin releasing factor(CRF)in gastric sinus tissues of rats with diabetic gastroparesis，and to investigate the mechanism of auricular electroacupuncture to improve gastric emptying and depression-like behavior in diabetic gastroparesis rats. Methods：Thirty-six SPF-grade SD rats were randomly divided into the control group，the model group，the auricular electroacupuncture group and the sham auricular acupuncture group，with 9 rats in each group. The control group was intraperitoneally injected with sodium citrate buffer solution，and the other three groups were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin(STZ)solution. After six weeks of treatment，the rats in the auricular electroacupuncture group were given electro -acupuncture at bilateral auricular point“stomach”once a day，five days a week for two weeks. The earlobe of the sham auricular acupuncture group was needled without electricity. After the treatment，the behavioral and gastric emptying rates were measured，and the protein and mRNA levels of CRF and c-Kit were respectively detected by ELISA and qRT-PCR in gastric sinus tissue. Results：In the open field test，the entries into the central area(CE)，the percentage of time entering the central area(CT%)and the percentage of distance entering the central area(CD%)were significantly lower in the model group compared with the control group(all P ＜ 0.05). CE，CT% and CD% were significantly higher in the auricular electroacupuncture group compared with the model group(all P ＜ 0.05). In the forced swimming test，the percentage of floating time(FT%)was significantly higher in the model group compared with the control group(P ＜ 0.05)，and FT% were significantly lower in the auricular electroacupuncture group compared with the model group (P ＜ 0.05). Compared with the control group，the gastric emptying rate of rats in the model group was significantly lower，and the mRNA and protein expression levels of CRF in the gastric sinus were significantly higher(P ＜ 0.05)，and the mRNA and protein expression levels of c -Kit were significantly lower(P ＜ 0.05). Compared with the model group and the sham auricular acupuncture group，the gastric emptying rate of rats in the auricular acupuncture group was significantly higher，and the mRNA and protein expression levels of CRF in the gastric sinus were significantly lower(P ＜ 0.05)，and the mRNA and protein expression levels of c-Kit were significantly higher(P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion：Low-frequency auricular electroacupuncture can improve gastric motility and depression-like behavior in diabetic gastroparesis rats，and its mechanism may be related to regulating the expression of related factors in gastric antrum tissue.

Abstract:Objective：The current study aims to investigate the effect of fat mass and obesity associated protein(FTO)on the migration of hypoxia-inoluced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells(PASMC). Methods：MPASMC was cultured in vitro. The hypoxia model of MPASMC was established in a three -gas incubator(37℃，1%O₂，5%CO₂). The expression of FTO protein was detected by Western blot. FTO overexpression and knockdown plasmids were transfected into MPASMC to over-express or inhibit FTO expression， respectively. Cell wound healing assay was used to detect cell migration ability. Results：The expression of FTO protein in MPASMC after hypoxia culture was significantly down-regulated. Wound healing assay indicated that MPASMC migration was accelerated after hypoxia culture and was significantly slowed down after FTO overexpression in MPASMC. Knockdown FTO expression in MPASMC in normoxia showed a“pro-migration”phenotype similar to hypoxic culture. Conclusion：Under hypoxic conditions，the expression of FTO protein is down-regulated in MPASMC and the cells migration ability is enhanced. FTO may be a key regulator of MPASMC migration.

Abstract:Objective：The current study aims to analyze the correlation between clinical parameters and number of circulating tumor cells(CTC)isolated from glioma patients and explore their possible clinical applications in early detection and prognosis prediction of glioblastoma patients. Methods：A total of 47 patients hospitalized in the department of neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between October 2018 and September 2022 were enrolled. All patients were clinically diagnosed with glioma. CTCBIOPSY^® system was utilized for CTC isolation and counting both pre-operatively and post-operatively，after which hematological test results，radiology images and follow -up results were collected and analyzed to explore the possible relationships among parameters. Results：CTC was detected in 87.2%(41/47)of patients pre-operatively. GBM patients showed significantly higher CTC level than non-GBM patients(P=0.020). The combination of pre-operative CTC level and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio could aid the diagnosis of GBM. A decrease in post -operative CTC levels was observed in GBM patients and the changes were statistical significant compared with non -GBM patients(P=0.004). GBM patients were further divided into two groups that designated high -CTC group and low -CTC group based on a cutoff value of the pre -operative CTC ≥11 per 5 mL of peripheral venous blood. Statistical significance was observed in white cell count(P=0.017)，neutrophil count(P=0.031)，and lymphocyte count (P=0.018)，but not in radiology features. Follow-up data of GBM patients showed significantly shortened overall survival in high-CTC group than low -CTC group(P=0.017). Conclusion：Pre -operative CTC counting readily distinguishes GBM from non -GBM patients and predicts adverse prognosis in GBM patients with higher pre -operative CTC number. It is a feasible candidate marker to aid the diagnosis and prognosis prediction of GBM.

Abstract:Objective：The current study aims to investigate the prognostic role of nutritional status，including controlling nutritional status(CONUT)score and prognostic nutritional index(PNI)，in patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma(DLBCL). Methods：The clinical data of 105 patients with DLBCL at the Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were retrospectively collected. And the patients’CONUT score and PNI were calculated. The cut-off values of CONUT score and PNI were determined by ROC curves，and were 6.5 and 47.28 respectively. The patients were grouped according to the cut-off values. Kaplan- Meier survival analysis，univariate and multivariate COX regression analysis and Spearman correlation analysis were performed sequentially. Results：Survival curves demonstrated that CONUT score and PNI had a predictive effect on OS of patients(P ＜ 0.05). Univariate analysis showed that CONUT score，PNI，IPI risk score，albumin and cholesterol were prognostic factors for OS of patients. The results of multivariate analysis showed that CONUT score had an independent prognostic effect on OS in DLBCL patients(HR= 2.742，95%CI：1.030~7.300，P ＜ 0.05)，and PNI was not an independent prognostic factor for OS of patients(HR=0.526，95%CI： 0.135~2.047，P=0.35). Correlation analysis showed a high negative correlation between the two nutritional status indicators(r=-0.79， P ＜ 0.01). Conclusion：The CONUT score is an independent prognostic factor for DLBCL patients，and the higher the CONUT score of patients，the worse the prognosis.

Abstract:Objective：The current study aims to compare the diagnostic efficacy of prostate targeted biopsy alone and targeted combined system biopsy in patients with high prostate imaging reporting and data system(PI-RADS)score of 4~5. Methods： Between July 1，2019 and June 1，2022，439 patients with prostate PI-RADS score of 4-5 who received prostate targeted biopsy alone and targeted combined system biopsy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were retrospectively analyzed. Two urologists independently performed biparametric magnetic resonance imaging-transrectal ultrasonography(bpMRI-TRUS)assisted targeted biopsy and targeted combined system biopsy in each patient. The detection of clinically significant prostate cancer(CsPCa)by different biopsy methods were compared by χ² test or Fisher’s exact test. Results：The detection rate of CsPCa by targeted biopsy was lower than that by targeted combined system biopsy，but the difference was not statistically significant(P=0.05). If only targeted biopsy was performed，5.0% of CsPCa would be missed. In patients with a PI-RADS score of 4，the detection rate of CsPCa by targeted biopsy was lower than that by targeted combined system biopsy，the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05). If only targeted biopsy was performed，6.2% of CsPCa would be missed. When 0＜PSA ≤20 ng/mL，the detection rate of CsPCa by targeted biopsy was lower than that by targeted combined system biopsy，the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05)；but when 20 ng/mL＜PSA≤50 ng/mL， the difference was not statistically significant(P＞0.05). In patients with a PI-RADS score of 5，the detection rate of CsPCa by targeted biopsy was lower than that by targeted combined system biopsy，while the difference was not statistically significant(P＞0.05). If only targeted biopsy was performed，3.5% of CsPCa would be missed. In PSA subgroup analysis，there was also no significant difference in the detection rate of CsPCa between the two methods(P＞0.05). The coincidence rate between targeted biopsy and radical postoperative pathology was slightly lower than that of targeted combined system biopsy group，but the difference was not statistically significant(P＞0.05). In PI- RADS score subgroup and PSA stratification analysis，there were also no significant difference in the coincidence rate between targeted biopsy and targeted combined system biopsy(P＞0.05). Conclusion：For patients with suspected high-risk prostate cancer with a PI-RADS score of 4-5，when PI-RADS score is 4 and PSA ＞ 20 ng/mL or PI-RADS score is 5，a single targeted biopsy may replace the targeted combined system biopsy

Abstract:Objective：The current study aims to analyze the correlation between retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness， choroidal microcirculation and radial peripapillary capillary(RPC)in myopes based on a new quantitative method. Methods：Between April 2019 and January 2020，100 eyes with high myopia(HM group)and 82 eyes with low -to -moderate myopia(LMM group)were enrolled in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. All subjects underwent measurements of the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)，intraocular pressure，axial length(AL)and spherical equivalent(SE)before anterior segment examination via slip-lamp biomicroscopy，dilated fundus examination，color and red-free fundus photographs and optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA). A 4.5 mm × 4.5 mm scanning area centered on the optic disc was scanned using a frequency domain OCTA instrument，which was divided into four quadrants centered on the optic disc by the software automatically. On the scanning laser ophthalmoscope(SLO)and choroidal vasculature images，one ophthalmologist contoured the peripapillary atrophy-β(PPA -β)zones under the supervision of another veteran ophthalmologist before calculating the area and choroidal vessel density of PPA-β zone using PyCharm software. The correlation between AL，SE，the area and vessel density of PPA-β zone，peripapillary RNFL thickness and RPC vessel density was analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis and multivariate linear regression model. Results：The average RNFL thickness，RNFL thickness of nasal，superior and inferior，and RPC vessel density，as well as the area and choroidal vessel density of PPA-β zone was statistically significant between HM and LMM groups(P ＜ 0.05). SE，average peripapillary RNFL thickness and the choroidal vessel density of PPA-β zone were positively correlated with the average blood flow density of RPC(P ＜ 0.001)，while AL and the area of PPA -β zone were negatively correlated with RPC vessel density(P ＜ 0.001). The multivariable model revealed that only average RNFL thickness(P ＜ 0.001)and the area of PPA -β zone(P=0.014)were associated with average RPC vessel density. The results of Spearman correlation analysis for four quadrantile subgroups indicated that RNFL thickness remained positively correlated with RPC vessel density(P ＜ 0.001). Conclusion：Peripapillary RNFL thickness and the area of PPA-β zone were two crucial causes of RPC vessel density changes，which may indicate the close relationship between retinal constructure and microvascular changes and emphasize the importance of myopia-related optic neuropathy.

Abstract:Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disease. The International League Against Epilepsy(ILAE)defines seizures as：the transient occurrence of signs or symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. About 70% of patients achieve seizure -free with appropriate medical treatment，but nearly one -third of patients still do not respond to current antiepileptic drugs(AED). The alpha subunits of voltage - gated sodium channels(VGSC)are encoded by a highly conserved gene family，of which mutations in SCN1A，SCN2A，and SCN8A genes are important causes of central nervous system diseases. Previous studies have shown that voltage-gated sodium channels play an important role in the pathological process of treatment-resistant epilepsy (TRE). In this review，the concept，pathogenesis and drug resistance mechanism of TRE were introduced in detail，meanwhile the role and mechanisms of VGSC in TRE were reviewed.

Abstract:Lung cancer，of which non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)is the most common，has the highest mortality rate worldwide. Tumor immunotherapy，represented by CAR-T cell therapy and immune checkpoint blocking，has become a frontier hot spot in the field of cancer research. However，due to the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment，the lack of tumor specific antigen and drug resistance，the therapeutic effect is still not ideal，and it’s urgent to explore new molecular targets and related molecular mechanisms. Single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seg)is a new technology for high-throughput sequencing of transcriptome at the single-cell level， which can study gene expression in a single cell to understand the function and state of the cell. Using this technology，it is expected to find new targets for the cancer treatment and further understand the mechanism of tumor occurrence and development. This review summarizs the application and research progress of scRNA-seq in NSCLC.

Abstract:Bone morphogenetic protein(BMP)- 9 belongs to the BMP family，which mediate the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells，muscle cells and preosteoblasts，and promote chondrogenesis. The mechanism of osteogenic differentiation induced by BMP-9 is not identical to that of traditional bone morphogenetic proteins(BMP-2，BMP-4，BMP-7，etc.). The ability of BMP-9 to induce osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells was significantly stronger than other BMP(such as BMP-2，BMP-4， BMP - 7，etc.). The traditional BMP inhibitor Noggin has no significant inhibitory effect on the ability of BMP - 9 to promote bone differentiation. In this review，the structure and receptor of BMP-9，the function and signaling mechanism of osteogenic differentiation， and chondrogenic differentiation are reviewed，and the development prospect of BMP-9 is prospected.

Abstract:Esophageal cancer is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract in China，and most patients are detected in an advanced stage. Early diagnosis and assessment of the efficacy of esophageal cancer are key to optimizing treatment strategies and improving prognosis. Positron emission computed tomography/ computed tomography(PET/CT)is an imaging method that integrates molecular function and anatomical structure，and has shown significant value in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. This review focuses on the application and progress of PET/CT in the diagnosis and staging of esophageal cancer，assessment of efficacy，prediction of prognosis and planning of radiotherapy.

Abstract:Multiple trauma is a common critical disease in emergency department，and multiple trauma in children has its own clinical characteristics. Early identification，accurate diagnosis and correct evaluation are the keys to reduce the rate of disability and mortality. At present，there are many kinds of pediatric trauma scores，and more and more prediction models have been proposed， which can effectively judge the severity of the disease and predict the prognosis. In the selection of imaging method and timing，many factors should be considered，such as the state of the child，injury，accuracy and radiation. The continuous development of diagnostic imaging has improved the understanding of diseases and put forward higher requirements for doctors. Laboratory examination can also clearly diagnose and predict complications，but its timeliness and accessibility are uneven，and the cost may also need to be considered clinically. It is more appropriate to evaluate the children with multiple injuries by combining the two methods. With the deepening of research，the assessment of multiple trauma has been more sophisticated，but there are still certain limitations in children，leaving great development space.