Abstract:Stroke is an acute neurologic injury caused by ischemia or hemorrhage that stems from a wide range of pathologies，with high rates of morbidity，mortality，and disability. Thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy are the only Food and Drug Administration in United States of America approved methods for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke（AIS），but clinical benefits of the reperfusion therapy are significantly limited by hemorrhagic transformations（HT），the resistance to thrombolytic drugs，and reperfusion no - reflow. Although the factors leading to these problems are complex，neutrophils play the most critical role in them. Based on the latest research progress in recent years，this review focuses on the role of neutrophils in mediating the pathophysiological events of AIS，the specific mechanisms by which neutrophils cause HT，thrombolytic drug resistance，and no-reflow after reperfusion therapy，as well as strategies targeting neutrophils to prevent or alleviate these complications following reperfusion therapy，offering new insights for the clinical therapy and drug development of ischemic stroke.

Abstract:Stroke，as an acute cerebrovascular disease，is characterised by high incidence，high recurrence rate，high disability rate， high mortality rate，and significant economic burden，posing an extremely serious threat to human life and health. Functional near - infrared spectroscopy（fNIRS），a non -invasive，portable，and electromagnetic interference - resistant optical brain imaging technique， has seen extensive application in neuroscience and clinical rehabilitation fields in recent years. Particularly in the neurological rehabilitation of stroke，fNIRS has provided substantial support for rehabilitation assessment，treatment optimization and neural mechanism research due to its unique advantages. This paper reviews the main applications，research progress，existing controversies， and future research directions of fNIRS in this field，aiming to provide a reference for the research and practice in neurological rehabilitation of stroke.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the correlation between a history of stroke and the clinical manifestations in patients with coronary heart disease（CHD）. Methods：A total of 2 327 CHD patients hospitalized at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Wuxi Second People’s Hospital from September 2018 to September 2021 were enrolled. The clinical manifestations and general information of the patients were collected. Patients were divided into two groups based on their history of stroke：the stroke group and the non-stroke group. Additionally，patients were stratified according to the New York Heart Association（NYHA）functional classification into groups with less than grade Ⅲ and grade Ⅲ or above. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between a history of stroke and the clinical manifestations of CHD patients. Results：Among the 2 327 CHD patients， 280 had a history of stroke，while 2 047 did not. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of total cholesterol （TC），triglyceride（TG），high-density lipoprotein cholesterol（HDL-C），diabetes，hypertension and a history of renal insufficiency（all P ＜ 0.05）. After adjusting for important covariates such as age，gender，and body mass index（BMI），multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that a history of stroke was independently and positively associated with the NYHA functional classification of CHD patients （OR=1.85，95%CI：1.14-3.01，P=0.013）. The correlation between stroke history and NYHA functional classification in coronary heart disease patients was further confirmed in subgroup analysis. Conclusion：A history of stroke is closely associated with functional classification of CHD patients，and may potentially serve as an indicator for the functional status of patients with CHD.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the role and mechanism of iguratimod（IGT）in interstitial fibrosis of chronic renal allograft dysfunction（CAD）in transplanted kidneys. Methods：A mouse CAD model was constructed and validated. IGT was administered via gavage. Histological staining was used to assess injury and fibrosis in transplanted kidneys. Immunofluorescence staining，Western blot，and qRT - PCR were utilized to detect fibrosis markers and changes in macrophage - to - myofibroblast transition（MMT）in transplanted kidneys of the CAD mice. Transforming growth factor（TGF）-β was used to induce MMT in primary mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages（BMDM）in vitro，followed by IGT intervention. Transcriptome sequencing was employed to explore the downstream molecular mechanisms by which IGT regulated MMT. Results：The CAD groups developed severe interstitial fibrosis in the transplanted kidneys. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that markers related with MMT were significantly upregulated in the transplanted kidneys. Treatment with IGT markedly reduced interstitial fibrosis in the transplanted kidneys of the CAD mice at 16 weeks，along with a decrease in MMT cell numbers. In vitro experiments demonstrated that IGT significantly inhibited TGF-β-induced MMT，and cell transcriptome sequencing results suggest that IGT may mitigate MMT and reduced fibrosis by activating ferroptosis - related pathways. Conclusion：IGT may alleviate interstitial fibrosis in transplanted kidneys and slow the progression of CAD by upregulating the ferroptosis-related pathway to inhibit MMT. This may provide new insights for the future application of IGT in allograft kidney transplantation.

Abstract:Objective：To compare the differences between two mouse models of cholestatic liver injury induced by bile duct ligation （BDL）and α-naphthylisothiocyanate（ANIT）respectively，and to explore the applicability of these models in cholestatic liver injury research. Methods：Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into six groups：control，sham，BDL，BDL + short - chain fatty acid （SCFA），ANIT，and ANIT+ SCFA groups. BDL and BDL+ SCFA groups underwent BDL surgery on day 1，while ANIT and ANIT+ SCFA groups were administered 100 mg/kg ANIT via gavage weekly starting from day 1 to induce liver injury，BDL+SCFA and ANIT+ SCFA groups received water containing SCFA（67.5 mmol/L sodium acetate，25.9 mmol/L sodium propionate，and 40 mmol/L sodium butyrate）for 14 days. After the collection of liver tissues and serum samples from mice of each group，liver histopathology was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin（HE）staining. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase（ALT），aspartate aminotransferase（AST），alkaline phosphatase（ALP），and total bilirubin（TBIL）were measured using biochemical assay kits，while the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines interleukin（IL）-6，IL-1β，and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1（MCP-1）were determined by ELISA. Results：Mice in the BDL group exhibited marked jaundice and continuous weight loss within the first week，progressing to severe jaundice by the second week. In contrast，the ANIT group displayed mild jaundice in the early stage，which gradually worsened，with only slight initial weight loss and minimal subsequent change. Both models shared common gross and histopathological features，including partial hepatic cirrhosis，hepatocellular necrosis，portal fibrosis，inflammatory cell infiltration，and bile duct proliferation. However，these features appeared earlier and were more pronounced in the BDL group，whereas the ANIT group showed milder early changes that progressively intensified as the study progressed. Serum biochemical analysis revealed significant elevations in hepatic transaminase levels in both groups（P ＜ 0.05）. In the BDL group，early ALP and TBIL levels were significantly higher than those in the control group （P ＜ 0.05）and markedly exceeded those in the ANIT group（P ＜ 0.05）. In the ANIT group，ALP and TBIL levels were only mildly elevated in the early stage but gradually increased in later stage（P ＜ 0.05）. Analysis of serum inflammatory cytokines showed that IL-1β， IL-6，and MCP-1 levels were significantly higher in the BDL group than in the control group in the early stage（P ＜ 0.05），while in the ANIT group，cytokine levels increased only slightly at first and then gradually rose to levels comparable to those of the BDL group by the later stages（P ＞ 0.05）. After two weeks of SCFA treatment，no significant improvement was observed in jaundice，weight loss， serum liver function markers（ALT，AST，ALP，and TBIL），or inflammatory cytokine levels（IL-6 and MCP-1）in the BDL group（P ＞ 0.05）. Conversely，SCFA treatment in the ANIT group significantly alleviated jaundice and weight loss（P ＜ 0.05）and reduced ALT，AST， and TBIL levels（P ＜ 0.05）. Furthermore，SCFA intervention markedly decreased IL-1β，IL-6，and MCP-1 levels in the ANIT group （P ＜ 0.05）. Conclusion：The BDL model，characterized by rapid onset and severe liver injury，is suitable for studying acute cholestatic liver injury，whereas the ANIT model，with its gradual onset and progressively worsening liver damage，is more appropriate for simulating chronic cholestatic liver injury.

Abstract:Objective：To construct a modified lymph node ratio（mLNR）by combining the lymph node ratio（LNR）with central lymph node（CnLN）metastasis，and to investigate the impact of this indicator on the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Methods：Chisquare analysis was performed to compare the differences between groups of gastric cancer patients with and without CnLN metastasis. Cox regression analysis was performed to identify factors affecting the survival of gastric cancer patients，receiver operating characteristic（ROC）curve was constructed to determine the cut - off value of LNR classification. Kaplan -Meier curve was drawn to visualize the survival of gastric cancer patients，and a nomogram was constructed to predict the survival prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Results：Type of gastrectomy（P=0.042），tumor size（P=0.043），degree of differentiation（P=0.001），vascular invasion（P ＜ 0.001），neural invasion（P ＜ 0.001），T stage（P=0.001），N stage（P ＜ 0.001），carcinoembryonic antigen（CEA）（P=0.002），and carbohydrate antigen 199（CA199）（P=0.026）were significantly different between the two groups. Both LNR and CnLNs were able to distinguish the survival of gastric cancer patients，but the distinguishing power of LNR was significantly stronger than that of CnLN. In addition，mLNR could effectively predict the survival of patients with gastric cancer and was identified as an independent risk factor affecting their survival. Conclusion：mLNR，constructed using CnLN，is an independent risk factor affecting the survival of gastric cancer patients and has the potential to serve as a new indicator for prognosis discrimination in gastric cancer patients.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the expression characteristics of cytochrome B5 reductase 2（NADH-cytochrome B5 reductase 2，CYB5R2）in diffuse large B -cell lymphoma（DLBCL）and its prognostic value，providing new insights for molecular classification and individualized treatment of DLBCL. Methods：This study employed a combined strategy of bioinformatics analysis and clinical validation. First，differentially expressed gene datasets of DLBCL were obtained from the TCGA database，and the DAVID 6.8 platform was used for GO functional enrichment analysis to identify key genes，such as CYB5R2. The differences in expression of CYB5R2 between DLBCL tissues and normal lymphatic tissues were analyzed based on integrated data from the TCGA and GTEx databases. Additionally，a retrospective cohort study was conducted，including 59 DLBCL patients diagnosed pathologically with complete followup data from Jan. 2015 to Dec. 2019 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect CYB5R2 protein expression levels in tumor tissues，and their correlations with clinicopathological features[including Ann Arbor staging，cell of origin（COO）classification，lactate dehydrogenase（LDH）levels，CD10 expression status，etc.]and treatment response[complete response（CR）rate]were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted，and survival differences were compared using the Log - rank test. Results：Bioinformatics analysis revealed that CYB5R2 was significantly overexpressed in DLBCL tissues（P ＜0.05）. Clinical cohort validation showed that CYB5R2 expression was higher in cases with elevated LDH levels than those with normal LDH levels（χ² =4.832，P=0.028）. The positive expression rate of CYB5R2 was higher in Non -GCB subtype cases than in GCB subtype cases（χ² =4.468，P=0.035）and higher in CD10-positive cases than in CD10-negative cases（χ² =4.468，P= 0.035）. Survival analysis demonstrated that the 5 - year overall survival（OS）rate of patients with high CYB5R2 expression was significantly lower than that of patients with zero or low CYB5R2 expression（χ² =4.799，P=0.028）. The CR rate in patients with high CYB5R2 expression was significantly lower than that in patients with zero or low CYB5R2 expression（χ² =4.015，P=0.045）. Conclusion：CYB5R2 exhibits a characteristic overexpression pattern in DLBCL，and its overexpression is significantly correlated with adverse prognostic factors such as the Non-GCB subtype and elevated LDH levels. This study provides important theoretical evidence for refining the molecular classification system of DLBCL and developing targeted metabolic therapy strategies.

Abstract:Objective：To compare the short - term efficacy of laparoscopic enucleation versus anatomical resection for hepatic hemangiomas（HH）in the right posterior lobe. Methods：A total of 58 patients with HH in the right posterior lobe from the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2020 to August 2024 were selected，and divided into an enucleation group （28 cases）and a resection group（30 cases）. Surgery-related indicators were recorded and compared between the two groups. Results： There were no statistically significant differences in preoperative data between the two groups（all P ＞0.05）. The enucleation group had better results in operation time（158.9±25.0）min，intraoperative blood loss（306.4±81.5）mL，and total postoperative drainage volume （422.4±100.0）mL compared to the resection group[（189.6±66.8）min，（378.8±154.5）mL，（732.5±318.0）mL，all P ＜ 0.05]. On the first postoperative day，the liver function indexes of the enucleation group，including serum aspartate aminotransferase（AST），alanine aminotransferase（ALT），and total bilirubin（TBIL）levels，were（356.4 ± 70.8）U/L，（369.1 ± 22.2）U/L，and（21.6 ± 4.1）μmol/L， respectively，which were significantly lower than those of the resection group[（392.8±55.1）U/L，（405.5±35.9）U/L，（25.9±6.8）μmol/L， P ＜ 0.05]；there were no significant differences in postoperative inflammatory indicators or the total incidence of complications between the two groups（all P ＞ 0.05）. Conclusion：Both laparoscopic enucleation and anatomical resection are effective，but enucleation has the advantages of shorter operation time，less bleeding，and less impact on liver function. The clinical surgical plan should be selected according to the specific situation.

Abstract:Objective：To evaluate the predictive value of preoperative enhanced CT radiomic feature models in comparison with clinical - pathological feature models for disease -free survival（DFS）in patients with non -metastatic grades 2-3 clear cell renal cell carcinoma（ccRCC）after surgery. Methods：A retrospective analysis was conducted on 315 patients with non -metastatic ccRCC who underwent surgical treatment and were pathologically graded as grades 2-3 between January 2013 and December 2020. Preoperative enhanced CT images，clinical-pathological data，and follow-up information were collected. The region of interest（ROI）of the lesion was delineated，and radiomic features were extracted using Python. Patients’radiomic scores were calculated using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator（LASSO）and Cox regression analysis. Clinical - pathological feature models，radiomic models （corticomedullary phase，parenchymal phase，corticomedullary+parenchymal phase），and combined radiomic and clinical-pathological feature models were constructed to predict DFS. Results：When predicting DFS in non - metastatic grades 2-3 ccRCC patients，the combined radiomic model of corticomedullary + parenchymal phase demonstrated superior predictive efficacy（C - index：training set 0.848，validation set 0.754）compared to single-phase radiomic models（corticomedullary phase C-index：training set 0.832，validation set 0.701；parenchymal phase C - index：training set 0.842，validation set 0.720）. However，the combined model incorporating both radiomic and clinical-pathological features exhibited the highest predictive efficacy（C-index：training set 0.857，validation set 0.832）. Conclusion：The model constructed based on radiomics features extracted from preoperative enhanced CT corticomedullary phase + parenchymal phase images combined with clinicopathological features is helpful in predicting postoperative DFS in patients with non-metastatic grades 2-3 ccRCC.

Abstract:Objective：To examine the impact of venous thromboembolism（VTE）on the prognosis of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma（MM）patients treated with immunomodulatory drugs（IMiDs），and to analyze the risk factors. To compare the predictive efficacy of thrombosis risk assessment scores in VTE in MM patients. Methods：A retrospective examination was conducted on the clinical data of newly diagnosed MM patients treated with ImiDs at the Department of Hematology，the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University，from January 2016 to October 2020. The correlation between VTE and the prognosis of MM patients was analyzed. The VTE risk of patients was quantitatively assessed with Padua，SAVED and IMPEDE scores. The predictive value of the three thrombotic assessment scales for VTE occurrence in newly diagnosed MM patients was compared using receiver operating characteristic（ROC）curves and the area under the curve（AUC）. Results：A total of 221 patients newly diagnosed MM patients were included in this study，with a VTE incidence of 15.8%. Among VTE patients，those aged over 75，with central venous catheterization （CVC），recent surgery，braking on the bed，extramedullary disease，anthracycline using，autoimmune disease，and hypoalbuminemia had higher incidence rate. Age over 75 years，CVC，autoimmune disease，and hypoalbuminemia were identified as independent risk factors for VTE occurrence in MM patients. In terms of predicting VTE formation in newly diagnosed MM patients，the IMPEDE score demonstrated better efficacy than the other two scoring systems. Conclusion：Age over 75 years，CVC，autoimmune disease，and hypoalbuminemia are independent risk factors for VTE，and the IMPEDE score has superior predictive efficacy.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the impact of myocardial scarring and drug treatment response on the risk of ventricular arrhythmia in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy（NICM）. Methods：A retrospective analysis was conducted on 77 NICM patients with left ventricular ejection fraction（LVEF）≤35% who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance with late gadolinium enhancement（LGE）and received drug therapy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. The changes in LVEF during the one -year follow - up period were collected. Kaplan - Meier curves and Log - rank tests were used for survival analysis，and multivariate analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results：The median follow -up time was 34（16-49） months. Changes in LVEF within one year after drug treatment were not related to LGE（P=0.379），but were negatively correlated with LGE burden，with a correlation coefficient of -0.295（95% CI：-0.487--0.076，P=0.009）. During follow-up，five patients experienced ventricular tachyarrhythmia（VTA）events. In survival analysis，VTA events were associated with LGE burden（P=0.005）but were not related to the presence of LGE ordrug treatment response（P=0.309，P=0.890）. In the multivariate Cox regression model，LGE burden was an independent risk factor of VTA events（HR=1.075，95% CI：1.002- 1.054，P=0.043）. The long - term composite endpoint of NICM patients was related to LGE burden and LVEF changes（P=0.040，P=0.025）. Conclusion：LGE burden is an independent risk factor for the occurrence of VTA events in NICM patients，and the occurrence of VTA events is not related to drug treatment response.

Abstract:Objective：To investigate the clinical significance of anti-SSA positive with or without anti-SSB positive in children with lupus nephritis. Methods：The clinicopathological data of children with lupus nephritis newly diagnosed in the Nephrology Department of Nanjing Children’s Hospital from January 1，2018 to January 1，2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Eighty-five children with lupus nephritis were enrolled in this study，including 34 children in the anti-SSA positive with or without anti-SSB positive group（Group A） and 51 children in the anti-SSA and anti-SSB negative group（Group B）. Group A was divided into Group A1（anti-SSA positive，22 children）and Group A2（anti - SSA and anti - SSB positive，12 children）. The clinical manifestations，SLEDAI - 2K scores and pathological features were compared among all groups，and the remission of lupus nephritis after six months of treatment was followed up. Results：The Group A and Group A1 had no statistical significance compared with the Group B，respectively（P ＞ 0.05）. The incidence of rash in the Group A2 was lower than that in the Group B，the difference was statistically significant（P ＜ 0.05），and the non - remission rate in the Group A2 was higher than that in the Group B，the difference was statistically significant（P ＜ 0.05）. Conclusion：Children with anti-SSB positive lupus nephritis are all accompanied by anti-SSA positive，and children with both anti-SSA and anti -SSB positive lupus nephritis have a lower incidence of rash clinically，but a higher renal unremission rate for half a year， which may require more aggressive renal treatment.

Abstract:Non-vesicular extracellular nanoparticles（NVEPs）are newly discovered nanoscale-sized particles released by cells. Two types of NVEPs with important intercellular communication functions are exomeres（EMs）and supermeres（SMs）. They differ from extracellular vesicles（EVs）in that they are not enclosed by a plasma membrane and have a smaller diameter. Both EMs and SMs contain various signaling molecules including proteins，nucleic acids，and lipids，and their primary function is to realize intercellular communication. The EMs or SMs transport signal molecules to target cells，and are taken up by the target cells，thereby regulating the phenotype and function of the cells. This review mainly focuses on the latest research progress of EMs and SMs in the aspects of cell biology，pathophysiology，pathogenesis and potential value.

Abstract:Hydrogels are cutting-edge polymeric materials with potential applications across various fields. They have become one of the hot topics in research areas such as tissue engineering and biomedical engineering，thanks to their good biocompatibility， efficient drug -loading capacity，and intelligently tunable mechanical and biological properties. In recent years，hydrogels have also been widely studied in the field of ophthalmology. This review first introduces the preparation methods and gelation characteristics of hydrogels，and then discusses their application prospects in major retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration，diabetic retinopathy，and retinal detachment from aspects of anti-angiogenesis，antioxidant，anti-inflammatory effects，and vitreous substitutes， aiming to provide reference and guidance for future research and clinical applications.

Abstract:With the widespread use of low-dose computed tomography，the detection rate of peripheral pulmonary lesions（PPLs）is increasing year by year. Tissue biopsies of PPLs are required to obtain a pathological diagnosis. PPLs are far away from the central airway and close to the pleura，making it difficult to reach with conventional bronchoscopy，resulting in suboptimal diagnostic rates and sensitivity. Although percutaneous lung biopsy has improved diagnostic rates，it has a high rate of complications. Robotic - assisted bronchoscopy（RAB）is a new technology for the diagnosis of lung lesions，improving navigation accuracy，expanding the reach of the lens，and offering advantages of high accuracy，stability and flexibility，leading to higher diagnostic rate and safety compared to traditional bronchoscopy. RAB can also serve as an interventional platform combined with the existing ablation therapy for tumor ablation in the lungs. With continuous technological advancements，the application of RAB will become more widespread and represents the future trend in bronchoscopy development.

Abstract:Antibody - drug conjugates（ADC），as a class of innovative therapies，have shown significant activity in breast cancer. ADCs are conjugated from monoclonal antibodies，linkers and cytotoxic payloads，which harnesses the highly specific targeting capabilities of antibodies along with the potent cancer killing effects of the cytotoxic drugs，demonstrating significant efficacy in the treatment of breast cancer. Nonetheless，as ADCs have been widely used in clinical practice，resistance to ADCs has been observed in breast cancer patients. In this review，we summarized ADCs’current applications in the treatment of breast cancer and classified the mechanisms underlying ADC resistance into several distinct categories as follows：inadequate antigen - antibody binding，impaired internalization and trafficking pathways of ADCs，defective lysosomal function，aberrant payload release，tumor insensitivity to the payloads，and cyclin deficiency. Furthermore，we summarized the contemporary strategies designed to address ADC resistance，such as the combined use of ADCs with other therapeutic agents，including chemotherapeutic agents，targeted therapies，and immune checkpoint inhibitors，as well as the development of new drugs. This review aims to offer reference options for the treatment of patients with ADC-resistant breast cancer.

Abstract:The lysine methyltransferase 2A（KMT2A）gene，also known as the mixed lineage leukemia（MLL）gene，is involved in normal hematopoiesis and metabolism in humans. KMT2A- rearranged acute myeloid leukemia（KMT2A- r AML）is a specific type of AML characterized by high malignancy. It is resistant to the conventional AML chemotherapy“3 + 7”regimen of anthracycline daunorubicin（DNR）combined with cytarabine（Ara - C），resulting in low remission rates and high relapse rates. In recent years， preclinical and clinical studies on KMT2A- r AML have been progressively undertaken. At present，the Menin inhibitor revumenib is the first targeted drug approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration（FDA）for the treatment of relapsed or refractory KMT2A-translocated acute leukemia，and research on the DOT1L inhibitor pinometostat in combination with various other drugs is ongoing. Additionally，hematopoietic stem cell transplantation（HSCT）and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell（CAR-T）therapies have been studied in clinical application. This article reviews the pathogenesis of KMT2A- r AML，targeted drugs，ongoing clinical trials， potential therapeutic targets，and the application of HSCT and CAR-T therapies，aiming to provide new perspectives for the research and treatment of this condition.

Abstract:Obstructive sleep apnea（OSA）is a potentially fatal sleep - related respiratory disease that can lead to serious health complications. The prevalence of OSA in women varies by life stages，especially increasing significantly during pregnancy and after menopause. Its pathophysiological mechanism involves anatomical，physiological and hormonal changes，resulting in different clinical manifestations from men. Accordingly，this article reviews the research status of female obstructive sleep apnea，including epidemiology，pathophysiological mechanisms，diagnosis and evaluation，treatment and management. This review aims to provide new ideas for optimizing the diagnosis and treatment of female OSA.

Abstract:Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been widely used in cancer treatment. Although they are generally better tolerated than chemotherapy，they can cause immune - related adverse events. Among these，immune checkpoint inhibitor - related pneumonitis （CIP）has a relatively high mortality rate，with limited evidence from evidence-based medicine and limited experience in diagnosis and treatment. This article reviews the therapeutic advancements in CIP based on domestic and international guidelines，expert consensus， and relevant studies，with particular focus on the treatment progress of steroid-refractory CIP.