The outline of the Program for Health China 2030 proposed to protect the health of the low - income group. As a social security system with Chinese characteristics that has existed since the founding of the People’s Republic of China with constantly developing and improving, the support system for the extremely poor is dedicated to protecting for the survival and health of people in extreme poverty. With the continuous improvement of the social security system in recent years, the integration of urban and rural social security in China has made significant progress in improving the fairness of people’s livelihood security. However, the security gap in protection between urban and rural areas and regions with different economic development levels still suffers from unbalanced and inadequate development. Through the investigation and analysis of the policy and practice of the special support system in Jiangsu Province with qualitative interviews and questionnaires, this paper aims to understand the operating status，effects and problems of the special support system. Additionally, we draw on the international experience of the relief system and implementation of the special support system to provide references for the construction and improvement of the special support system in China.