This study investigates the basic public health service capabilities of rural doctors in the eastern，central，and western regions of China，We conducted a survey in order to understand the current situation of basic public health services. The survey found that among the 3 916 rural doctors included in the analysis，3 056(78.0%)reported that they had health promotion capacity，2 905(74.2%)reported that they had health management capacity，3 471(88.6%)reported that they had vaccination capacity，3 453(88.2%) cases reported having the ability to report and handle infectious diseases and public health emergencies. In the case of health promotion and health management ability，further analysis was conducted according to the characteristics of different groups of people，and it was found that the rural doctor team had an unreasonable structure and public health service capacity. The problems such as unbalanced public health service capacity and other problems were found，and the service capacity of rural doctors in different areas varied greatly. It is necessary to strengthen the complement of high-quality young talents，focus on training for weaknesses，and implement policy preferences for remote areas. We need to strengthen the supplementation of young talents， focus training on weaknesses，and implement preferential policies for remote areas to ensure that rural doctors are recruited and retained，and to promote the sustainable development of the rural doctor team.