To explore the improvement path of the public’s awareness of the obligations related to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and to promote the public’s participation in infectious disease literacy，this paper，based on the“Law on the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases”，to conduct a random sampling survey of residents in Nanjing，Jiangsu Province. The results showed that the overall awareness level of the respondents was good，with age，educational level，income level and occupation being the main factors affecting their level of awareness. Modern media is an important platform for promoting the legal prevention and treatment of infectious diseases，yet its effectiveness needs enhancement. It is necessary to strengthen the publicity of the concept of public health to foster a sense of“responsibility for the health of the people among citizens”；to stimulate the awareness of active learning，and to mobilize the public’s enthusiasm for participating in the legal education on the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. It is also crucial to pay attention to vulnerable groups and strengthen community-based propaganda for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.