This study employs descriptive and degree of structure variation analysis to conduct a comparative analysis of public hospital healthcare expenditure data in Anhui and Zhejiang provinces from 2012 to 2021， providing a reference for establishing effective cost-control mechanisms and healthcare policy reforms. The results indicate that the growth in healthcare expenditures in both provinces aligns with their respective economic development trends，reflecting positive progress in their healthcare sectors. Public hospitals in Anhui and Zhejiang have achieved some success in controlling healthcare costs，though there remains room for further reduction in the proportion of healthcare expenditure. Comparatively，Zhejiang’s public hospitals have demonstrated more effective control over medical service expenses. However，cost control for outpatient services in both provinces has been less effective than inpatient expenses.