China has achieved remarkable success in the field of infectious disease prevention and control， with a significantly improved ability to address large-scale outbreaks of infectious diseases. However，challenges such as the constant emergence of new infectious diseases，the uneven distribution of healthcare resources among regions，and the increased diversity of disease vectors still exist，indicating the inadequacy of China’s infectious disease prevention and control policy. Using the multiple - stream theory for analysis，this study identified major issues such as changes in the macro - field，the growing number of infectious diseases，and outdated infectious disease prevention and control measures constitute the problem stream. Experts and scholars making suggestions，the healthcare system actively participating in the prevention and control of infectious diseases，and social forces calling for policy updates constitute the policy stream. The dual effects of changes in the Party’s ruling idea and the national mood constitute a political stream that facilitates changes in relevant legal and policy adjustment in the field of infectious disease prevention and control.