This paper utilized a purposive sampling method to conduct a survey among 1 579 rural residents aged 60 and above in Anhui Province to explore the latent classes of sleep quality among rural older adults. The results revealed that the sleep quality of these 1 579 rural older adults can be classified into three categories: good sleep（59.66%），difficulty falling asleep -insufficient sleep（18.43%），and sleep disturbances（21.99%）. Using the good sleep class as a reference，the results of multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that the underlying categories of sleep quality were influenced by gender，depression，anxiety，loneliness，and activity of daily living（P ＜ 0.05）. Significant differences in sleep quality were observed among rural older adults，suggesting that identifying distinct sleep characteristics and implementing corresponding interventions could help improve their sleep quality and enhance their well-being in later life.