The study conducted a cross-sectional survey of 810 primary school students from grade 3 to 6 in Nantong，Jiangsu Province，and Pingliang，Gansu Province，by utilizing the Traditional Cultural Identity Scale，the Primary School Students’Social Responsibility Status Questionnaire，the General Self-efficacy Scale （GSES） and Prosocial Tendencies Measure（PTM）. The study aimed to explore the relationship between traditional cultural identity and prosocial behavior among primary school students，specifically focusing on the mediating role of self - efficacy and social responsibility in the association between traditional cultural identity and prosocial behavior among primary school students in China. The correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between traditional cultural identity，self - efficacy，social responsibility and prosocial behavior of primary school students（r=0.378~0.701，all P＜0.01）. Self - efficacy and social responsibility had significant mediating effects and chain mediating effects between traditional cultural identity and prosocial behavior of primary school students. The study indicated that traditional cultural identity can positively affect the prosocial behavior of primary school students，both through the mediating effect and the chain mediating effect of self-efficacy and social responsibility.