As a cutting - edge technology integrating biological brains with intelligent machines，brain - computer interface（BCI）is reshaping the technological paradigm of neurological disease diagnosis and treatment，as well as human capability enhancement. By deconstructing the technological development graph of BCI， this paper systematically compared the performance characteristics of invasive and non - invasive technologies，analyzed the multiple challenges faced by current technological development，and revealed the technological evolution patterns by drawing on practical cases such as Neuralink’s implantable chips and BrainCo’s non - invasive brainwave headband. It is necessary to promote clinical translation and large - scale application of BCI technology actively，foster a supportive industrial ecosystem，and establish itself as a global innovation hub in brain science.